Perkawinan sejenis: Perbedaan antara revisi

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==== Armenia ====
==== Armenia ====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Armenia}}Armenia secara historis hanya memiliki sedikit perlindungan atau pengakuan hukum terhadap pasangan sejenis. Hal ini berubah pada Juli 2017, ketika Menteri Keadilan mengungkapkan bahwa semua perkawinan yang dilakukan di luar negeri adalah sah di Armenia, termasuk perkawinan antara orang dengan sejenis kelamin. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/243348|title=Mobile|date=2017-07-03|website=Panarmenian.Net|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref> Hal ini membuat Armenia menjadi bekas negara [[Uni Soviet]] kedua, setelah [[Pengakuan kesatuan sejenis di Estonia|Estonia]], yang mengakui perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di luar negeri.
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Armenia}}Armenia secara historis hanya memiliki sedikit perlindungan atau pengakuan hukum terhadap pasangan sejenis. Hal ini berubah pada Juli 2017, ketika Menteri Keadilan mengungkapkan bahwa semua perkawinan yang dilakukan di luar negeri adalah sah di Armenia, termasuk perkawinan antara orang dengan sejenis kelamin. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/243348|title=Mobile|date=2017-07-03|website=Panarmenian.Net|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref> Hal ini membuat Armenia menjadi bekas negara [[Uni Soviet]] kedua, setelah [[Pengakuan kesatuan sejenis di Estonia|Estonia]], yang mengakui perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di luar negeri.
===National debates===
====Armenia====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Armenia}}
Armenia has historically had few protections or recognition in law of same-sex couples. This changed in July 2017, when the Ministry of Justice revealed that all marriages performed abroad are valid in Armenia, including marriages between people of the same sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/243348 |title=Mobile |website=Panarmenian.Net |date=2017-07-03|accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref> That made Armenia the second country of the former [[Soviet Union]], after
[[Recognition of same-sex unions in Estonia|Estonia]], to recognise same-sex marriages performed abroad.

====Bulgaria====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Bulgaria}}
The Bulgarian Constitution forbids the legalisation of same-sex marriage, stipulating that marriage can only be between a man and a woman.

In late 2017, a Bulgarian same-sex couple, who [[Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom|married in the United Kingdom]], filed a lawsuit in order to have their marriage recognised.<ref>[http://sofiaglobe.com/2017/12/05/woman-sues-bulgarian-authorities-for-recognition-of-same-sex-marriage/ Woman sues Bulgarian authorities for recognition of same-sex marriage] ''The Sofia Globe'', 5 December 2017</ref> The Sofia Administrative Court ruled against them in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/186950/The+Court+did+not+Recognize+a+Marriage+Between+Bulgarian+Women+in+the+UK |title=The Court did not Recognize a Marriage Between Bulgarian Women in the UK |publisher=Novinite.com |date=2018-01-12 |accessdate=2018-04-13}}</ref>

====Chile====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Chile}}

[[Michelle Bachelet]], the President of Chile, who was elected to a second term in March 2014, has promised to work for the implementation of same-sex marriage and has a majority in both houses of [[National Congress of Chile|Congress]]. Previously, she said, "Marriage equality, I believe we have to make it happen."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/chile-expected-legalize-gay-marriage120314|title=Chile expected to legalize gay marriage|work=Gay Star News|first=Joe|last=Morgan|date=12 March 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}</ref> Polling shows majority support for same-sex marriage among Chileans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/lang_1/doc_4844.html|title=Estudio Nacional de Opinión Pública, Junio–Julio 2011. Tema especial: Educación|publisher=Cepchile.cl|accessdate=11 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116230706/http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/lang_1/doc_4844.html|archivedate=16 January 2014}}</ref> A poll carried out during September 2015 by the pollster Cadem Plaza Pública found that 60% of Chileans supported same-sex marriage, whilst 36% were against it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |format=PDF |title=Track semanal de Opinion Publica |website=Plazapublica.cl |accessdate=2017-07-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182725/http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |archivedate=7 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 10 December 2014, a group of [[Senate of Chile|senators]] from various parties, joined LGBT rights group [[MOVILH]] (Homosexual Movement of Integration and Liberation) in presenting a bill to allow same-sex marriage and adoption to Congress. MOVILH has been in talks with the Chilean Government to seek an amiable solution to the pending marriage lawsuit brought against the state before the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]]. MOVILH has suggested that they would drop the case if Bachelet's Congress keeps their promise to legislate same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/10299-el-proyecto-de-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-llega-al-parlamento-de-chile.html|title=El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al Parlamento de Chile|publisher=Cáscara Amarga|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref>

On 28 January 2015, the National Congress approved a bill recognizing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples offering some of the rights of marriage. Bachelet signed the bill on 14 April, and it came into effect on 22 October.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile recognises same-sex civil unions|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32296246|website=BBC.com|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=Reuters-bill-pass>{{cite news|last1=Esposito|first1=Anthony|title=Socially-conservative Chile approves civil unions|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/28/chile-civilunions-idUSL1N0V71X020150128|accessdate=28 January 2015|agency=Reuters}}</ref>

In September 2016, President Bachelet stated before a United Nations General Assembly panel that the Chilean Government would submit a same-sex marriage bill to Congress in the first half of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/chile-bachelet-gay-marriage-bill/3520246.html|title=Chile's President Plans to Send Gay Marriage Bill to Congress in 2017|work=VOA & Reuters|date=21 September 2016}}</ref> A same-sex marriage bill was submitted in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.camara.cl/pley/pley_detalle.aspx?prmID=11934&prmBoletin=11422-07|title=Modifica diversos cuerpos legales para regular, en igualdad de condiciones, el matrimonio de parejas del mismo sexo|publisher=[[Chamber of Deputies of Chile]]|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref> Parliament began discussing the bill on 27 November 2017.<ref>[http://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/11/27/chilean-lawmakers-begin-debate-sex-marriage-bill/ Chilean lawmakers begin debate on same-sex marriage bill] ''The Washington Blade'', 27 November 2017</ref>

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] applies to Chile.

====China====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in China}}
The ''Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China'' explicitly defines marriage as the union between one man and one woman. No other form of civil union is recognized. The attitude of the Chinese Government towards homosexuality is believed to be "three nos": "No approval; no disapproval; no promotion." The Ministry of Health officially removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses in 2001.

[[Li Yinhe]], a sociologist and sexologist well known in the Chinese gay community, has tried to legalize same-sex marriage several times, including during the National People's Congress in 2000 and 2004 (''Legalization for Same-Sex Marriage'' 《中国同性婚姻合法化》 in 2000 and the ''Same-Sex Marriage Bill'' 《中国同性婚姻提案》 in 2004). According to Chinese law, 35 delegates' signatures are needed to make an issue a bill to be discussed in the Congress. Her efforts failed due to lack of support from the delegates. CPPCC National Committee spokesman [[Wu Jianmin]]
when asked about Li Yinhe's proposal, said that same-sex marriage was still too "ahead of its time" for China. He argued that same-sex marriage was not recognized even in many Western countries, which are considered much more liberal in social issues than China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-03-05/10278364854s.shtml|title=政协发言人称同性婚姻太超前 李银河提案再受挫_新闻中心_新浪网|publisher=News.sina.com.cn|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> This statement is understood as an implication that the Government may consider recognition of same-sex marriage in the long run, but not in the near future.

On 5 January 2016, a court in [[Changsha]], southern [[Hunan|Hunan Province]], agreed to hear the lawsuit of 26-year-old Sun Wenlin filed in December 2015 against the Bureau of Civil Affairs of Furong District for its June 2015 refusal to let him marry his 36-year-old male partner, Hu Mingliang. On 13 April 2016, with hundreds of same-sex marriage supporters outside, the Changsha court ruled against Sun, who vowed to appeal, citing the importance of his case for LGBT progress in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/13/474065742/chinese-court-rules-against-gay-couple-seeking-to-get-married|title=Chinese Court Rules Against Gay Couple Seeking To Get Married|publisher=The Two-Way|date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

====Costa Rica====
{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Costa Rica}}

On 19 March 2015, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage was introduced to the Legislative Assembly by Deputy Ligia Elena Fallas Rodríguez from the [[Broad Front (Costa Rica)|Broad Front]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Centro_de_Informacion/Consultas_SIL/Pginas/Detalle%20Proyectos%20de%20Ley.aspx?Numero_Proyecto=19508 |title=Páginas - Detalle Proyectos de Ley |website=Asamblea.go.cr |date= |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref> On 10 December 2015, the organization Front for Equal Rights (''Frente Por los Derechos Igualitarios'') and a group of deputies presented another bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.cr/2015/12/10/proyecto-de-organizaciones-sociales-para-matrimonio-igualitario-ya-esta-en-la-asamblea-legislativa/ |title=Proyecto de organizaciones sociales para Matrimonio Igualitario ya está en la Asamblea Legislativa – Diario Digital Nuestro País |website=Elpais.cr |date=2015-12-10 |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=www.diarioextra.com |url=http://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/278377/12-diputados-respaldan-proyecto-de-ley-para-permitir-matrimonio-gay |title=12 Diputados respaldan proyecto de ley para permitir matrimonio gay |publisher=Diario Extra |date= |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/fdicr/docs/proyectoleymatrimonioigualitario_20 |title=Proyecto de Ley Matrimonio Igualitario by Frente por los Derechos Igualitarios |website=Issuu.com |date=2013-06-27 |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref>

On 10 February 2016, the [[Supreme Court of Costa Rica|Constitutional Court of Costa Rica]] announced it would hear a case seeking to legalize same-sex marriage in Costa Rica and declare the country's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameliarueda.com/nota/sala-estudio-recursos-de-inconsticuionalidad-prohibicion-matrimonio-gay|title=Sala IV admite para estudio 2 recursos de inconstitucionalidad contra prohibición de matrimonio gay - AmeliaRueda.com|work=ameliarueda.com}}</ref>

In January 2018, the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] (IACHR) ruled that the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] mandates and requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. The ruling is fully binding on [[Same-sex marriage in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], who within hours agreed to adhere to it and fully implement it. Costa Rican Vice President [[Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría]] announced that the Government would implement the ruling "in its totality". Costa Rica's [[Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica|Supreme Electoral Court]] (the institution in charge of [[civil registration]], including the issuance of [[marriage certificate]]s) announced that it will obey the ruling of the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights|IACHR]] and will adapt the necessary by-laws once the [[Executive Branch]] notifies the ruling.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cerdas|first1=Daniela|title=Registro Civil solo espera notificación del Ejecutivo para adecuar reglas al matrimonio gay|url=http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/gobierno/registro-civil-solo-espera-notificacion-del/2FTLNLISQRCBTEBAMQ6MXYBLQM/story/?rel=none|accessdate=13 January 2018|agency=La Nación}}</ref> The official notification was done on 12 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://qcostarica.com/costa-ricas-foreign-ministry-initiates-notification-process-to-execute-court-order-on-gay-marriage/|title=Costa Rica’s Foreign Ministry Initiates Notification Process To Execute Court Order On Gay Marriage|publisher=[[Q Costa Rica]]|date=12 January 2018|accessdate=13 January 2018}}</ref> On 15 January, a same-sex couple applied for a marriage certificate. Their marriage was set to be performed on 20 January, and would have been the first same-sex marriage in Costa Rica,<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/gobierno/pareja-gay-se-alista-para-dar-el-si-tras/SRU23EOHAFDFJARID4YNKHS4RY/story/ Pareja gay se alista para dar el ‘sí’ tras criterio de la Corte IDH]</ref> Shortly before the marriage date, however, the Superior Council of Notaries stated that notaries cannot perform same-sex marriages until legislative change or a Supreme Court decision, putting them at odds with the Costa Rican Government and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which stated in its ruling that legislative change is unnecessary and that governments may simply issue an executive decree legalising same-sex marriage.<ref name="IACHR"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-costarica-lgbt/costa-ricas-first-gay-marriage-suffers-bureaucratic-hitch-idUSKBN1F82O0|title=Costa Rica's first gay marriage suffers bureaucratic hitch|publisher=Reuters|first=Enrique Andres|last=Pretel|date=19 January 2018|accessdate=20 January 2018}}</ref>

In the [[Costa Rican general election, 2018|2018 Costa Rican general election]], the IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage became a prominent issue. [[Carlos Alvarado Quesada]], who supports LGBT rights and favors the implementation of the ruling, won the election with 60.7% of the vote, defeating [[Fabricio Alvarado]], a vocal opponent of LGBT rights who was against the implementation of the ruling.

====Czech Republic====
{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in the Czech Republic}}
Before the [[Czech legislative election, 2017|October 2017 election]], LGBT activists started a public campaign with the aim of achieving same-sex marriage within the next four years.<ref name="door">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/15/door-opens-achieving-marriage-equality-czech-republic |title=Door Opens to Achieving Marriage Equality in Czech Republic |publisher=Hrw.org |date= |accessdate=2018-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.praguemonitor.com/2017/07/03/gays-lesbians-launching-campaign-marriage |title=Gays, lesbians launching campaign for marriage |publisher=Praguemonitor.com |date=2017-07-03 |accessdate=2018-04-13}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Andrej Babiš]] supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cz icon}} [https://jablonecky.denik.cz/z-regionu/andrej-babis-podpori-gay-manzelstvi-diskutovat-na-toto-tema-bude-v-kine-varsava-20170419.html Andrej Babiš podpoří gay manželství. Diskutovat na toto téma bude v kině Varšava Zdroj]</ref> A bill to legalise same-sex marriage was introduced to the Czech Parliament in June 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.psp.cz/sqw/historie.sqw?o=8&T=201|title=Sněmovní tisk 201 - Novela z. - občanský zákoník|accessdate=15 June 2018|publisher=Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic}}</ref> Recent opinion polls have shown that the bill is quite popular in the Czech Republic; a 2018 poll found that 75% of Czechs favoured legalising same-sex marriage.<ref>[http://www.praguemonitor.com/2018/04/20/poll-most-czechs-same-sex-marriages Poll: Most Czechs for same-sex marriages]</ref>

====Ecuador====
{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Ecuador}}
In 2013, gay activist Pamela Troya filed a lawsuit to strike down Ecuador's same-sex marriage ban and legalise same-sex marriage in the country. The lawsuit remains pending.<ref>{{es}} [[El Universo]]. ''[http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2013/11/05/nota/1683241/lesbianas-critican-demora-justicia Lesbianas critican demora en justicia]''. Retrieved 1 December 2013.</ref>

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] applies to Ecuador. In May 2018, the Ecuador Supreme Court ruled, in a lesbian parenting case, that the IACHR ruling is fully binding on Ecuador and that the country must also implement the ruling in due course.<ref>[https://www.corteconstitucional.gob.ec/index.php/boletines-de-prensa/item/3878-corte-constitucional-informa-sobre-la-decisión-adoptada-en-el-caso-no-1692-12-ep.html CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL INFORMA SOBRE LA DECISIÓN ADOPTADA EN EL CASO NO. 1692-12-EP]</ref>

====El Salvador====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in El Salvador}}
In August 2016, a lawyer in El Salvador filed a lawsuit before the country's Supreme Court asking for the nullification of Article 11 of the Family Code which defines marriage as a heterosexual union. Labeling the law as discriminatory and explaining the lack of gendered terms used in Article 34 of the Constitution’s summary of a marriage, the lawsuit seeks to allow same-sex couples the right to wed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theperchybird.wordpress.com/2016/08/18/same-sex-marriage-lawsuit-filed-in-el-salvador|title=Same-sex Marriage Lawsuit Filed in El Salvador|first=The Perchy|last=Bird|date=19 August 2016|work=wordpress.com}}</ref> The Court dismissed the lawsuit in December 2016.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.diariolasamericas.com/america-latina/sala-constitucional-el-salvador-rechaza-solicitud-matrimonio-homosexual-n4110535 Sala Constitucional de El Salvador rechaza solicitud de matrimonio homosexual]</ref> A second lawsuit was filed in November 2016.

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] applies to El Salvador.

====Estonia====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Estonia}}
In October 2014, the Estonian Parliament approved a civil union law open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/estonia-becomes-first-former-soviet-state-to-legalise-gay-marriage-9785869.html Estonia becomes first former Soviet state to legalise gay marriage], independent.co.uk; accessed 5 July 2017.</ref>

In December 2016, the Tallinn Circuit Court ruled that same-sex marriages concluded in another country must be recognised as such in Estonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/estonia-taken-big-step-marriage-equality|title=Gay couple to be married in Estonia|work=Gay Star News|date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

====Georgia====
{{Main|LGBT rights in Georgia (country)}}
In 2016, a man filed a challenge against Georgia's same-sex marriage ban, arguing that while the Civil Code of Georgia states that marriage is explicitly between a man and a woman; the Constitution does not reference gender in its section on marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/77221|title=Gay Marriage Lawsuit Launched in Georgia|first=Giorgi|last=Lomsadze|date=8 February 2016|publisher=|via=EurasiaNet}}</ref>

In September 2017, the Georgian Parliament approved a constitutional amendment establishing marriage as "a union between a woman and a man for the purpose of creating a family."<ref>{{cite web|last=Dumbadze |first=Devi |url=https://jamestown.org/program/georgias-ruling-party-supermajority-passes-unilateral-constitutional-reform/ |title=Georgia's Ruling Party 'Supermajority' Passes Unilateral Constitutional Reform |publisher=Jamestown.org |date=2017-09-28 |accessdate=2018-04-13}}</ref> President [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]] vetoed the constitutional amendment on 9 October. Parliament overrode his veto on 13 October.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=30522 |title=Parliament Overrides Presidential Veto on Constitutional Amendments |publisher=[[Civil Georgia]] |date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

====India====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in India}}
Same-sex marriage is not explicitly prohibited under Indian law and at least one couple has had their marriage recognised by the courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.despardes.com/lifestyle/feb05/lesbian-marriages.htm|title=Lesbian marriages in India|publisher=despardes.com|accessdate=11 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203064928/http://www.despardes.com/lifestyle/feb05/lesbian-marriages.htm|archivedate=3 February 2014}}</ref>

In April 2014, [[Medha Patkar]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] stated that her party supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joe Morgan |url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/india-party-people-promises-legalize-gay-sex-marriage110414|title=India ‘party of the people’ promises to legalize gay sex, marriage|publisher=Gay Star News|date=11 April 2014|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref>

As of 2017, a draft of a [[Uniform Civil Code]] that would legalise same-sex marriage has been proposed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/amp/india-news/a-new-ucc-for-a-new-india-progressive-draft-ucc-allows-for-same-sex-marriages-85386.html|title=A new UCC for a new India? Progressive draft UCC allows for same-sex marriages - Catchnews |newspaper=Catchnews|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref>

====Israel====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Israel}}
In 2006, Israel's High Court of Justice ruled to recognize foreign same-sex marriages for the limited purpose of registration with the Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration; however, this is merely for statistical purposes and grants no state-level rights. Israel does not recognize civil marriages performed under its own jurisdiction. A bill was raised in the [[Knesset]] (Israeli Parliament) to rescind the High Court's ruling, but the Knesset did not advance the bill. A bill to legalize same-sex and interfaith civil marriages was defeated in the Knesset, 39–11, on 16 May 2012.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=270221|title=Knesset rejects marriage equality bill|date=16 May 2012|author=Harkov, Lahav|accessdate=28 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522013505/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=270221|archivedate=22 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In November 2015, the National LGBT Taskforce of Israel petitioned the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] to allow same-sex marriage in the country, arguing that the refusal of the rabbinical court to recognise same-sex marriage should not prevent civil courts from performing same-sex marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/NGO-The-Aguda-petitions-Supreme-Court-to-allow-same-sex-marriage-Israel-431733#article=6017RkIwRTRGQ0UyQzlCNUYxOUM3OUI5QTc1RTJGQkVGMkU=|title=NGO petitions High Court to allow same-sex marriage in Israel|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=2 November 2015}}</ref> The court handed down a ruling on 31 August 2017, determining the issue was the responsibility of the Knesset, and not the judiciary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpost.com/Israel-News/Supreme-Court-rejects-petition-to-recognize-same-sex-marriage-503894|date=31 August 2017|work=Jerusalem Post|title=Supreme Court rejects petition to recognize same-sex marriage}}</ref>

Opinion polls have shown that Israelis overwhelmingly support recognizing same-sex unions. A 2017 opinion poll showed that 79% of the Israeli public were in favor of legalizing same-sex unions (marriage or civil unions).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/israeli-support-for-gay-marriage-is-at-an-all-time-high/|title=Israeli support for gay marriage is at an all-time high|publisher=}}</ref> A 2018 poll showed that 58% of Israelis were in favor of same-sex marriage.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/most-israelis-favor-same-sex-marriage-but-half-of-mks-mum-on-issue/ Most Israelis favor same-sex marriage, but half of MKs mum on issue], ''The Times of Israel'', 5 June 2018</ref>

====Italy====
{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy}}

The cities of [[Bologna]], [[Naples]] and [[Fano]] began recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions in July 2014,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nozze gay all'estero, c'è la firma del sindaco: saranno trascritte in Comune | work =La Repubblica| date = 22 July 2014| url = http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/07/22/news/nozze_gay_c_la_firma_del_sindaco_potranno_essere_trascritte-92118610/ | accessdate = 22 July 2014|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Matrimoni gay, via alle trascrizioni: Roberto e Miguel la prima coppia | work =La Repubblica| date = 25 June 2014| url = http://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/06/25/news/matrimoni_gay_via_alle_trascrizioni_roberto_e_manuel_la_prima_coppia-89937623/ | accessdate = 25 June 2014|language=it}}</ref> followed by [[Empoli]], [[Pordenone]], [[Udine]] and [[Trieste]] in September,<ref>{{cite news|title = Via libera del sindaco Barnini ai matrimoni gay. Emanata una direttiva | publisher = ''Gonews.it''| date = 15 September 2014| url = http://www.gonews.it/2014/09/15/empoli-via-libera-del-sindaco-barnini-ai-matrimoni-gay-emanata-una-direttiva/ | accessdate = 15 September 2014|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Matrimoni gay presto possibili a Pordenone | work =Messaggero Veneto| date = 15 September 2014| url = http://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2014/09/15/news/matrimonio-gay-pedrotti-faremo-la-registrazione-1.9936875 | accessdate = 15 September 2014|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Udine dice sì alla trascrizione dei matrimoni gay | publisher =IlFriuli.it| date = 29 September 2014| url = http://www.ilfriuli.it/articolo/Cronaca/Udine_dice_s%C3%AC_alla_trascrizione_dei_matrimoni_gay/2/136322 | accessdate = 29 September 2014|language=it}}</ref> and [[Florence]], [[Piombino]], [[Milan]] and [[Rome]] in October,<ref>{{cite news|title = Primo sì al registro delle nozze gay | work =Corriere Fiorentino | date = 2 October 2014| url = http://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/notizie/cronaca/2014/2-ottobre-2014/primo-si-registro-nozze-gay-230260453079.shtml|accessdate=2 October 2014|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Matrimoni gay, c'è l'ok del consiglio comunale di Piombino|publisher=Il Tirreno|date=2 October 2014|url=http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/piombino/cronaca/2014/10/02/news/matrimoni-gay-c-e-l-ok-del-consiglio-comunale-1.10034602|accessdate=2 October 2014|language=it}}</ref> and by [[Bagheria]] in November.<ref>{{cite news|title=è festa a Bagheria: trascritto il primo matrimonio gay|work=Palermo Today|date=13 November 2014|url=http://www.palermotoday.it/cronaca/bagheria-matrimonio-gay-registro.html|accessdate=13 November 2014|language=it}}</ref> The [[Italian Council of State]] annulled these marriages in October 2015.

A January 2013 Datamonitor poll found that 54.1% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nozze gay: il 54% degli italiani è favorevole, sondaggio Datamonitor|publisher=''L'Huffington Post''|date=7 January 2013|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.it/2013/01/07/nozze-gay-il-54-degli-italiani-favorevole_n_2424464.html|accessdate=7 January 2013|language=it}}</ref> A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 42% of Italians supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201082402/http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf|date=1 February 2016}}</ref> An October 2014 Demos poll found that 55% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, with 42% against.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nozze gay, per la prima volta oltre la metà degli italiani dice sì|url=http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/10/12/news/nozze_gay_per_la_prima_volta_oltre_la_met_degli_italiani_dice_s-97902620|date=12 October 2014|publisher=La Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> A [[Pew Research Center]] survey showed that 59% of Italians were in favour of legalising same-sex marriage.<ref name="pew">[http://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/religion-and-society/ Religion and society], ''Pew Research Center'', 29 May 2018</ref>

On 25 February 2016, the Italian Senate passed a bill allowing civil unions with 173 senators in favour and 73 against. That same bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on 11 May 2016 with 372 deputies in favour and 51 against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/05/11/news/unioni_civili_voto_fiducia_camera-139563931/?ref=HREA-1|title=Unioni civili, Camera approva: è legge. Renzi: "Battaglia da fare senza contare voti"|date=11 May 2016|accessdate=5 July 2017|publisher=La Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> The [[President of Italy]] signed the bill into law on 22 May 2016 and the law went into effect on 5 June 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Italian [[Supreme Court of Cassation]] ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad can be fully recognized by court order, when at least one of the two spouses is a citizen of a [[European Union]] country where same-sex marriage is legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blitzquotidiano.it/cronaca-italia/nozze-gay-in-italia-cassazione-convalida-il-primo-matrimonio-tra-due-donne-2630868/|title=Nozze gay riconosciute dalla Cassazione: prima volta in Italia|website=www.blitzquotidiano.it}}</ref>

====Japan====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan}}
Same-sex marriage is not legal in Japan. Article 24 of the Japanese Constitution states that "Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Constitution of Japan|date=3 November 1946|location=Tokyo|url=http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref> Article 24 was created to establish the equality of both sexes in marriage, in opposition to the pre-war legal situation whereby the husband/father was legally defined as the head of household and marriage require permission from the male head of the family.

51% of the Japanese population supports same-sex marriage, according to the latest poll carried out in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-29/majority-of-japanese-support-same-sex-marriage-poll-shows|title=Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows|publisher=Bloomberg|date=29 November 2015}}</ref>

====Latvia====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Latvia}}
On 27 May 2016, the [[Constitutional Court of Latvia]] overturned an administrative court decision which refused an application to register a same-sex marriage in the country. A Supreme Court press spokeswoman said that the court agrees with the administrative court that current regulations do not allow for same-sex marriages to be legally performed in Latvia. However, the matter should have been considered in a context not of marriage, but of registering familial partnership. Furthermore, it would have been impossible to conclude whether the applicants' rights were violated or not unless their claim is accepted and reviewed in a proper manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsm.lv/en/article/societ/society/supreme-court-rules-same-sex-marriage-request-will-be-considered.a184891/ |title=Supreme Court rules same-sex marriage request will be considered |publisher=Public broadcasting of Latvia |date=27 May 2016}}</ref> The Supreme Court will now decide whether the refusal was in breach of the Latvian Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights.

====Nepal====
{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Nepal}}
In November 2008, the [[Supreme Court of Nepal]] issued final judgment on matters related to LGBT rights, which included permitting same-sex couples to marry. Same-sex marriage and protection for sexual minorities were to be included in the new Nepalese Constitution required to be completed by 31 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nepal/Nepal-charter-to-grant-gay-rights/Article1-499154.aspx|title=Nepal charter to grant gay rights|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=1 February 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123144431/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nepal/Nepal-charter-to-grant-gay-rights/Article1-499154.aspx|archivedate=23 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Dean|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/7027736/Nepal-to-stage-gay-weddings-on-Everest.html|title=Nepal 'to stage gay weddings on Everest'|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=19 January 2010|accessdate=1 February 2010|location=London}}</ref> However, the Legislature was unable to agree on the Constitution before the deadline and was dissolved after the Supreme Court ruled that the term could not be extended.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/28/world/asia/nepal-disbands-legislature-as-talks-on-constitution-fail.html|title=Legislature in Nepal Disbands in Failure|work=The New York Times|date=31 May 2012|accessdate=1 June 2012|first1=Kiran|last1=Chapagain|first2=Jim|last2=Yardley}}</ref> The Nepali Constitution was enacted in September 2015, but does not address same-sex marriage.

In October 2016, the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare constituted a committee for the purpose of preparing a draft bill to legalize same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pahichan.com/all-set-to-get-legal-status|title=All set to get legal status|date=21 October 2016|publisher=pahichan.com|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref>

====Panama====
{{Main|LGBT rights in Panama}}
On 17 October 2016, a married same-sex couple filed an action of unconstitutionality seeking to recognise same-sex marriages performed abroad.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/Surge-preocupacion-matrimonio-igualitario-Panama_0_964403965.html Surge preocupación ante recurso para que se reconozca el matrimonio igualitario en Panamá], Telemetro.com; accessed 5 July 2017.</ref> In early November, the case was admitted to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{sp icon}} [http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Corte-conocera-matrimonios-igualitarios_0_4622537869.html Corte Suprema de Justicia conocerá sobre matrimonios igualitarios], Prensa.com; accessed 5 July 2017.</ref> A challenge seeking to fully legalize same-sex marriage in Panama was introduced before the Supreme Court in March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/panama-activists-start-new-push-marriage-equality/ |title=Same-sex marriage could come to Panama if activists win legal fight |website=Gaystarnews.com |date=2017-04-04 |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref> The Supreme Court heard arguments on both cases in summer 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/10/01/gay-lawyer-spearheads-panama-sex-marriage-efforts/|title=Gay lawyer spearheads Panama same-sex marriage efforts|date=1 October 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

As the Supreme Court was deliberating on the two cases, the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] ruled on 9 January 2018 that countries signatory to the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] must legalise same-sex marriage. On 16 January, the Panamanian Government welcomed the decision. Vice President [[Isabel Saint Malo]], speaking on behalf of the Government, announced that the country would fully abide by the ruling. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various governmental departments that same day.<ref name="panama1">{{cite web|url=http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/panama-acoge-opinion-corte-sobre-matrimonio/24043659 |title=Panamá acoge a la opinión de Corte IDH sobre matrimonio gay |publisher=[[La Estrella de Panamá]] |date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="panama">{{cite web|url=http://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/internacional/el-gobierno-panameno-acoge-opinion-de-la-corteidh-sobre-matrimonio-homosexual/20180116/nota/3691473.aspx |title=El Gobierno panameño acoge opinión de la CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual |publisher=W Radio |date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

====Peru====
{{Main|LGBT rights in Peru}}
In a ruling published on 9 January 2017, the 7th Constitutional Court of Lima ordered the [[National Registry of Identification and Civil Status|RENIEC]] to recognize and register the marriage of a same-sex couple who had previously wed in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{es icon}} [https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/lima/pj-anula-sentencia-matrimonio-homosexual-reniec-810487 Poder Judicial anuló sentencia que ordenaba a RENIEC reconocer matrimonio homosexual-Marzo 2018], Peru21.pe; accessed 28 March 2018.{{es icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/peru-same-sex-marriage-oscar-galarza|title=Court orders Peru to recognize its first same-sex marriage|work=Gay Star News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> RENIEC later appealed the ruling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4107036/Peru-takes-step-recognizing-sex-marriage.html|title=Peru takes step toward recognizing same-sex marriage|author=AP Wires|newspaper=Daily Mail | location=UK|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017, a bill legalizing same-sex marriage was introduced in the Peruvian Congress.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://blogdelimagay.blogspot.ch/2017/02/se-presento-proyecto-de-ley-de.html Se presentó proyecto de ley de Matrimonio Igualitario en el Peru], Blogdelimagay.blogspot.ch, February 2017; accessed 5 July 2017.</ref>

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] applies to Peru. On 11 January, the president of the Supreme Court stated that the Peruvian Government should abide by the IACHR ruling.<ref name="peru"/>

====Philippines====
{{main|LGBT rights in the Philippines#Recognition of same-sex relationships}}
Same-sex marriages and civil unions are currently not recognized by the state, the illegal insurgent [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] performs [[LGBT rights in the Philippines#Marriages by the Communist Party of the Philippines|same-sex marriages in territories under its control]] since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/796671/love-is-love-in-communist-movement|title=‘Love is love in communist movement’|work=Inquirer.net|accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref>

In October 2016, Speaker of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines]] [[Pantaleon Alvarez]] announced he will file a civil union bill in [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianjournal.com/news/same-sex-marriage-legalization-eyed-in-ph|title=Same-sex marriage legalization eyed in PH - News|work=asianjournal.com|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref> The bill was introduced to Congress in October of the following year under the wing of the House Speaker and three other congresspersons, including Geraldine Roman, the country's first duly-elected transgender lawmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB06595.pdf|title=House Bill No. 6595|publisher=[[House of Representatives of the Philippines]]|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref>

President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage, but feels that such a law may not pass in Congress yet as many are still influenced heavily by colonial-era Christian ideals. He also supports same-sex civil unions, which has a higher possibility for passage and is supported by the majority of congresspersons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-18/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-says-he-supports-same-sex-marriage/9266962 |title=Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte says he supports same-sex marriage |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2017-12-18 |accessdate=2018-04-13}}</ref>

On 19 June 2018, the Philippine Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a case seeking to legalise same-sex marriage in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/06/18/sc-sets-oral-arguments-on-same-sex-marriage|title=SC sets oral arguments on same-sex marriage|first=Ina Reformina, ABS-CBN|last=News|publisher=}}</ref>

====Romania====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Romania}}

On 5 June 2018, the [[European Court of Justice]] (ECJ) ruled, in a case originating from Romania, that same-sex couples have the same residency rights as different-sex couples, when a national of an EU country gets married while resident in a second EU country where same-sex marriage is legal, and the spouse is from a third country, and the couple then wants to move to the first country.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44366898|title=Same-sex spouses have equal residency rights|work=BBC News|date=June 6, 2018}}</ref><ref name="conversation">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/rights-for-same-sex-married-couples-to-move-around-the-eu-confirmed-in-landmark-ruling-96387 |title=Rights for same-sex married couples to move around the EU confirmed in landmark ruling |author=Alina Tryfonidou |publisher=The Conversation |date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

Initially, the case was filed with the [[Constitutional Court of Romania|Romanian Constitutional Court]], which later decided to consult with the ECJ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/romania-consult-european-court-over-same-sex-marriage-case-n689551|title=Romania to consult with European court over same-sex marriage case|publisher=}}</ref>

====Slovenia====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Slovenia}}
Slovenia recognises registered partnerships for same-sex couples.

In December 2014, the eco-socialist [[United Left (Slovenia)|United Left]] party introduced a bill amending the definition of marriage in the 1976 ''Marriage and Family Relations Act'' to include same-sex couples. In January 2015, the Government expressed no opposition to the bill. In February 2015, the bill was passed with 11 votes to 2. In March, the Assembly passed the final bill in a 51–28 vote. On 10 March 2015, the National Council rejected a motion to require the Assembly to vote on the bill again, in a 14–23 vote. Opponents of the bill launched a petition for a referendum and managed to collect 40,000 signatures. The Parliament then voted to block the referendum with a clarification that it would be against the [[Constitution of Slovenia|Slovenian Constitution]] to vote on matters concerning human rights. Finally, the Constitutional Court ruled against the banning of the referendum (5–4) and [[Slovenian same-sex marriage referendum, 2015|the referendum]] was held on 20 December 2015.

In the referendum, 63.4% of the voters voted against the law, rendering Parliament's same-sex marriage act invalid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/referendum/pobudniki-referenduma-uspeli-novela-zakona-o-zakonski-zvezi-zavrnjena/381559 |title=Pobudniki referenduma uspeli, sprememba zakona o zakonski zvezi zavrnjena |language=Slovenian|date=20 December 2015 |access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>

====South Korea====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in South Korea}}
In July 2015, [[Kim Jho Kwang-soo]] and his partner, Kim Seung-Hwan, filed a lawsuit seeking legal status for their marriage after their marriage registration form was rejected by the local authorities in [[Seoul]]. On 25 May 2016, a South Korean district court ruled against the couple and argued that without clear legislation a same-sex union can not be recognized as a marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/25/south-korea-rejects-film-director-kim-jho-gwang-so-same-sex-marriage-case|title=South Korean court rejects film director’s same-sex marriage case|publisher=The Guardian|date=25 May 2016}}</ref> The couple quickly filed an appeal against the district court ruling. Their lawyer, Ryu Min-Hee, announced that two more same-sex couples had filed separate lawsuits in order to be allowed to wed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2016/05/26/south-korea-set-for-more-court-battles-over-same-sex-marriage-ban|author=Duffy, Nick|title=South Korea set for more court battles over same-sex marriage ban|publisher=Pink News|date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

In December 2016, a South Korean appeals court upheld the district court ruling. The couple vowed to bring the case to the [[Supreme Court of South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2016/12/06/52/0302000000AEN20161206010400315F.html|title=S. Korean court rejects gay couple's appeal over same-sex marriage|publisher=yonhapnews.co.kr|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

A 2017 poll found that 41% of South Koreans supported same-sex marriage, while 52% were opposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2017/nwdesk/article/4482816_21408.html |title=특집 여론조사…국민 59.7% "적폐청산 수사 계속해야" |date=26 Dec 2017 |publisher=MBC News}}</ref> Support is significantly higher among younger people, however, with a 2014 opinion poll showing that 60% of South Koreans in their 20s supported same-sex marriage, approximately double that of 2010 (30.5%).<ref>[http://en.asaninst.org/contents/over-the-rainbow-public-attitude-toward-lgbt-in-south-korea/ Over the Rainbow: Public Attitude Toward LGBT in South Korea] ''The Asian Institute for Policy Studies''</ref>

====Switzerland====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Switzerland}}
A same-sex marriage bill is pending in Parliament after the [[Green Liberal Party of Switzerland]],<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.parlament.ch/e/suche/Pages/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20130468 13.468 – Initiative parlementaire Mariage civil pour tous], [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Swiss Parliament]]; retrieved 18 June 2014.</ref> introduced a constitutional initiative to legalize same-sex marriage in December 2013, in opposition to a [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland|Christian Democrat]] initiative banning same-sex marriage. The Committee for Legal Affairs of the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] approved the Green Liberal initiative by 12-9 and 1 abstention on 20 February 2015.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.parlament.ch/e/mm/2015/Pages/mm-rk-n-2015-02-20.aspx Entrée en matière sur le projet de loi sur les avoirs de potentats], [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]], retrieved 20 February 2015</ref> On 1 September 2015, the upper house's Legal Affairs Committee voted 7 to 5 to proceed with the initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blick.ch/news/politik/ehe-fuer-alle-staenderat-sagt-ja-zur-homo-ehe-id4126745.html|title=Ständerat sagt Ja zur Homo-Ehe|publisher=Blick.ch|date=1 September 2015}}</ref> The National Council's Legal Affairs Committee can now draft an act.

In a poll in June 2013 for [[Institut français d'opinion publique|ifop]], 63% approved of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201082402/http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/2255-1-study_file.pdf |archivedate=1 February 2016 |df= }}, [[Institut français d'opinion publique|ifop]], retrieved 18 June 2014</ref> After the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]]'s Committee of Law Affairs' decision to approve same-sex marriage, two opinion polls released on 22 February 2015 showed a support of 54% ([[Léger Marketing]] for [[Blick]])<ref>{{de icon}} [http://www.blick.ch/news/schweiz/ehe-mehrheit-der-schweizer-fuer-ehe-zwischen-homosexuellen-id3508129.html Mehrheit der Schweizer für Ehe zwischen Homosexuellen], Blick.ch, retrieved on 22 February 2015</ref> and 71% (GfS Zürich for [[SonntagsZeitung]])<ref>{{de icon}} [http://www.sonntagszeitung.ch/read/sz_22_02_2015/nachrichten/71-Prozent-der-Schweizer-fuer-Homo-Ehe-28299 71 Prozent der Schweizer für Homo-Ehe], Sonntagszeitung.ch, retrieved on 22 February 20152015</ref> allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children. Additionally, in November 2016, voters in the [[canton of Zürich]] overwhelmingly rejected an initiative seeking to ban same-sex marriage in the cantonal Constitution, with 81% voting against.<ref>[http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/abstimmungen/abstimmungen/abstimmungen-zh/keine-definition-der-ehe-zwischen-mann-und-frau-in-der-verfassung Keine Definition der Ehe zwischen Mann und Frau in der Verfassung], Srf.ch; accessed 5 July 2017.{{de icon}}</ref> A 2017 poll found that 75% of Swiss were in favour of same-sex marriage.<ref name="pew"/>

In March 2015, the [[Swiss Federal Council]] released a governmental report about marriage and new rights for families. It opens the possibility to introduce registered partnerships for different-sex couples as well as same-sex marriage for same-sex couples.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.ejpd.admin.ch/dam/data/bj/aktuell/news/2015/2015-03-250/ber-br-f.pdf Rapport du Conseil fédéral - Modernisation du droit de la famille], [[Federal Department of Justice and Police]]; retrieved 27 May 2015.{{fr icon}}</ref> [[Federal Councillor]] [[Simonetta Sommaruga]] in charge of the [[Federal Department of Justice and Police]] also stated she hoped personally that same-sex couples would soon be allowed to marry.<ref>[http://www.hebdo.ch/news/politique/sommaruga-esp%C3%A8re-que-les-homosexuels-pourront-bient%C3%B4t-se-marier Sommaruga espère que les homosexuels pourront bientôt se marier], [[L'Hebdo]]; retrieved 27 May 2015.{{fr icon}}</ref>

The [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland]] (CVP/PDC) started in 2011 with gathering signatures for a [[Popular initiative (Switzerland)|popular initiative]] entitled "For the couple and the family - No to the penalty of marriage". This initiative would change article 14 of the [[Swiss Federal Constitution]] and aimed to put equal fiscal rights and equal social security benefits between married couples and unmarried cohabiting couples. However, the text aimed to introduce as well in the Constitution for the first time ever the definition of marriage, which would be the sole "union between a man and a woman".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/vi/vis404t.html|title=Eidgenössische Volksinitiative 'Für Ehe und Familie - gegen die Heiratsstrafe'|work=admin.ch}}</ref> On 19 June 2015, the Parliament recommended that voters reject the initiative.<ref>[https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/federal-gazette/2015/4403.pdf Arrêté fédéral concernant l’initiative populaire «Pour le couple et la famille – Non à la pénalisation du mariage»], Admin.ch; accessed 5 January 2017.{{fr icon}}</ref> The [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]] also recommended rejecting the initiative.<ref>[https://queer.ch/politik/schweiz/bundesrat-gegen-cvp-initiative Bundesrat gegen CVP-Initiative] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125082428/https://queer.ch/politik/schweiz/bundesrat-gegen-cvp-initiative/ |date=25 November 2015 }}, Queer.ch, 18 November 2015; accessed 5 January 2017.{{de icon}}</ref><ref>[https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/dokumentation/medienmitteilungen/bundesrat.msg-id-59493.html Bundesrat lanciert Abstimmungskampf zur Volksinitiative gegen die «Heiratsstrafe»], 17 November 2015, admin.ch</ref> The Swiss people voted on the Christian Democrats' proposal in a referendum on 28 February 2016<ref>[http://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/kriminelle-auslaender-gotthard-und-heiratsstrafe-1.18626026 Kriminelle Ausländer, Gotthard und Heiratsstrafe], NZZ.ch, 7 October 2014.{{de icon}}</ref> and rejected it by 50.8% of the votes.<ref>[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/february-28-vote_gender-terms-could-sink-bid-for-tax-equality/41984688 Tax break for married couples rejected], Swissinfo.ch, 28 February 2016.</ref>

====Taiwan====
{{main|Same-sex marriage in Taiwan}}
On 22 December 2014, a proposed amendment to the Civil Code which would legalize same-sex marriage was due to go under review by the Judiciary Committee. If the amendment passes the committee stage, it will then be voted on at the plenary session of the [[Legislative Yuan]] in 2015. The amendment, called the marriage equality amendment, would insert neutral terms into the Civil Code replacing ones that imply heterosexual marriage, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage. It would also allow same-sex couples to adopt children.

[[Yu Mei-nu]] of the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP), who is the convener of the current legislative session, has expressed support for the amendment as have more than 20 other DPP lawmakers as well as two from the [[Taiwan Solidarity Union]] and one each from the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People First Party]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Lii Wen|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/12/21/2003607251|title=Gay marriage proposal set for review|work=Taipei Times|date=21 December 2014|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref> Taiwan would become the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage if the Civil Code is amended.

A poll carried out between August and October 2015 found that 71% of the Taiwanese population supported same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/11/30/nearly-two-thirds-of-taiwan-supports-marriage-equality-survey-finds/ |title=Nearly two thirds of Taiwan supports marriage equality, survey finds |publisher=PinkNews |date=30 November 2015}}</ref> [[Tsai Ing-wen]], the President of Taiwan since May 2016, announced her support of same-sex marriage in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/watch-taiwan-presidential-frontrunner-officially-endorses-marriage-equality/|title=Watch: Taiwan presidential frontrunner officially endorses marriage equality|date=2 November 2015|work=gaystarnews.com}}</ref>

In October 2016, two new same-sex marriage bills were introduced to the [[Legislative Yuan]]. Subsequently, protests have been staged by groups opposing and by groups supporting legalization.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/12/04/2003660533 |title=Thousands protest gay marriage in Taipei |author=Gerber, Abraham|date=4 December 2016|work=[[Taipei Times]]|accessdate=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/12/11/2003660976|title=Thousands rally to support equal marriage rights - Taipei Times|publisher=}}</ref>

On 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have the right to marry, and gave the Taiwanese Government two years to amend the law to that effect. If the law is not amended after two years, same-sex couples will be able to register a valid marriage application in Taiwan.<ref name="NBC News"/>

====Venezuela====
{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Venezuela}}
In April 2016, the Supreme Court announced it would hear a lawsuit which seeks to declare Article 44 of the Civil Code unconstitutional for outlawing same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/11963|title=The Struggle isn't Over": Venezuela Moves Towards Marriage Equality|publisher=Venezuelanalysis.com|date=5 May 2016}}</ref>

President [[Nicolás Maduro]] supports same-sex marriage, and has suggested that the [[2017 Constituent National Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] would agree to legalising it.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://shangay.com/maduro-creo-que-todo-el-mundo-se-puede-casar-aunque-sea-homosexual Maduro: "Creo que todo el mundo se puede casar, aunque sea homosexual"] ''shangay.com'', 20 November 2017</ref>

====Vietnam====
{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Vietnam}}
In Vietnam, currently only a marriage between a man and a woman is recognized. Vietnam's Ministry of Justice began seeking advice on legalizing same-sex marriage from other governmental and non-governmental organizations in April and May 2012, and planned to further discuss the issue at the National Assembly in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vietnam government consults on same-sex marriage|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/vietnam-government-consults-same-sex-marriage200612|accessdate=26 January 2013|date=20 June 2012}}</ref> However, in February 2013, the Ministry of Justice requested that the National Assembly avoid action until 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vote on same-sex marriage in Vietnam likely to be delayed until 2014|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/vote-same-sex-marriage-vietnam-likely-be-delayed-until-2014200213}}</ref> At a hearing to discuss marriage law reforms in April 2013, deputy minister of health Nguyen Viet Tien proposed that same-sex marriage be made legal immediately.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/vietnam-flawed-on-human-rights-but-a-leader-in-gay-rights/275413|title=Vietnam: Flawed on Human Rights, but a Leader in Gay Rights|author=Thomas Maresca|date=30 April 2013|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=12 May 2013}}</ref>

The Vietnamese Government abolished an administrative fine imposed on same-sex weddings in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/345169/vietnam-ends-same-sex-marriage-fines|title=Vietnam ends same-sex marriage fines|publisher=Bangkok Post|accessdate=6 January 2014}}</ref> The policy was enacted on 11 November 2013. The 100,000–500,000 [[VND]] ($24[[USD]]) fine will be abolished. Although same-sex marriages are not permitted in Vietnam, the policy will decriminalize the relationship, habitual privileges such as household registry, property, child raising, and co-habitual partnerships are recognized.<ref>S. Sarkar, "It's final Gay wedding fines to go in Vietnam", ''Gay Star News'', 13 October 2013. {{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/it%E2%80%99s-final-gay-wedding-fines-go-vietnam131013|title=Archived copy|accessdate=14 October 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013233248/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/it%E2%80%99s-final-gay-wedding-fines-go-vietnam131013|archivedate=13 October 2013}}</ref>

In June 2013, the National Assembly began formal debate on a proposal to establish legal recognition for same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/world/11253-vietnam-national-assembly-begins-debate-on-marriage-equality.html|title=The latest entertainment news for Australia's LGBTIQ community|publisher=Gay News Network|accessdate=6 January 2014}}</ref> On 24 September 2013, the Government issued the decree abolishing the fines on same-sex marriages. The decree took effect on 11 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/13750/vietnam-to-remove-fines-on-samesex-marriage|title=Vietnam to remove fines on same-sex marriage|author=Tuoi Tre Newspaper|publisher=|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thuvienphapluat.vn/archive/Nghi-dinh-110-2013-ND-CP-xu-phat-vi-pham-hanh-chinh-bo-tro-tu-phap-hanh-chinh-tu-phap-vb208274.aspx |title=Nghị định 110/2013/NĐ-CP xử phạt vi phạm hành chính bổ trợ tư pháp hành chính tư pháp - bản lưu trữ |website=Thuvienphapluat.vn |date=2013-09-24 |accessdate=2017-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://conganhatinh.gov.vn/web/guest/9/-/vcmsview/qvgy/1506/1506/6374 |title=Cổng thông tin điện tử Công an Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh |website=Web.archive.org |date=2014-05-17 |accessdate=2017-07-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121108/http://conganhatinh.gov.vn/web/guest/9/-/vcmsview/qvgy/1506/1506/6374 |archivedate=17 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 27 May 2014, the National Assembly's Committee for Social Affairs removed the provision giving legal status and some rights to cohabiting same-sex couples from the Government's bill to amend the ''Law on Marriage and Family''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/vietnamese-lawmakers-back-down-giving-rights-same-sex-couples300514|title=Vietnamese lawmakers back down on giving rights to same-sex couples|date=|work=Gay Star News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/vietnams-proposed-marriage-law-disappoints-lgbt-activists-/1925916.html|title=Vietnam’s Proposed Marriage Law Disappoints LGBT Activists|work=VOA|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> The bill was approved by the National Assembly on 19 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thanhniennews.com/politics/vietnam-allows-surrogacy-within-families-denies-samesex-marriage-27502.html|title=Vietnam allows surrogacy within families, denies same-sex marriage|work=Thanh Nien Daily|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/20478/vietnam-removes-ban-on-same-sex-marriage|title=Vietnam removes ban on same sex marriage|author=Tuoi Tre Newspaper|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>

On 1 January 2015, the ''2014 Law on Marriage and Family'' officially went into effect. It states that while Vietnam allows same-sex weddings, it will not offer legal recognition or protection to unions between people of the same sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marilynstowe.co.uk/2014/12/29/vietnam-set-to-lift-gay-marriage-ban/|title=Vietnam set to lift gay marriage ban|work=Marilyn Stowe Blog|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref>


=== Organisasi internasional ===
=== Organisasi internasional ===

Revisi per 4 Juli 2018 03.20

Status hukum persatuan sejenis
Perkawinan
Dilakukan

Diakui

  1. Tidak dilakukan di Aruba, Curaçao, dan Sint Maarten
  2. Tidak dilakukan dan diakui di Niue, Tokelau, dan Kepulauan Cook
  3. Tidak dilakukan dan diakui di Irlandia Utara, dependensi Sark dan enam dari 14 wilayah seberang laut
  4. Tidak dilakukan dan diakui di Samoa Amerika dan banyak yurisdiksi kesukuan dengan pengecualian pengakuan federal
  5. Ketika dilakukan di negara bagian Meksiko yang telah mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis
  6. Ketika dilakukan di Belanda utama
  7. Apabila dilakukan sebelum 1 Juni 2018
  8. Rencana pendaftaran terbuka di semua yurisdiksi kecuali Hualien, Penghu, Taitung dan Yunlin

* Belum berlaku

LGBT portal
Bendera pelangi

Perkawinan sejenis (dikenal juga sebagai perkawinan gay) adalah perkawinan antara pasangan sejenis kelamin, melalui sebuah upacara sipil atau keagamaan. Istilah perkawinan kesetaraan juga merujuk status politis yang mana perkawinan antara pasangan sejenis kelamin dan pasangan berbeda jenis kelamin diakui setara dalam hukum yang berlaku.

Hingga tahun 2018, perkawinan sejenis diakui secara sah (baik seluruh maupun sebagian) di negara-negara berikut: Afrika Selatan, Amerika Serikat,[nb 1] Argentina, Australia, Belanda,[nb 2] Belgia, Brasil, Britania Raya,[nb 3] Denmark, Finlandia, Irlandia, Islandia, Jerman, Kanada, Kolombia, Luksemburg, Malta, Meksiko,[nb 4] Norwegia, Perancis, Portugal, Selandia Baru,[nb 5] Spanyol, Swedia, dan Uruguay. Sebagai tambahan, Armenia, Estonia, dan Israel mengakui perkawinan sejenis secara sah untuk masuk ke negaranya. Perkawinan sejenis juga akan segera diakui secara sah di Taiwan dan Austria, setelah putusan dari mahkamah konstitusi mengenai hal tersebut masing-masing pada Mei dan Desember 2017.[nb 6][1][2] Lebih jauh lagi, setelah sebuah mosi yang diajukan oleh Kosta Rika, Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amerika mengeluarkan sebuah keputusan yang menyetujui perkawinan sejenis pada 9 Januari 2018, yang mana diharapkan akan memfasilitasi pengakuan di beberapa negara di Amerika.[nb 7][3]

Pengajuan perkawinan sejenis berbeda-beda di setiap yuridiksi, dengan dilaksanakan melalui perubahan hukum perkawinan secara legislatif, sebuah keputusan pengadilan berdasarkan jaminan konstitusional atas persamaan, atau melalui suara masyarakat secara langsung (dengan suara inisiatif atau referendum). Pengakuan perkawinan sejenis dianggap sebagai sebuah hak asasi manusia, hak sipil, serta masalah politis, sosial, dan religius.[4][5][6][7] Pendukung yang paling menonjol bagi perkawinan sejenis adalah organisasi hak asasi manusia dan hak sipil juga komunitas ilmiah dan medis, sedangkan penentang yang paling menonjol adalah kelompok agama. Beberapa komunitas aliran di dunia mendukung perkawinan sejenis, sedangkan banyak komunitas agama yang menentang. Jajak pendapat secara konsisten menunjukkan dukungan berkelanjutan yang terus meningkat untuk pengakuan perkawinan sejenis di seluruh negara dengan demokrasi yang maju dan beberapa negara dengan demokrasi yang berkembang.[8][9][10]

Studi ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa kesejahteraan finansial, psikologis, dan fisik orang gay bertambah dengan adanya perkawinan, dan bahwa anak dari orang tua sejenis diuntungkan dengan dibesarkan oleh pasangan sejenis yang berada di dalam hubungan yang sah dan didukung oleh institusi masyarakat.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Penelitian dari ilmu sosial menyatakan bahwa pengecualian homoseksual dari perkawinan memberikan stigma dan mengundang diskriminasi publik pada mereka, dan penelitian juga menolak gagasan bahwa baik sebuah kebudayaan atau tertib sosial yang baik tergantung pada pembatasan perkawinan hanya pada heteroseksual.[17][18] Perkawinan sejenis juga dapat memberikan mereka yang terikat dalam hubungan sejenis, yang membayar pajak, layanan pemerintah, dan membuat kebutuhan keuangan pada mereka sebanding dengan yang diberikan dan diperlukan dalam perkawinan berbeda jenis, dan juga memberi mereka perlindungan hukum seperti warisan dan hak kunjungan rumah sakit.[19]

Tentangan terhadap perkawinan sejenis didasari pada kepercayaan bahwa homoseksualitas tidaklah alami dan abnormal, sehingga pengakuan terhadap persatuan sejenis akan mendorong homoseksualitas di dalam masyarakat, dan anak lebih baik dibesarkan oleh pasangan berbeda jenis.[20] Klaim ini dilawan oleh ilmu pengetahuan yang menunjukkan bahwa homoseksualitas adalah alami dan normal dalam seksualitas manusia, bahwa orientasi seksual tidak bisa dipilih atau dipengaruhi, dan anak dari pasangan sejenis sebaik atau bahkan lebih baik kehidupannya dibandingkan anak dari pasangan berbeda jenis.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

Sebuah studi nasional di Amerika Serikat dari Januari 1999 hingga Desember 2015 mengungkapkan bahwa pendirian perkawinan sejenis berhubungan dengan pengurangan secara nyata terhadap angka percobaan bunuh diri di antara anak-anak, dengan pengaruh paling besar di antara anak-anak yang memiliki orientasi seksual minoritas.[34][35][36][37][38]

Terminologi

Istilah alternatif

Beberapa pendukung pengakuan hukum perkawinan sejenis, seperti Freedom to Marry dan Canadians for Equal Marriage, menggunakan istilah kesetaraan perkawinan dan perkawinan setara yang menunjukkan bahwa mereka melihat pengakuan terhadap perkawinan sejenis tak ubahnya perkawinan berbeda jenis, daripada sebagai sebuah hak istimewa.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

Associated Press merekomendasikan penggunaan perkawinan untuk gay dan lesbian atau secara singkat perkawinan gay tanpa tanda hubung dan tanpa tanda kutip. Associated Press mengingatkan bahwa konstruksi perkawinan gay dapat berdampak bahwa perkawinan pasangan sejenis menjadi berbeda dengan perkawinan berbeda jenis.[46][47]

Penggunaan istilah perkawinan

Antropolog telah berjuang untuk mementukan arti perkawinan yang mencakup kesamaan dari konstruksi sosial berbagai kebudayaan di dunia.[48][49] Banyak pengertian yang diajukan dikritik karena telah gagal mengakui keberadaan perkawinan sejenis di beberapa budaya, termasuk lebih dari 30 kebudayaan Afrika, termasuk Kikuyu dan Nuer.[49][50][51]

Beberapa negara telah memperbaharui hukum perkawinan mereka untuk mengakui pasangan sejenis di abad ke-21 ini, seluruh kamus besar bahasa Inggris telah memperbaharui kata perkawinan baik dengan meniadakan perincian jenis kelamin atau menambahnya dengan pengertian kedua yang mencakup bahasa netral-gender atau pengakuan persatuan sejenis secara jelas.[52][53] Oxford English Dictionary telah mengakui perkawinan sejenis sejak tahun 2000.[54]

Penentang perkawinan sejenis, yang ingin perkawinan tetap terbatas untuk heteroseksual, seperti Gereja Yesus Kristus dari Orang-orang Suci Zaman Akhir, Gereja Katolik Roma, dan Konvensi Baptis Selatan, menggunakan istilah perkawinan tradisional untuk mengartikan perkawinan berbeda jenis.[55][56][57]

Studi

Asosiasi Antropologikal Amerika menyatakan pada 26 Februari 2004:[58]

Hasil lebih dari satu abad penelitian antropologis tentang rumah tangga, hubungan kekerabatan, dan keluarga, lintas budaya dan melalui waktu, tidak memberikan dukungan apa pun untuk pandangan bahwa peradaban atau tertib sosial yang layak bergantung pada perkawinan sebagai institusi heteroseksual secara eksklusif. Sebaliknya, penelitian antropologis mendukung kesimpulan bahwa sejumlah besar tipe keluarga, termasuk keluarga yang dibangun di atas kemitraan sejenis, dapat berkontribusi pada masyarakat yang stabil dan manusiawi.

Penelitian pada 1998–2015 dari Universitas Virginia, Universitas Negeri Michigan, Universitas Negeri Florida, Universitas Amsterdam, Institut Psikiatrik Negeri New York, Universitas California, San Fransisco, Universitas Stanford, Universitas California, Los Angeles, Universitas Tufts, Pusat Medis Boston, Komite Aspek Psikososial Anak dan Kesehatan Keluarga dan berbagai penelitian mandiri lainnya juga mendukung hasil penelitian ini.[59]

Bunuh diri anak

Pendirian perkawinan sejenis berhubungan dengan pengurangan secara nyata terhadap angka percobaan bunuh diri di antara anak-anak, dengan pengaruh paling besar di antara anak-anak yang memiliki orientasi seksual minoritas. Sebuah studi nasional di Amerika Serikat dari Januari 1999 hingga Desember 2015 mengungkapkan bahwa angka percobaan bunuh diri di antara anak-anak sekolah dari kelas 9 hingga 12 menurun hingga 7% dan angka percobaan bunuh diri di antara anak-anak sekolah dengan orientasi seksual minoritas dari kelas 9 hingga 12 menurun hingga 14% di negara bagian yang mengizinikan perkawinan sejenis, dengan hasil sekitar kira-kira kurang dari 134.000 anak mencoba bunuh diri setiap tahunnya di Amerika Serikat. Para peneliti meneliti manfaat dari perkawinan sejenis yang disahkan secara bertahap di Amerika Serikat (meluas dari 1 negara bagian pada 2004 hingga ke semua 50 negara bagian pada 2015) dengan membandingkan angka percobaan bunuh diri di antara anak-anak di setiap negara bagian selama waktu masa meneliti. Ketika perkawinan sejenis disahkan di suatu negara bagian tertentu, angka penurunan percobaan bunuh diri di negara bagian tersebut menjadi permanen. Tidak ada penurunan angka percobaan bunuh diri di antara anak-anak tersebut hingga negara bagian tersebut mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis. Pemimpin penelitian ini mengamati bahwa "hukum yang memiliki dampak luar biasa pada gay dewasa akan membuat anak-anak yang gay merasa lebih memiliki harapan di masa depan".[60][61][62][63][64]

Kesehatan

Pada 2010, sebuah studi oleh Sekolah Kesehatan Masyarakat Mailman Universitas Columbia yang menguji efek diskriminasi institusional pada kesehatan psikiatris individu gay, lesbian, dan biseksual (LGB) menemukan sebuah gangguan psikiatris, termasuk gangguan kecemasan ganda lebih, di antara populasi LGB yang hidup di negara bagian yang melarang perkawinan sejenis. Menurut penulis, studi tersebut menyoroti pentingnya penghapusan bentuk diskriminasi institusional, termasuk yang menyebabkan perbedaan dalam kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan individu LGB. Diskriminasi institusional dicirikan oleh kondisi masyarakat yang membatasi peluang dan akses ke sumber daya terhadap kelompok yang dirugikan secara sosial.[65][66]

Aktivis gay Jonathan Rauch berpendapat bahwa perkawinan baik untuk segala laki-laki, baik homoseksual maupun heteroseksual, karena terlibat dalam peran sosialnya mengurangi tingkat agresi dan pergaulan bebasnya.[67][68] Data terkini dari studi psikologis dan ilmu sosial lainnya mengenai perkawinan sejenis dengan perbandingan perkawinan berbeda jenis tidak menunjukkan perbedaan dalam dimensi psikososial esensial; yang mana orientasi seksual orang tua tidak berhubungan dengan kemampuan mereka memberikan lingkungan keluarga yang sehat dan terpelihara; dan bahwa perkawinan memberikan keuntungan psikologis, sosial, dan kesehatan. Orang tua sejenis dan pengasuh serta anak mereka tampaknya mendapat berbagai keuntungan dari pengakuan yang sah atas keluarga mereka, dan memberikan pengakuan semacam itu melalui perkawinan akan memberikan keuntungan yang lebih besar daripada kesatuan sipil maupun kemitraan domestik.[69][70]

Asosiasi Psikologikal Amerika menyatakan pada 2004: "Penolakan terhadap akses perkawinan bagi pasangan sejenis dapat khususnya merugikan orang yang juga mengalami diskriminasi berdasarkan umur, ras, etnis, disabilitas, gender dan identitas gender, agama, status sosioekonomis, dan sebagainya." Hal ini ditegaskan pula bahwa pasangan sejenis yang hanya boleh masuk ke dalan kesatuan sipil, sebagai lawan dari perkawinan, "ditolak terhadap akses yang setara terhadap semua manfaat, hak, dan kekhususan yang hukum federal berikan pada pasangan kawin," yang mana merugikan kesejahteraan pasangan sejenis.[71]

Pada 2009, sepasang ekonom di Universitas Emory menghubungkan antara negara bagian yang melarang perkawinan sejenis di Amerika Serikat dengan peningkatan jumlah infeksi HIV.[72][73] Studi ini menghubungkan larangan perkawinan sejenis dengan peningkatan angka HIV tahunan dalam negara bagian tersebut kira-kira 4 kasus 100,000 populasi.[74]

Orang tua

Organisais profesi psikolog menyimpulkan bahwa anak akan mendapatkan manfaat dari kesejahteraan yang dihasilkan ketika hubungan orang tua mereka diakui dan didukung oleh institusi masyarakat, misalnya perkawinan sipil. Sebagai contoh, Asosiasi Psikologikal Kanada menyatakan pada 2006 bahwa "kesejahteraan finansial, psikologis, dan fisik orang tua meningkat melalui perkawinan dan anak-anaknya mendapatkan manfaat dari dibesarkan oleh dua orang tua dalam kesatuan yang diakui secara hukum."[75] Asosiasi ini menyatakan pada 2003 bahwa tekanan yang dialami oleh orang tua gay dan lesbian dan anak-anak mereka cenderung merupakan hasil dari bagaimana cara masyarakat memperlakukan mereka dibandingkan dengan kekurangan mereka.[75]

Akademi Psikiatri Amerika menyimpulkan pada 2006, dalam sebuah analisis yang dipublikasikan di jurnal Pediatrics:[76]

Ada banyak bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak yang dibesarkan oleh orang tua sejenis sama dengan mereka yang dibesarkan orang tua heteroseksual. Lebih dari 25 tahun penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara orientasi seksual orang tua dengan pengukuran emosional, psikososial, dan penyesuaian perilaku seorang anak. Data-data ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada risiko bagi seorang anak sebagai hasil dari tumbuh dalam keluarga dengan satu atau lebih orang tua gay. Orang tua yang peduli dan penuh kasih, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, heteroseksual atau homoseksual, dapat menjadi orang tua yang luar biasa. Hak, manfaat, dan perlindungan terhadap perkawinan sipil lebih jauh lagi dapat memperkuat keluarga-keluarga ini.

Jajak pendapat

Sejumlah jajak pendapat dan studi mengenai masalah ini telah dilakukan, termasuk yang telah diselesaikan selama dasawarsa pertama dalam abad ke-21. Sebuah kecenderungan tetap akan peningkatan dukungan terhadap perkawinan sejenis telah terjadi di berbagai belahan dunia, yang seringkali disebabkan oleh kesenjangan generasi yang signifikan. Banyak penelitian yang dilakukan di negara maju pada dasawarsa pertama abad ke-21 menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas orang mendukung perkawinan sejenis. Dukungan perkawinan sejenis telah meningkat di setiap kelompok umur, ideologi politik, agama, gender, ras, dan wilayah di berbagai negara maju di dunia.[77][78][79][80][81]

Di Amerika Serikat, jajak pendapat Gallup telah menunjukkan bahwa dukungan perkawinan sejenis telah tumbuh dengan pesat, sedangkan tentangan telah merosot. Pada 1996, 68% orang Amerika menentang perkawinan sejenis, sedangkan hanya 27% mendukung. Pada 2018, 67% orang Amerika mendukung perkawinan sejenis, sedangkan hanya 31% menentang.[82]

Berbagai jajak pendapat dan studi yang dilakukan di beberapa negara menunjukkan bahwa dukungan perkawinan sejenis secara umum meningkat dengan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi dan lebih kuat di antara generasi muda.[83][84][85][86][87]

  Perkawinan sejenis sah sepenuhnya di negara tersebut
  Perkawinan sejenis sah di beberapa bagian di negara tersebut
Jajak pendapat perkawinan sejenis
Negara Penjajak Tahun Mendukung Menentang Netral[88] Sumber
 Argentina Ipsos 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&059.&&&&&059% &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.&&&&&026% &&&&&&&&&&&&&014.&&&&&014% [89]
 Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% &&&&&&&&&&&&&096.&&&&&096% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.&&&&&01% [90][91]
 Australia Essential 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&065.&&&&&065% &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.&&&&&026% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09% [92]
 Austria Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&072% &&&&&&&&&&&&&025.&&&&&025% - [93]
 Bahamas Public Domain 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% &&&&&&&&&&&&&090.&&&&&090% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% [94]
 Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&016.&&&&&016% &&&&&&&&&&&&&081.&&&&&081% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% [90][91]
 Belize Vanderbilt University 2014 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.8,4% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.91,6% - [95]
 Belgium Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&082.&&&&&082% &&&&&&&&&&&&&010.&&&&&010% - [93]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Pew Research Center 2015–2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&013% &&&&&&&&&&&&&084.&&&&&084% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04% [90][91]
 Brazil Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&045.&&&&&045% &&&&&&&&&&&&&048.&&&&&048% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% [96]
 Bolivia Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&022.&&&&&022% &&&&&&&&&&&&&067.&&&&&067% &&&&&&&&&&&&&011.&&&&&011% [96]
 Bulgaria Pew Research Center 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&018.&&&&&018% &&&&&&&&&&&&&079.&&&&&079% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% [90][91]
 Cambodia TNS Cambodia 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&055.&&&&&055% &&&&&&&&&&&&&030.&&&&&030% &&&&&&&&&&&&&015.&&&&&015% [97]
 Canada CROP 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.&&&&&074% &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.&&&&&026% - [98]
 Chili Plaza Pública-Cadem 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&064.&&&&&064% 34% 2% [99]
 Colombia Gallup 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&046.&&&&&046% &&&&&&&&&&&&&052.&&&&&052% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02% [100]
 Costa Rica CIEP 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&045.&&&&&045% &&&&&&&&&&&&&049.&&&&&049% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [101]
 Croatia Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&031.&&&&&031% &&&&&&&&&&&&&064.&&&&&064% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [90][91]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&037.&&&&&037% &&&&&&&&&&&&&056.&&&&&056% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% [102]
 Czech Republic CVVM 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&050.&&&&&050% &&&&&&&&&&&&&045.&&&&&045% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [103]
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&086.&&&&&086% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09% - [93]
 Dominican Republic Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&025.&&&&&025% &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&072% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% [96]
 Ecuador Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&016.&&&&&016% &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.&&&&&074% &&&&&&&&&&&&&010.&&&&&010% [96]
 El Salvador Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&011.&&&&&011% &&&&&&&&&&&&&081.&&&&&081% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&08.&&&&&08% [96]
 Estonia Estonian Human Rights Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&039.&&&&&039% &&&&&&&&&&&&&052.&&&&&052% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09% [104]
 Finland Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&064.&&&&&064% &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.&&&&&026% - [93]
 France Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&073.&&&&&073% &&&&&&&&&&&&&023.&&&&&023% - [93]
 Georgia Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% &&&&&&&&&&&&&095.&&&&&095% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02% [90][91]
 Germany Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.&&&&&075% &&&&&&&&&&&&&023.&&&&&023% - [93]
 Greece DiaNeosis 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&050.&&&&&050% &&&&&&&&&&&&&047.&&&&&047% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% [105]
 Guatemala Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&012.&&&&&012% &&&&&&&&&&&&&082.&&&&&082% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [96]
 Guyana Vanderbilt University 2014 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.7,6% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.92,4% - [95]
 Haiti Vanderbilt University 2014 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.6,7% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.93,3% - [95]
 Honduras CID Gallup 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&017.&&&&&017% &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.&&&&&075% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&08.&&&&&08% [106]
 Hungary Pew Research Center 2015–2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&027.&&&&&027% &&&&&&&&&&&&&064.&&&&&064% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09% [90][91]
 Iceland Gallup 2004 &&&&&&&&&&&&&087.&&&&&087% - - [107]
 Ireland Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&066.&&&&&066% &&&&&&&&&&&&&027.&&&&&027% - [93]
 Israel Channel 10 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&058.&&&&&058% - - [108]
 Italy Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&059.&&&&&059% &&&&&&&&&&&&&038.&&&&&038% - [93]
 Japan NHK 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&051.&&&&&051% &&&&&&&&&&&&&041.&&&&&041% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&08.&&&&&08% [109]
 Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% &&&&&&&&&&&&&089.&&&&&089% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04% [90][91]
 Latvia Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&016.&&&&&016% &&&&&&&&&&&&&077.&&&&&077% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% [90][91]
 Lithuania Pew Research Center 2015–2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&012.&&&&&012% &&&&&&&&&&&&&085.&&&&&085% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04% [90][91]
 Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.&&&&&075% &&&&&&&&&&&&&020.&&&&&020% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [102]
 Malta Business Leaders Malta 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&061.&&&&&061% &&&&&&&&&&&&&025.&&&&&025% &&&&&&&&&&&&&014.&&&&&014% [110]
 Mexico Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&069.&&&&&069% &&&&&&&&&&&&&025.&&&&&025% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [111]
 Moldova Pew Research Center 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% &&&&&&&&&&&&&092.&&&&&092% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03% [90][91]
 Netherlands Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&086.&&&&&086% &&&&&&&&&&&&&010.&&&&&010% - [93]
 Nicaragua Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&016.&&&&&016% &&&&&&&&&&&&&077.&&&&&077% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% [96]
 Norway Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&072% &&&&&&&&&&&&&019.&&&&&019% [93]
 Panama Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&023.&&&&&023% &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&072% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [96]
 Paraguay Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&015.&&&&&015% &&&&&&&&&&&&&080.&&&&&080% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [96]
 Peru CPI 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&013% &&&&&&&&&&&&&082.&&&&&082% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04% [112]
 Poland CBOS 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&030.&&&&&030% &&&&&&&&&&&&&064.&&&&&064% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [113]
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&059.&&&&&059% &&&&&&&&&&&&&028.&&&&&028% [93]
 Romania Pew Research Center 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.&&&&&026% &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.&&&&&074% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.&&&&&01% [90][91]
 Russia Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% &&&&&&&&&&&&&090.&&&&&090% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [90][91]
 Serbia Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&012.&&&&&012% &&&&&&&&&&&&&083.&&&&&083% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05% [90][91]
 Singapore OSC 2013 &&&&&&&&&&&&&021.&&&&&021% &&&&&&&&&&&&&055.&&&&&055% &&&&&&&&&&&&&024.&&&&&024% [114]
 Slovakia FOCUS 2016 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.27,3% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.68,7% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04% [115]
 Slovenia Ninamedia 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&038.&&&&&038% &&&&&&&&&&&&&050.&&&&&050% &&&&&&&&&&&&&012.&&&&&012% [116]
 Afrika Selatan HSRC 2015 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.36,6% &&&&&&&&&&&&&046.&&&&&046% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.17,4% [117]
 South Korea Gallup Korea 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&041.&&&&&041% &&&&&&&&&&&&&052.&&&&&052% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.6,1% [118]
 Spain Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&077.&&&&&077% &&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&013% - [93]
 Suriname Vanderbilt University 2014 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.18,1% 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.81,9% - [95]
 Sweden Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&088.&&&&&088% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07% - [93]
  Switzerland Pew Research Center 2017 &&&&&&&&&&&&&075.&&&&&075% &&&&&&&&&&&&&024.&&&&&024% - [93]
 Taiwan Taiwan Social Change Survey 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&054.&&&&&054% &&&&&&&&&&&&&037.&&&&&037% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09% [119]
 Thailand NIDA Poll 2015 &&&&&&&&&&&&&059.&&&&&059% &&&&&&&&&&&&&035.&&&&&035% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [120]
 Ukraine Pew Research Center 2016 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09% &&&&&&&&&&&&&085.&&&&&085% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [90][91]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&073.&&&&&073% &&&&&&&&&&&&&021.&&&&&021%[nb 8] &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06% [121]
 United States Gallup 2018 &&&&&&&&&&&&&067.&&&&&067% &&&&&&&&&&&&&031.&&&&&031% &&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02% [122]
 Uruguay Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.70,6% - - [123]
 Venezuela Pew Research Center 2014 &&&&&&&&&&&&&028.&&&&&028% &&&&&&&&&&&&&061.&&&&&061% &&&&&&&&&&&&&011.&&&&&011% [96]


Sejarah

Berkas:World marriage-equality laws edit request.svg
  Perkawinan terbuka untuk pasangan sejenis
  Diakui ketika dilakukan di beberapa yurisdiksi lain
  Pemerintah/Pengadilan mengesahkan perkawinan tetapi hukumnya masih belum berlaku
  Persatuan sipil/kemitraan rumah tangga
  Kohabitasi tidak terdaftar
  Negara yang tunduk pada putusan pengadilan internasional untuk mengakui perkawinan sejenis dalam atau luar negeri
  Persatuan sejenis tidak diakui secara sah

Dahulu

Sebuah rujukan mengenai perkawinan sejenis (oleh orang Mesir dan orang Kanaan) terdapat dalam Talmud. Perjanjian Lama melarang hubungan homoseksual (Imamat 18:22, 20:13), dan tetua Yahudi memberikkan alasan untuk itu karena orang Ibrani diperingatkan untuk tidak "mengikuti kebiasaan di tanah Mesir atau kebiasaan di tanah Kanaan." Tetua itu secara jelas menyatakan: "Apa yang mereka [orang Mesir dan orang Kanaan] lakukan? Laki-laki akan mengawini laki-laki dan perempuan [mengawini] dengan perempuan."[124]

Perdebatan mengenai penyebutan perkawinan sejenis pertama secara historis terjadi pada masa awal Kekaisaran Romawi[125] menurut sejarawan kontroversial John Boswell.[126] Hal ini biasanya dilaporkan dalam bentuk kritik atau sindiran.[127]

Kaisar anak Elagabalus menyebut kusir kereta kuda, seorang budak dari Caria bernama Hierocles, sebagai suaminya.[128] Ia juga menikah dengan seorang atlet bernama Zoticus dalam sebuah dalam upacara publik yang mewah di Roma di tengah-tengah warga yang gembira.[129][130][131]

Kaisar Romawi pertama yang kawin dengan laki-laki adalah Nero, yang dilaporkan telah kawin dengan dua laki-laki lain dalam waktu yang berbeda. Yang pertama adalah dengan orang bebasnya Nero sendiri, Pythagoras, yang mana Nero mengambil peran sebagai pengantin wanita.[132] Kemudian, sebagai pengantin laki-laki, Nero menikahi Sporus, seorang laki-laki muda, yang menggantikan selir wanita dewasanya yang ia bunuh[133][134] dan mengawininya di upacara yang sangat terbuka dengan pernikahan yang khidmat, setelah Sporus dipaksa berpura-pura menjadi selir wanita yang telah Nero bunuh dan seolah-olah bertindak seperti mereka telah benar-benar kawin.[133] Seorang teman memberikan "pengantin wanita" sebagaimana yang diwajibkan hukum. Pernikahan itu dirayakan di Yunani dan Roma dengan upacara publik yang luar biasa.[135]

Akan tetapi, perlu diingat bahwa conubium hanya ada di antara seorang civis Romanus dan seorang civis Romana (berarti, seorang laki-laki warga negara Roma dan seorang perempuan warga negara Roma), sehingga perkawinan antara dua orang laki-laki Roma (atau dengan budak) tidak akan memiliki dasar hukum dalam hukum Romawi (kecuali, mungkin, dari kesewenangan kaisar dalam dua kasus yang disebutkan di atas).[136] Lebih jauh lagi, menurut Susan Treggiari, "matrimonium kemudian menjadi sebuah institusi yang melibatkan ibu, mater. Gagasan tersirat dalam kata itu yang mana seorang pria mengambil seorang wanita dalam perkawinan, in matrimonium ducere, maka pria tersebut dapat memperoleh anak dari wanita tersebut."[137]

Pada 342 Masehi, Kaisar Kristen Constantius II dan Constans mengeluarkan sebuah hukum dalam Kode Theodosia (C. Th. 9.7.3) melarang perkawinan sejenis di Romawi dan memerintahkan hukuman pada yang melakukan perkawinan seperti itu.[138]

Sekarang

Tulisan di Harvard Magazine pada 2013, sejarawan hukum Michael Klarman menulis bahwa ketika aktivisme hak-hak gay meningkat pada tahun 1970-an di Amerika Serikat, "Kesetaraan perkawinan bukanlah sebuah prioritas." Ia berpendapat bahwa banyak orang gay yang awalnya tidak tertarik pada perkawinan, menganggapnya sebagai sebuah institusi tradisional, dan mulai pencarian pengakuan yang sah atas pasangan sejenis baru dimulai pada akhir 1980-an.[139] Lainnya, seperti Faramerz Dabhoiwala yang menulis untuk The Guardian, mengatakan bahwa pergerakan modern dimulai pada 1990-an.[140]

Denmark menjadi negara pertama yang mengakui hubungan pasangan sejenis secara sah, dengan membentuk "kemitraan terdaftar" pada 1989. Hal ini memberikan hubungan sejenis "hak-hak serupa dengan heteroseksual yang kawin, tetapi tidak hak untuk mengadopsi atau memperoleh perwalian bersama seorang anak".[141] Pada 2001, Belanda[nb 9] menjadi negara pertama yang mengizinkan perkawinan sejenis.[142] Sejak itu perkawinan sejenis mulai diperbolehkan dan diakui oleh Belgia (2003), Spanyol (2005), Kanada (2005), Afrika Selatan (2006), Norwegia (2009), Swedia (2009), Portugal (2010), Islandia (2010), Argentina (2010), Denmark (2012), Brasil (2013), Perancis (2013), Uruguay (2013), Selandia Baru[nb 10] (2013), Luksemburg (2015), Amerika Serikat[nb 11] (2015), Irlandia (2015), Kolombia (2016), Finlandia (2017), Malta (2017), Jerman (2017), dan Australia (2017). Di Meksiko, perkawinan sejenis dilakukan di beberapa negara bagian dan diakui di seluruh ke-31 negara bagian. Di Nepal dan Taiwan, pengakuannya telah diamanatkan secara yudisial tetapi masih belum dilegislasi.[143] Lebih jauh lagi, sebagian besar yurisdiksi Britania Raya[nb 12] juga telah melegalkan perkawinan sejenis, dengan pertama Inggris dan Wales pada Maret 2014, diikuti oleh Skotlandia pada Desember pada tahun yang sama. Akan tetapi, perkawinan sejenis belum diakui di Irlandia Utara.

Di Taiwan, pada 24 Mei 2017, Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan bahwa pasangan sejenis memiliki hak untuk melangusngkan perkawinan di bawah Konstitusi Taiwan dan Yuan Legislatif memiliki waktu dua tahun untuk mengamendemen hukum perkawinan agar sesuai dengan konstitusi. Jika tidak, pasangan sejenis dapat mendaftarkan persatuan mereka sebagai perkawinan dan dapat diperlakukan demikan oleh hukum.[144]

Pada Desember 2017, Mahkamah Konstitusi Austria memutuskan bahwa perkawinan sejenis akan sah di negara itu pada 1 Januari 2019 apabila Parlemen tidak mengesahkan sebelum tanggal tersebut.[145]

Linimasa

Catatan: Negara atau teritori yang mana hukum perkawinan sejenis dicabut tidak dimasukkan ke dalam tabel.

2001
2002

None

2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

None

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
TBD

Organisasi internasional

Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa
Uni Eropa
Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Antar-Amerika

Perkawinan sejenis di dunia

Perkawinan sejenis diakui secara sah (baik seluruh maupun sebagian) di negara-negara berikut: Afrika Selatan, Amerika Serikat,[nb 1] Argentina, Australia, Belanda,[nb 2] Belgia, Brasil, Britania Raya,[nb 3] Denmark, Finlandia, Irlandia, Islandia, Jerman, Kanada, Kolombia, Luksemburg, Malta, Meksiko,[nb 4] Norwegia, Perancis, Portugal, Selandia Baru,[nb 5] Spanyol, Swedia, dan Uruguay.

Status perkawinan sejenis menjadi masalah yang cukup rumit di beberapa negara lain. Di Meksiko, perkawinan ini diakui oleh seluruh yurisdiksi subnasional dan Pemerintah Meksiko.[146] Pada 3 Juni 2015, Mahkamah Agung Keadilan Bangsa Meksiko mengeluarkan sebuah "tesis yurisprudensial" menyatakan bahwa tujuan perkawinan saat ini, yang mana adalah prokreasi, tidaklah konstitusional dan diskriminatif terhadap pasangan sejenis. Pengadilan di seluruh negara sekarang harus meresmikan perkawinan di antara pasangan dengan jenis kelamin yang sama melalui keputusan, yang mana prosesnya lebih lambar dan lebih mahal daripada perkawinan berbeda jenis.[147] Israel tidak mengakui perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di wilayahnya, tetapi perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di yurisdiksi lain dicatat dengan ketat "untuk keperluan statistik", yang mana untuk menghindari pengakuan resmi terhadap perkawinan sejenis di negara tersebut.[148] Di Armenia dan Estonia, perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di luar negeri diakui.

Pengakuan sah

Afrika Selatan

Pengakuan yang sah akan perkawinan sejenis di Afrika Selatan muncul sebagai hasil dari keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam perkara Menteri Dalam Negeri v. Fourie. Pengadilan memutuskan pada 1 December 2005 bahwa hukum perkawinan yang ada menyalahi klausul kesetaraan dari Bill of Rights karena mereka didiskriminasi atas dasar orientasi seksual. Pengadilan tersebut memberikan waktu setahun bagi Parlemen untuk memperbaiki ketidaksetaraan tersebut.

Undang-Undang Persatuan Sipil kemudian diloloskan oleh Majelis Nasional pada 14 November 2006, dengan suara 230 banding 41, dan menjadi berlaku pada 30 November 2006. Afrika Selatan menjadi negara kelima, pertama di Afrika, dan kedua di luar Eropa, yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis.

Amerika Serikat

Perkawinan sejenis di Amerika Serikat pada mulanya disahkan secara masing-masing negara bagian, meningkat dari 1 negara bagian pada 2004 hingga 36 negara bagian pada 2015, ketika, pada 26 Juni 2015, perkawinan sejenis disahkan di semua ke-50 negara bagian sebagai hasil dari putusan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat dalam perkara hak sipil penting Obergefell v. Hodges, yang mana berpendapat hak dari pasangan sejenis untuk melangsungkan perkawinan dengan syarat dan ketentuan yang sama sebagaimana pasangan berbeda jenis, dengan segala hak dan kewajiban yang mengikutinya, dijamin oleh baik Due Process Clause dan Equal Protection Clause dari Amendemen Keempat Belas Konstitusi Amerika Serikat.[149]

Hak sipil yang mengampanyekan dukungan terhadap perkawinan tanpa memandang jenis kelamin dimulai pada 1970-an.[150] Pada 1972, Baker v. Nelson yang kini telah digulingkan bahwa penolakan Mahkamah Agung AS semakin terlibat.[151] Masalah ini kemudian menjadi menonjol mulai sekitar 1993, ketika Mahkamah Agung Hawaii memutuskan pada Baehr v. Lewin bahwa pembatasan perkawinan berdasarkan jenis kelamin adalah inkonstitutional. Putusan ini memicu tindakan federal dan tindakan dari beberapa negara bagian untuk secara tegas membatasi perkawinan atas dasar jenis kelamin untuk mencegah dari diakuinya perkawinan dari pasangan sejenis, dan yang paling menonjol adalah DOMA. Pada 2003, Mahkamah Yudisial Agung memutuskan pada Goodridge v. Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat bahwa adalah inkonstitutional untuk sebuah negara bagian membatasi perkawinan berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Dari 2004 hingga 2015, sebagaimana gelombang opini publik terus meningkatkan dukungan terhadap perkawinan sejenis, berbagai putusan pengadilan negara bagian, pengesahan negara bagian, referendum masyarakat, dan putusan pengadilan federal mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis di 36 negara bagian. Pada 2011, dukungan publik terhadap perkawinan sejenis secara nasional mencapai lebih dari 50% untuk pertama kalinya.[152] Pada 2013, Mahkamah Agung AS mencabut ketentuan utama dari DOMA, menyatakan bahwa bagian dari itu adalah inkonstitutional dan merupakan sebuah pelanggaran terhadap Amendemen Kelima pada United States v. Windsor. Putusan ini menyebabkan pengakuan federal terhadap perkawinan sejenis, dengan manfaat federal untuk pasangan kawin dihubungkan dengan baik negara bagian tempat tinggalnya maupun negara bagian tempat perkawinan diselenggarakan. Akan tetapi, putusan ini bertujuan pada kewajiban dalam ketentuan DOMA terhadap pemerintah federal yang menolak untuk mengakui perkawinan sejenis yang disetujui negara bagian, membiarkan hukum perkawinan tersebut menjadi urusan masing-masing negara bagian. Mahkamah Agung AS kemudian menyelesaikannya dua tahun kemudian pada 2015, menyatakan, pada Obergefell v. Hodges, bahwa hak perkawinan pasangan sejenis dengan syarat dan ketentuan yang sama sebagaimana pasangan berbeda jenis, dengan segala hak dan kewajiban yang mengikutinya, dijamin oleh Konstitusi Amerika Serikat.

Pendukung yang paling menonjol bagi perkawinan sejenis adalah organisasi hak asasi manusia dan hak sipil juga komunitas ilmiah dan medis, sedangkan penentang yang paling menonjol adalah kelompok agama. Putusan dari Mahkamah Agung dalam Obergefell terjadi setelah beberapa dasawarsa dari terus meningkatnya dukungan publik terhadap perkawinan sejenis di Amerika Serikat secara nasional, yang juga meningkat setelahnya.

Amerika Serikat menjadi negara dengan jumlah penduduk paling banyak yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis secara nasional.

Argentina

Pada 15 Juli 2010, Senat Argentina menyetujui RUU yang memperluas hak perkawinan untuk pasangan sejenis. Hal ini didukung oleh pemerintahan Presiden Cristina Fernández de Kirchner dan ditentang oleh Gereja Katolik.[153] Survei menunjukkan bahwa hampir 70% masyarakat Argentina mendukung pemberian hak perkawinan yang sama seperti heteroseksual bagi orang gay.[154] Hukum ini mulai berlaku pada 22 Juli 2010 setelah pengumuman oleh Presiden Argentina.[155] Argentina menjadi negara pertama di Amerika Latin, kedua di Amerika, dan kesepuluh di dunia yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis.

Australia

Australia menjadi negara kedua di Oseania yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis ketika Parlemen Australia meloloskan sebuah RUU pada 7 Desember 2017.[156] RUU ini mendapatkan pengesahan kerajaan pada 8 Desember, dan berlaku 9 Desember 2017.[157][158] Hukum ini menghapuskan larangan perkawinan sejenis yang sebelumnya ada dan diikuti oleh survei pos sukarela yang diselenggarakan dari 12 September hingga 7 November 2017, dengan suara sebesar 61.6% "Ya" dalam mendukung perkawinan sejenis.[159]

Austria

Sejak 1 Januari 2010, pasangan sejenis diperbolehkan untuk memasuki kemitraan terdaftar (Eingetragene Partnerschaft).[160]

Pada 20 November 2013, Greens mengajukan sebuah RUU di Dewan Nasional yang akan mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis.[161] RUU ini dikirim ke Komite Yudisial pada 17 Desember 2013.[162] RUU ini seharusnya didebatkan pada musim gugur 2014,[163] tetapi diundur oleh koalisi yang berkuasa.

Pada Desember 2015, Pengadilan Tata Usaha Wina memberhentikan sebuah kasus gugatan larangan perkawinan sejenis. Para penggugat mengajukan banding ke Mahkamah Konstitusi.[164] Pada 12 Oktober 2017, Mahkamah Konstitusi Austria setuju untuk mempertimbangkan salah satu kasus gugatan hukum yang membatasi perkawinan sejenis.[165][166][167] Pada 5 Desember 2017, Mahkamah membatalkan larangan perkawinan sejenis sebagai inkonstitutional, sehingga pasangan sejenis akan diizinkan melangsungkan perkawinan mulai 1 Januari 2019. Mahkamah ini juga memutuskan bahwa serikat sipil akan dibuka untuk baik pasangan berbeda jenis maupun sejenis mulai tanggal tersebut. Akan tetapi, Parlemen Austria dapat memilih untuk meloloskan RUU yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis sebelum tanggal tersebut.[168][169][170][171][172]

Belanda

Belanda menjadi negara pertama di dunia yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis, setelah saran dari komisi khusus yang ditunjuk untuk menyelidiki masalah ini pada 1995. RUU perkawinan sejenis diloloskan oleh Dewan Perwakilan dan Senat pada 2000, dan mulai berlaku pada 1 April 2001.[173]

Di munisipalitas khusus Karibia Belanda yaitu Bonaire, Sint Eustatius dan Saba, perkawinan juga terbuka untuk pasangan sejenis. Undang-undang yang mengizinkan perkawinan sejenis ini diloloskan dan berlaku pada 10 October 2012.[174] Negara Karibia seperti Aruba, Curaçao, dan Sint Maarten, membentuk sisa dari Kerajaan Belanda, tidak melakukan perkawinan sejenis, tetapi harus mengakui yang dilakukan di Belanda.

Belgia

Belgia menjadi negara kedua di dunia yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis ketika sebuah RUU diloloskan oleh Parlemen Federal Belgia mulai berlaku pada 1 Juni 2003.[175] Pada awalnya, Belgia mengizinkan perkawinan dari pasangan sejenis asing hanya jika negara asal mereka juga mengizinkan persatuan ini, tetapi legislasi yang ditetapkan pada Oktober 2004 mengizinkan pasangan mana pun untuk kawin jika setidaknya salah satu pasangan telah tinggal di negara tersebut selama minimum tiga bulan. Sebuah undang-undang tahun 2006 mengesahkan adopsi oleh pasangan sejenis.[176]

Brasil

Mahkamah Agung Brasil memutuskan pada Mei 2011 bahwa pasangan sejenis dapat secara sah diberikan pengakuan hukum atas kohabitasi atau dikenal juga união estável, salah satu dari dua bentuk keluarga dalam undang-undang Brasil. Hal ini juga mencakup segala hak yang ada pada pasangan kawin di Brasil.[177]

Antara pertengahan 2011 dan Mei 2013, pasangan sejenis dapat mengubah kohabitasi mereka menjadi perkawinan di beberapa negara bagian di Brasil dengan persetujuan hakim negara bagian. Segala perkawinan yang sah di Brasil tetap diakui di seluruh Brasil.[178]

Pada November 2012, Pengadilan Bahia menyetarakan perkawinan di negara bagian Bahia.[179][180]

Pada Desember 2012, negara bagian São Paulo juga mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis melalui putusan pengadilan.[181] Perkawinan sejenis kemudian disetarakan dengan perkawinan berbeda jenis di antara Januari 2012 dan April 2013 dengan perintah pengadilan di Alagoas, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Distrik Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraíba, Paraná, Piauí, Rondônia, Santa Catarina dan Sergipe, dan di Santa Rita do Sapucaí, sebuah munisipalitas di Minas Gerais. Di Rio de Janeiro, pengadilan tinggi mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis dengan persetujuan hakim distrik (dibandingkan mengeluarkan suruhan untuk menerima perkawinan sejenis sepertidi tempat lain).[182]

Pada 14 Mei 2013, the Dewan Keadilan Nasional Brasil mengeluarkan sebuah putusan yang menwajibkan semua catatan sipil untuk melakukan perkawinan sejenis dengan suara 14–1, sehingga mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis secara nasional.[183][184][185] Pernyataan ini mulai berlaku pada 16 Mei 2013.[186][187]

In March 2013, polls suggested that 47% of Brazilians supported marriage equalization and 57% supported adoption equalization for same-sex couples.[188]

When the distinction between same-sex unions that are not termed marriages in relation to same-sex marriage is made, the difference in the numbers of approval and disapproval is still insignificant, below 1%; the most frequent reason for disapproval is a supposed 'unnaturalness' of same-sex relationships, followed by religious beliefs.[189][190]

Britania Raya

Since 2005, same-sex couples have been allowed to enter into civil partnerships, a separate union providing the legal consequences of marriage. In 2006, the High Court rejected a legal bid by a British lesbian couple who had married in Canada to have their union recognised as a marriage in the UK rather than a civil partnership.

In September 2011, the Coalition Government announced its intention to introduce same-sex civil marriage in England and Wales by the May 2015 general election.[191] However, unlike the Scottish Government's consultation, the UK Government's consultation for England and Wales did not include provision for religious ceremonies. In May 2012, three religious groups (Quakers, Liberal Judaism and Unitarians) sent a letter to David Cameron, asking that they be allowed to solemnise same-sex weddings.[192]

In June 2012, the UK Government completed the consultation to allow civil marriage for same-sex couples in England and Wales.[193] In its response to the consultation, the Government said that it also intended "...to enable those religious organisations that wish to conduct same-sex marriage ceremonies to do so, on a permissive basis only."[194]

In December 2012, the Prime Minister, David Cameron, announced that, whilst he favoured allowing same-sex marriage within a religious context, provision would be made guaranteeing no religious institution would be required to perform such ceremonies.[195] The third reading took place on 21 May 2013, and was approved by 366 votes to 161.[196] On 16 July 2013, the Commons accepted all of the Lords' amendments.[197] On 17 July 2013, the bill received royal assent becoming the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which came into force on 13 March 2014.[197] The first same-sex marriages took place on 29 March 2014.[198]

The Scottish Government conducted a three-month-long consultation which ended on 9 December 2011. The analysis was published in July 2012.[199] Unlike the consultation held in England and Wales, Scotland considered both civil and religious same-sex marriage. Whilst the Scottish Government was in favour of same-sex marriage, it stated that no religious body would be forced to hold such ceremonies once legislation is enacted.[200] On 27 June 2013, the Government published the bill.[201] In order to preserve the freedom of both religious groups and individual clergy, the Scottish Government believed it necessary for changes to be made to the Equality Act 2010 and communicated with the UK Government on this matter; thus, the first same-sex marriages in Scotland did not occur until this had taken place.[202]

On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament overwhelmingly passed legislation legalising same-sex marriage.[203] The bill received royal assent as the Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014 on 12 March 2014.[204][205] The law took effect on 16 December 2014, with the first same-sex weddings occurring for those converting their civil partnerships into marriage.[206][207]

The Northern Ireland Executive has stated that it does not intend to introduce legislation allowing for same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions are treated as civil partnerships.[208]

Of the fourteen British Overseas Territories, same-sex marriage has been legal in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 2014, Akrotiri and Dhekelia and the British Indian Ocean Territory (for UK military personnel) since 3 June 2014, the Pitcairn Islands since 14 May 2015, the British Antarctic Territory since 13 October 2016, Gibraltar since 15 December 2016, Ascension Island since 1 January 2017, the Falkland Islands since 29 April 2017, Tristan da Cunha since 4 August 2017 and Saint Helena since 20 December 2017. Of the three Crown dependencies, same-sex marriage has been legal in the Isle of Man since 22 July 2016 and in Guernsey and Alderney since 2 May 2017 and 14 June 2018, respectively.[209][210] In February 2018, Bermuda passed the Domestic Partnerships Act 2018, revoking same-sex marriage, which had been legalised by a May 2017 Supreme Court ruling.[211] In June 2018, the Bermuda Supreme Court struck down the parts of the law revoking same-sex marriage.

Denmark

Pada 7 Juni 2012, Folketing (Parlemen Denmark) menyetujui undang-undang baru mengenai perkawinan sipil dan religius sejenis. Undang-undang ini mengizinkan pasangan sejenis untuk menikah di Gereja Denmark. RUU ini mendapatkan pengesahan kerajaan pada 12 Juni dan mulai berlaku pada 15 Juni 2012.[212] Denmark sebelumnya menjadi negara pertama yang mengakui pasangan sejenis secara sah melalui kemitraan terdaftar pada 1989.[213][214]

Pada 26 Mei 2015, Greenland, salah satu dari dua negara konstituen Denmark lainnya dalam Alam Denmark, dengan bulat meloloskan undang-undang baru yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis.[215][216] Pasangan sejenis pertama di Greenland menikah pada 1 April 2016, saat hari undang-undang itu mulai berlaku.[217]

Pada 17 November 2015, di Kepulauan Faroe (negara konstituen lainnya dalam alam tersebut), sebuah RUU perkawinan sejenis memasuki parlemen (Løgting). RUU tersebut lolos setelah pembacaan kedua pada 26 April dan disetujui pada pembacaan ketiga 29 April 2016 dengan 19 suara berbanding 14.[218] Undang-undang ini membutuhkan ratifikasi dari Parlemen Denmark, yang kemudian diberikan pada 25 April 2017.[219] Undang-undang ini mengizinkan perkawinan sipil bagi pasangan sejenis dan membebaskan Gereja Kepulauan Faroe dari kewajiban untuk melangsungkan pernikahan sejenis. Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku 1 Juli 2017.[220]

Finlandia

Registered partnerships have been legal in Finland since 2002.[221]

In 2010, Minister of Justice Tuija Brax said her Ministry was preparing to amend the Marriage Act to allow same-sex marriage by 2012.[222] On 27 February 2013, the bill was rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee of the Finnish Parliament on a vote of 9–8. A citizens' initiative was launched to put the issue before the Parliament of Finland.[223] The campaign collected 166,000 signatures and the initiative was presented to the Parliament in December 2013.[224] After being rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee twice,[225] it faced the first vote in full session on 28 November 2014,[226] which passed the bill 105–92. The bill passed the second and final vote by 101–90 on 12 December 2014,[227] and was signed by the President on 20 February 2015.[224][228][229]

The law took effect on 1 March 2017.[230] It was the first time a citizens' initiative had been approved by the Finnish Parliament.[221]

Islandia

Perkawinan sejenis di Islandia melalui legislasi yang mencantumkan pengertian perkawinan netral-gender diusulkan oleh Koalisi Pemerintah Aliansi Demokratik Sosial dan Pergerakan Hijau-Kiri. Legislasi ini diloloskan dengan suara bulat oleh Althing Islandia pada 11 Juni 2010, dan mulai berlaku pada 27 Juni 2010, menggantikan sebuah sistem awal berupa kemitraan terdaftar untuk pasangan sejenis.[231][232] Perdana Menteri Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir dan pasangannya menjadi yang pertama di antara pasangan sejenis yang melangsungkan perkawinan di negara tersebut.[233]

Irlandia

Sebelum pengesahan perkawinan sejenis, the Undang-Undang Kemitraan Sipil dan Hak Tertentu dan Kewajiban Kohabitasi 2010 mengizinkan pasangan sejenis untuk memasuki kemitraan sipil. Undang-undang ini berlaku pada 1 Januari 2011 dan memberikan pasangan sejenis hak dan tanggung jawab yang serupa, tetapi tidak sama, dengan perkawinan sipil.[234]

Pada 22 Mei 2015, Irlandia mengadakan sebuah referendum. Referendum ini mengusulkan untuk menambahkan ke dalam Konstitusi Irlandia: "perkawinan dapat dilakukan sesuai dengan hukum oleh dua orang tanpa perbedaan mengenai jenis kelamin mereka. Usulan ini disetujui dengan 62% pemilih mendukung perkawinan sejenis. Pada 29 Agustus 2015, Presiden Irlandia Michael D. Higgins menandatangani hasil referendum Mei menjadi undang-undang,[235] membuat Irlandia menjadi negara pertama di dunia yang menyetujui perkawinan sejenis melalui sebuah referendum nasional.[236] Perkawinan sejenis secara sah diakui pada 16 November 2015.[237]

Jerman

Sebelum pengesahan perkawinan sejenis, Jerman menjadi salah satu negara pertama yang mengesahkan kemitraan terdaftar (Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) bagi pasangan sejenis, yang memberikan hak yang sampir sama seperti hak perkawinan. Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku pada 1 Agustus 2001, dan undang-undang tersebut secara progresif diamendemen beberapa kali dengan putusan pengadilan yang memperluas hak bagi pasangan di kemitraan terdaftar.

Perkawinan sejenis disahkan di Jerman pada 1 Oktober 2017. RUU yang mengakui perkawinan dan adopsi bagi pasangan sejenis lolos di Bundestag pada 30 Juni 2017 setelah Kanselir Angela Merkel menyatakan bahwa ia akan mengizinkan parlemen CDU/CSU menggunakan pilihan hati nurani dalam pemungutan suaranya, setelah dibuat wajib untuk koalisi oleh SPD, Hijau, dan FDP.[238] Partai SPD kemudian memaksa pemungutan suara mengenai masalah ini bersama dengan partai-partai oposisi.[239] Beberapa percobaan sebelumnya yang dilakukan oleh partai kecil untuk mengajukan perkawinan sejenis dicegah oleh pemerintahan yang dipimpin oleh CDU/CSU selama beberapa tahun. RUU ini disahkan menjadi undang-undang oleh Presiden Jerman Frank-Walter Steinmeier pada 20 Juli dan mulai berlaku 1 Oktober 2017.[240]

Kanada

Pengakuan yang sah atas perkawinan sejenis di Kanada diikuti oleh serangkaian gugatan konstitusional berdasarkan ketentuan persamaan dari Piagam Hak dan Kebebasan Kanada. Dalam kasus pertama, Halpern v. Kanada (Jaksa Agung), upacara perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di Ontario pada 14 Januari 2001 kemudian selanjutnya disahkan ketika hukum umum, pengertian perkawinan yang berbeda jenis dinyatakan tidak konstitusional. Putusan serupa mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis di delapan provinsi dan satu teritori ketika Undang-Undang Perkawinan Sipil tahun 2005 mendefinisikan perkawinan di seluruh Kanada sebagai "persatuan hukum antara dua orang mengecualikan semua yang lain."

Kolombia

In February 2007, a series of rulings by the Constitutional Court meant that same-sex couples could apply for all the rights that heterosexual couples have in de facto unions (uniones de hecho).[241][242]

On 26 July 2011, the Constitutional Court of Colombia ordered the Congress to pass the legislation giving same-sex couples similar rights to marriage by 20 June 2013. If such a law were not passed by then, same-sex couples would be granted these rights automatically.[243][244]

In October 2012, Senator Armando Benedetti introduced a bill legalizing same-sex marriage. It initially only allowed for civil unions, but he amended the text.[245] The Senate's First Committee approved the bill on 4 December 2012.[246][247] On 24 April 2013, the bill was defeated in the full Senate on a 51–17 vote.[248]

Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Foreign same-sex marriages recognized
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal only for males
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal for males and females

On 24 July 2013, a civil court judge in Bogotá declared a same-sex couple legally married, after a ruling on 11 July 2013 accepting the petition. This was the first same-sex couple married in Colombia.[249][250]

In September 2013, two civil court judges married two same-sex couples.[251] The first marriage was challenged by a conservative group, and it was initially annulled. Nevertheless, in October, a High Court (Tribunal Supremo de Bogotá) maintained the validity of that marriage.[252][253]

On 7 April 2016, the Court ruled that marriage doesn't exclusively apply to opposite-sex couples.[254][255][256][257]

On 28 April 2016, the Constitutional Court rules that same-sex couples are allowed to enter into civil marriages in the country and that judges and notaries are barred from refusing to perform same-sex weddings.[258][259][260]

Luksemburg

Parlemen menyetujui RUU yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis pada 18 Juni 2014.[261] Hukum ini kemudian diumumkan dalam lembaga negara pada 17 Juli dan mulai berlaku 1 Januari 2015. [262][263][264] Pada 15 Mei 2015, Luksemburg menjadi negara pertama di Uni Eropa yang memiliki perdana menteri yang melangsungkan perkawinan sejenis, dan kedua di Eropa. Perdana Menteri Xavier Bettel menikahi Gauthier Destenay, yang mana ia telah dalam kemitraan sipil sejak 2010.

Malta

Malta has recognized same-sex unions since April 2014, following the enactment of the Civil Unions Act, first introduced in September 2013. It established civil unions with same rights, responsibilities, and obligations as marriage, including the right of joint adoption and recognition of foreign same-sex marriage.[265] The Maltese Parliament gave final approval to the legislation on 14 April 2014 by a vote of 37 in favour and 30 abstentions. President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca signed it into law on 16 April. The first foreign same-sex marriage was registered on 29 April 2014 and the first civil union was performed on 14 June 2014.[265]

On 21 February 2017, Minister for Social Dialogue, Consumer Affairs, and Civil Liberties Helena Dalli said that she was preparing a bill to legalise same-sex marriage.[266] The bill was presented to Parliament on 5 July 2017.[267] The bill's last reading took place in Parliament on 12 July 2017, where it was approved 66-1. It was signed into law and published in the Government Gazette on 1 August 2017.[268] Malta became the 14th country in Europe to legalise same-sex marriage.[269][270]

Meksiko

State recognition of same-sex relationships in Mexico
  Same-sex marriage
  Civil unions; marriage by "amparo" only
  Marriage by "amparo" only

Same-sex couples can marry in Mexico City and in the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla and Quintana Roo as well as in some municipalities in Querétaro. In individual cases, same-sex couples have been given judicial approval to marry in all other states. Since August 2010, same-sex marriages performed within Mexico are recognized by the 31 states without exception.

On 21 December 2009, the Federal District's Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriages and adoption by same-sex couples. The law was enacted eight days later and became effective in early March 2010.[271] On 10 August 2010, the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that while not every state must grant same-sex marriages, they must all recognize those performed where they are legal.[272]

On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after it was discovered that Quintana Roo's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage,[273] but these marriages were later annulled by the Governor of Quintana Roo in April 2012.[274] In May 2012, the Secretary of State of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.[275]

On 11 February 2014, the Congress of Coahuila approved adoptions by same-sex couples. A bill legalizing same-sex marriages passed on 1 September 2014, making Coahuila the first state (and second jurisdiction after Mexico City) to reform its Civil Code to allow for legal same-sex marriages.[276] It took effect on 17 September, and the first couple married on 20 September.[277]

On 12 June 2015, the Governor of Chihuahua announced that his administration would no longer oppose same-sex marriages in the state. The order was effective immediately, thus making Chihuahua the third state to legalize such unions.[278][279]

On 3 June 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation released a "jurisprudential thesis" which found state-laws defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman unconstitutional. The ruling standardized court procedures across Mexico to authorize same-sex marriages. However, the process is still lengthy and more expensive than that for an opposite-sex marriage,[147] as the ruling did not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples will be denied the right to wed and will have to turn to the courts for individual injunctions (Spanyol: amparo). However, given the nature of the ruling, judges and courts throughout Mexico must approve any application for a same-sex marriage.[280] The official release of the thesis was on 19 June 2015, which took effect on 22 June 2015.[281]

On 25 June 2015, following the Supreme Court's ruling striking down district same-sex marriage bans, the Civil Registry of Guerrero announced that they had planned a collective same-sex marriage ceremony for 10 July 2015 and indicated that there would have to be a change to the law to allow gender-neutral marriage, passed through the state Legislature before the official commencement.[282] The registry announced more details of their plan, advising that only select registration offices in the state would be able to participate in the collective marriage event.[283] The state Governor instructed civil agencies to approve same-sex marriage licenses. On 10 July 2015, 20 same-sex couples were married by Governor Rogelio Ortega in Acapulco.[284] On 13 January 2016, the head of the Civil Registry of Acapulco announced that all marriages that took place on 10 July 2015 by the Governor and his wife were void and not legal as same-sex marriage is not legal in Guerrero, unless couples are granted an amparo beforehand.[285] On 13 February 2016, however, the head of Guerrero's State Civil Registry department announced that same-sex couples could marry in any of the jurisdictions that want to marry the couples and criticised Acapulco's Civil Registry and other civil registries throughout the state for not allowing these kinds of weddings.[286] By March 2017, every state municipality in Guerrero had stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.

On 17 December 2015, the Congress of Nayarit approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage.[287] In January 2016, the Mexican Supreme Court declared Jalisco's Civil Code unconstitutional for limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.[288] On 10 May 2016, the Congress of Campeche passed a same-sex marriage bill.[289] On 18 May 2016, both Michoacán and Morelos passed bills allowing for same-sex marriage to be legal.[290][291] On 25 May 2016, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Colima was approved by the state Congress.[292] In July and August 2017, respectively, the Mexican Supreme Court invalidated same-sex marriage bans in the states of Chiapas and Puebla.[293][294] In November 2017, the State Government of Baja California decided to stop enforcing its same-sex marriage ban.

On 17 May 2016, the President of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto, signed an initiative to change the country's Constitution, which would have legalized same-sex marriage throughout Mexico.[295] On 9 November 2016, the Committee on Constitutional Issues of the Chamber of Deputies rejected the initiative 19 votes to 8.[296]

Norwegia

Perkawinan sejenis menjadi sah di Norwegia pada 1 Januari 2009 ketika RUU perkawinan netral-gender diterapkan setelah diloloskan oleh Parlemen Norwegia pada Juni 2008.[297][298] Norwegia menjadi negara Skandinavia pertama dan negara keenam yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis. Perkawinan netral-gender menggantikan sistem lama yaitu kemitraan terdaftar untuk pasangan sejenis. Pasangan dalam kemitraan terdaftar dapat mempertahankan statusnya atau mengubah kemitraan mereka menjadi perkawinan. Tidak ada kemitraan baru yang dibuat.[299]

Perancis

Since November 1999, France has had a civil union law that is open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.[300]

The French Government introduced a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, Bill 344, in the National Assembly on 17 November 2012. Article 1 of the bill defining marriage as an agreement between two people was passed on 2 February 2013 in its first reading by a 249–97 vote. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the entire bill in a 329–229 vote.[301]

On 12 April 2013, the upper house of the French Parliament voted to legalise same-sex marriage.[302] On 23 April 2013, the law was approved by the National Assembly in a 331–225 vote.[303] Law No.2013-404 grants same-sex couples living in France, including foreigners provided at least one of the partners has their domicile or residence in France, the legal right to get married. The law also allows the recognition in France of same-sex couples' marriages that occurred abroad before the bill's enactment.[304]

The main right-wing opposition party UMP challenged the law in the Constitutional Council, which had one month to rule on whether the law conformed to the Constitution. The Constitutional Council had previously ruled that the issue of same-sex marriage was one for the Parliament to decide and there was only little hope for UMP to overturn the Parliament's vote.[305] On 17 May 2013, the Constitutional Council declared the bill legal in its entire redaction. President François Hollande signed it into law on 18 May 2013.[306]

Portugal

Portugal membuat persatuan de facto yang serupa dengan perkawinan untuk pasangan kohabitasi berbeda jenis pada 1999, dan meluas ke pasangan sejenis pada 2001. Akan tetapi, perluasan pada 2001 tidak mengizinkan adopsi sejenis, baik bersama-sama atau anak tiri.[307]

Pada 11 Februari 2010, Parlemen menyetujui RUU yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis. Presdien Portugal mengundangkan undang-undang tersebut pada 8 April 2010 dan mulai berlaku 5 Juni 2010, membuat Portugal negara kedelapan yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis secara nasional; akan tetapi, adopsi masih dilarang untuk pasangan sejenis.[308]

Pada Desember 2015, Parlemen Portugal menyetujui RUU yang mengakui hak adopsi untuk pasangan sejenis.[309][310][311] Hal ini mulai berlaku Maret 2016.

Selandia Baru

On 14 May 2012, Labour Party MP Louisa Wall stated that she would introduce a private member's bill, the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, allowing same-sex couples to marry.[312] The bill was submitted to the members' bill ballot on 30 May 2012.[313] It was drawn from the ballot and passed the first and second readings on 29 August 2012 and 13 March 2013, respectively.[314][315] The final reading passed on 17 April 2013 by 77 votes to 44.[316][317] The bill received royal assent from the Governor-General on 19 April and took effect on 19 August 2013.[318][319]

New Zealand marriage law only applies to New Zealand proper and the Ross Dependency in Antarctica. Other New Zealand territories, including Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau, have their own marriage law and do not perform or recognise same-sex marriage.[320]

Spanyol

Spanyol menjadi negara ketiga di dunia yang mengesahkan perkawinan sejenis, yang menjadi legal sejak 3 Juli 2005, dan didukung oleh mayoritas orang Spanyol.[321][322]

Pada 2004, Pemerintah Sosialis yang baru terpilih, dipimpin Perdana Menteri José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, memulai kampanye untuk pengesahannya, termasuk hak untuk adopsi oleh pasangan sejenis.[323] Setelah debat, hukum yang mengizinkan perkawinan sejenis diloloskan oleh Cortes Generales (parlemen bikameral Spanyol) pada 30 Juni 2005. Raja Juan Carlos, yang oleh hukum memiliki waktu 30 hari untuk menentukan apakah memberikan pengesahan kerajaan menjadi hukum, menandatanganinya pada 1 Juli 2005. Hukum ini kemudian diumumkan pada 2 Juli 2005.[324]

Swedia

Perkawinan sejenis di Swedia telah legal sejak 1 Mei 2009, mengikuti adopsi hukum perkawinan netral-gender yang baru oleh Parlemen Swedia pada 1 April 2009, menjadikan Swedia negara ketujuh di dunia yang mengizinkan perkawinan sejenis secara nasional. Perkawinan menggantikan kemitraan terdaftar bagi pasangan sejenis di Swedia. Kemitraan terdaftar pasangan sejenis yang ada tetap ada dengan pilihan mengubahnya menjadi perkawinan.[325][326] Perkawinan sejenis telah dilakukan oleh Gereja Swedia sejak 2009.[327]

Uruguay

Uruguay's Chamber of Deputies passed a bill on 12 December 2012, to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples.[328] The Senate passed the bill on 2 April 2013, but with minor amendments. On 10 April 2013, the Chamber of Deputies passed the amended bill by a two-thirds majority (71–22). The president promulgated the law on 3 May 2013 and it took effect on 5 August.[329]

Debat nasional

Armenia

Armenia secara historis hanya memiliki sedikit perlindungan atau pengakuan hukum terhadap pasangan sejenis. Hal ini berubah pada Juli 2017, ketika Menteri Keadilan mengungkapkan bahwa semua perkawinan yang dilakukan di luar negeri adalah sah di Armenia, termasuk perkawinan antara orang dengan sejenis kelamin. [330] Hal ini membuat Armenia menjadi bekas negara Uni Soviet kedua, setelah Estonia, yang mengakui perkawinan sejenis yang dilakukan di luar negeri.

National debates

Armenia

Armenia has historically had few protections or recognition in law of same-sex couples. This changed in July 2017, when the Ministry of Justice revealed that all marriages performed abroad are valid in Armenia, including marriages between people of the same sex.[331] That made Armenia the second country of the former Soviet Union, after Estonia, to recognise same-sex marriages performed abroad.

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian Constitution forbids the legalisation of same-sex marriage, stipulating that marriage can only be between a man and a woman.

In late 2017, a Bulgarian same-sex couple, who married in the United Kingdom, filed a lawsuit in order to have their marriage recognised.[332] The Sofia Administrative Court ruled against them in January 2018.[333]

Chile

Michelle Bachelet, the President of Chile, who was elected to a second term in March 2014, has promised to work for the implementation of same-sex marriage and has a majority in both houses of Congress. Previously, she said, "Marriage equality, I believe we have to make it happen."[334] Polling shows majority support for same-sex marriage among Chileans.[335] A poll carried out during September 2015 by the pollster Cadem Plaza Pública found that 60% of Chileans supported same-sex marriage, whilst 36% were against it.[336]

On 10 December 2014, a group of senators from various parties, joined LGBT rights group MOVILH (Homosexual Movement of Integration and Liberation) in presenting a bill to allow same-sex marriage and adoption to Congress. MOVILH has been in talks with the Chilean Government to seek an amiable solution to the pending marriage lawsuit brought against the state before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. MOVILH has suggested that they would drop the case if Bachelet's Congress keeps their promise to legislate same-sex marriage.[337]

On 28 January 2015, the National Congress approved a bill recognizing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples offering some of the rights of marriage. Bachelet signed the bill on 14 April, and it came into effect on 22 October.[338][339]

In September 2016, President Bachelet stated before a United Nations General Assembly panel that the Chilean Government would submit a same-sex marriage bill to Congress in the first half of 2017.[340] A same-sex marriage bill was submitted in September 2017.[341] Parliament began discussing the bill on 27 November 2017.[342]

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to Chile.

China

The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China explicitly defines marriage as the union between one man and one woman. No other form of civil union is recognized. The attitude of the Chinese Government towards homosexuality is believed to be "three nos": "No approval; no disapproval; no promotion." The Ministry of Health officially removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses in 2001.

Li Yinhe, a sociologist and sexologist well known in the Chinese gay community, has tried to legalize same-sex marriage several times, including during the National People's Congress in 2000 and 2004 (Legalization for Same-Sex Marriage 《中国同性婚姻合法化》 in 2000 and the Same-Sex Marriage Bill 《中国同性婚姻提案》 in 2004). According to Chinese law, 35 delegates' signatures are needed to make an issue a bill to be discussed in the Congress. Her efforts failed due to lack of support from the delegates. CPPCC National Committee spokesman Wu Jianmin when asked about Li Yinhe's proposal, said that same-sex marriage was still too "ahead of its time" for China. He argued that same-sex marriage was not recognized even in many Western countries, which are considered much more liberal in social issues than China.[343] This statement is understood as an implication that the Government may consider recognition of same-sex marriage in the long run, but not in the near future.

On 5 January 2016, a court in Changsha, southern Hunan Province, agreed to hear the lawsuit of 26-year-old Sun Wenlin filed in December 2015 against the Bureau of Civil Affairs of Furong District for its June 2015 refusal to let him marry his 36-year-old male partner, Hu Mingliang. On 13 April 2016, with hundreds of same-sex marriage supporters outside, the Changsha court ruled against Sun, who vowed to appeal, citing the importance of his case for LGBT progress in China.[344]

Costa Rica

On 19 March 2015, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage was introduced to the Legislative Assembly by Deputy Ligia Elena Fallas Rodríguez from the Broad Front.[345] On 10 December 2015, the organization Front for Equal Rights (Frente Por los Derechos Igualitarios) and a group of deputies presented another bill.[346][347][348]

On 10 February 2016, the Constitutional Court of Costa Rica announced it would hear a case seeking to legalize same-sex marriage in Costa Rica and declare the country's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional.[349]

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. The ruling is fully binding on Costa Rica, who within hours agreed to adhere to it and fully implement it. Costa Rican Vice President Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría announced that the Government would implement the ruling "in its totality". Costa Rica's Supreme Electoral Court (the institution in charge of civil registration, including the issuance of marriage certificates) announced that it will obey the ruling of the IACHR and will adapt the necessary by-laws once the Executive Branch notifies the ruling.[350] The official notification was done on 12 January 2018.[351] On 15 January, a same-sex couple applied for a marriage certificate. Their marriage was set to be performed on 20 January, and would have been the first same-sex marriage in Costa Rica,[352] Shortly before the marriage date, however, the Superior Council of Notaries stated that notaries cannot perform same-sex marriages until legislative change or a Supreme Court decision, putting them at odds with the Costa Rican Government and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which stated in its ruling that legislative change is unnecessary and that governments may simply issue an executive decree legalising same-sex marriage.[3][353]

In the 2018 Costa Rican general election, the IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage became a prominent issue. Carlos Alvarado Quesada, who supports LGBT rights and favors the implementation of the ruling, won the election with 60.7% of the vote, defeating Fabricio Alvarado, a vocal opponent of LGBT rights who was against the implementation of the ruling.

Czech Republic

Before the October 2017 election, LGBT activists started a public campaign with the aim of achieving same-sex marriage within the next four years.[354][355]

Prime Minister Andrej Babiš supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[356] A bill to legalise same-sex marriage was introduced to the Czech Parliament in June 2018.[357] Recent opinion polls have shown that the bill is quite popular in the Czech Republic; a 2018 poll found that 75% of Czechs favoured legalising same-sex marriage.[358]

Ecuador

In 2013, gay activist Pamela Troya filed a lawsuit to strike down Ecuador's same-sex marriage ban and legalise same-sex marriage in the country. The lawsuit remains pending.[359]

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to Ecuador. In May 2018, the Ecuador Supreme Court ruled, in a lesbian parenting case, that the IACHR ruling is fully binding on Ecuador and that the country must also implement the ruling in due course.[360]

El Salvador

In August 2016, a lawyer in El Salvador filed a lawsuit before the country's Supreme Court asking for the nullification of Article 11 of the Family Code which defines marriage as a heterosexual union. Labeling the law as discriminatory and explaining the lack of gendered terms used in Article 34 of the Constitution’s summary of a marriage, the lawsuit seeks to allow same-sex couples the right to wed.[361] The Court dismissed the lawsuit in December 2016.[362] A second lawsuit was filed in November 2016.

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to El Salvador.

Estonia

In October 2014, the Estonian Parliament approved a civil union law open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.[363]

In December 2016, the Tallinn Circuit Court ruled that same-sex marriages concluded in another country must be recognised as such in Estonia.[364]

Georgia

In 2016, a man filed a challenge against Georgia's same-sex marriage ban, arguing that while the Civil Code of Georgia states that marriage is explicitly between a man and a woman; the Constitution does not reference gender in its section on marriage.[365]

In September 2017, the Georgian Parliament approved a constitutional amendment establishing marriage as "a union between a woman and a man for the purpose of creating a family."[366] President Giorgi Margvelashvili vetoed the constitutional amendment on 9 October. Parliament overrode his veto on 13 October.[367]

India

Same-sex marriage is not explicitly prohibited under Indian law and at least one couple has had their marriage recognised by the courts.[368]

In April 2014, Medha Patkar of the Aam Aadmi Party stated that her party supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[369]

As of 2017, a draft of a Uniform Civil Code that would legalise same-sex marriage has been proposed.[370]

Israel

In 2006, Israel's High Court of Justice ruled to recognize foreign same-sex marriages for the limited purpose of registration with the Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration; however, this is merely for statistical purposes and grants no state-level rights. Israel does not recognize civil marriages performed under its own jurisdiction. A bill was raised in the Knesset (Israeli Parliament) to rescind the High Court's ruling, but the Knesset did not advance the bill. A bill to legalize same-sex and interfaith civil marriages was defeated in the Knesset, 39–11, on 16 May 2012.[371]

In November 2015, the National LGBT Taskforce of Israel petitioned the Supreme Court of Israel to allow same-sex marriage in the country, arguing that the refusal of the rabbinical court to recognise same-sex marriage should not prevent civil courts from performing same-sex marriages.[372] The court handed down a ruling on 31 August 2017, determining the issue was the responsibility of the Knesset, and not the judiciary.[373]

Opinion polls have shown that Israelis overwhelmingly support recognizing same-sex unions. A 2017 opinion poll showed that 79% of the Israeli public were in favor of legalizing same-sex unions (marriage or civil unions).[374] A 2018 poll showed that 58% of Israelis were in favor of same-sex marriage.[375]

Italy

The cities of Bologna, Naples and Fano began recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions in July 2014,[376][377] followed by Empoli, Pordenone, Udine and Trieste in September,[378][379][380] and Florence, Piombino, Milan and Rome in October,[381][382] and by Bagheria in November.[383] The Italian Council of State annulled these marriages in October 2015.

A January 2013 Datamonitor poll found that 54.1% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage.[384] A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 42% of Italians supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.[385] An October 2014 Demos poll found that 55% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, with 42% against.[386] A Pew Research Center survey showed that 59% of Italians were in favour of legalising same-sex marriage.[387]

On 25 February 2016, the Italian Senate passed a bill allowing civil unions with 173 senators in favour and 73 against. That same bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on 11 May 2016 with 372 deputies in favour and 51 against.[388] The President of Italy signed the bill into law on 22 May 2016 and the law went into effect on 5 June 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad can be fully recognized by court order, when at least one of the two spouses is a citizen of a European Union country where same-sex marriage is legal.[389]

Japan

Same-sex marriage is not legal in Japan. Article 24 of the Japanese Constitution states that "Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis."[390] Article 24 was created to establish the equality of both sexes in marriage, in opposition to the pre-war legal situation whereby the husband/father was legally defined as the head of household and marriage require permission from the male head of the family.

51% of the Japanese population supports same-sex marriage, according to the latest poll carried out in 2017.[391]

Latvia

On 27 May 2016, the Constitutional Court of Latvia overturned an administrative court decision which refused an application to register a same-sex marriage in the country. A Supreme Court press spokeswoman said that the court agrees with the administrative court that current regulations do not allow for same-sex marriages to be legally performed in Latvia. However, the matter should have been considered in a context not of marriage, but of registering familial partnership. Furthermore, it would have been impossible to conclude whether the applicants' rights were violated or not unless their claim is accepted and reviewed in a proper manner.[392] The Supreme Court will now decide whether the refusal was in breach of the Latvian Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights.

Nepal

In November 2008, the Supreme Court of Nepal issued final judgment on matters related to LGBT rights, which included permitting same-sex couples to marry. Same-sex marriage and protection for sexual minorities were to be included in the new Nepalese Constitution required to be completed by 31 May 2012.[393][394] However, the Legislature was unable to agree on the Constitution before the deadline and was dissolved after the Supreme Court ruled that the term could not be extended.[395] The Nepali Constitution was enacted in September 2015, but does not address same-sex marriage.

In October 2016, the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare constituted a committee for the purpose of preparing a draft bill to legalize same-sex marriage.[396]

Panama

On 17 October 2016, a married same-sex couple filed an action of unconstitutionality seeking to recognise same-sex marriages performed abroad.[397] In early November, the case was admitted to the Supreme Court.[398] A challenge seeking to fully legalize same-sex marriage in Panama was introduced before the Supreme Court in March 2017.[399] The Supreme Court heard arguments on both cases in summer 2017.[400]

As the Supreme Court was deliberating on the two cases, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled on 9 January 2018 that countries signatory to the American Convention on Human Rights must legalise same-sex marriage. On 16 January, the Panamanian Government welcomed the decision. Vice President Isabel Saint Malo, speaking on behalf of the Government, announced that the country would fully abide by the ruling. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various governmental departments that same day.[401][402]

Peru

In a ruling published on 9 January 2017, the 7th Constitutional Court of Lima ordered the RENIEC to recognize and register the marriage of a same-sex couple who had previously wed in Mexico City.[403][404] RENIEC later appealed the ruling.[405]

On 14 February 2017, a bill legalizing same-sex marriage was introduced in the Peruvian Congress.[406]

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to Peru. On 11 January, the president of the Supreme Court stated that the Peruvian Government should abide by the IACHR ruling.[407]

Philippines

Same-sex marriages and civil unions are currently not recognized by the state, the illegal insurgent Communist Party of the Philippines performs same-sex marriages in territories under its control since 2005.[408]

In October 2016, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Pantaleon Alvarez announced he will file a civil union bill in Congress.[409] The bill was introduced to Congress in October of the following year under the wing of the House Speaker and three other congresspersons, including Geraldine Roman, the country's first duly-elected transgender lawmaker.[410]

President Rodrigo Duterte supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage, but feels that such a law may not pass in Congress yet as many are still influenced heavily by colonial-era Christian ideals. He also supports same-sex civil unions, which has a higher possibility for passage and is supported by the majority of congresspersons.[411]

On 19 June 2018, the Philippine Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a case seeking to legalise same-sex marriage in the Philippines.[412]

Romania

On 5 June 2018, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled, in a case originating from Romania, that same-sex couples have the same residency rights as different-sex couples, when a national of an EU country gets married while resident in a second EU country where same-sex marriage is legal, and the spouse is from a third country, and the couple then wants to move to the first country.[413][414]

Initially, the case was filed with the Romanian Constitutional Court, which later decided to consult with the ECJ.[415]

Slovenia

Slovenia recognises registered partnerships for same-sex couples.

In December 2014, the eco-socialist United Left party introduced a bill amending the definition of marriage in the 1976 Marriage and Family Relations Act to include same-sex couples. In January 2015, the Government expressed no opposition to the bill. In February 2015, the bill was passed with 11 votes to 2. In March, the Assembly passed the final bill in a 51–28 vote. On 10 March 2015, the National Council rejected a motion to require the Assembly to vote on the bill again, in a 14–23 vote. Opponents of the bill launched a petition for a referendum and managed to collect 40,000 signatures. The Parliament then voted to block the referendum with a clarification that it would be against the Slovenian Constitution to vote on matters concerning human rights. Finally, the Constitutional Court ruled against the banning of the referendum (5–4) and the referendum was held on 20 December 2015.

In the referendum, 63.4% of the voters voted against the law, rendering Parliament's same-sex marriage act invalid.[416]

South Korea

In July 2015, Kim Jho Kwang-soo and his partner, Kim Seung-Hwan, filed a lawsuit seeking legal status for their marriage after their marriage registration form was rejected by the local authorities in Seoul. On 25 May 2016, a South Korean district court ruled against the couple and argued that without clear legislation a same-sex union can not be recognized as a marriage.[417] The couple quickly filed an appeal against the district court ruling. Their lawyer, Ryu Min-Hee, announced that two more same-sex couples had filed separate lawsuits in order to be allowed to wed.[418]

In December 2016, a South Korean appeals court upheld the district court ruling. The couple vowed to bring the case to the Supreme Court of South Korea.[419]

A 2017 poll found that 41% of South Koreans supported same-sex marriage, while 52% were opposed.[420] Support is significantly higher among younger people, however, with a 2014 opinion poll showing that 60% of South Koreans in their 20s supported same-sex marriage, approximately double that of 2010 (30.5%).[421]

Switzerland

A same-sex marriage bill is pending in Parliament after the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland,[422] introduced a constitutional initiative to legalize same-sex marriage in December 2013, in opposition to a Christian Democrat initiative banning same-sex marriage. The Committee for Legal Affairs of the National Council approved the Green Liberal initiative by 12-9 and 1 abstention on 20 February 2015.[423] On 1 September 2015, the upper house's Legal Affairs Committee voted 7 to 5 to proceed with the initiative.[424] The National Council's Legal Affairs Committee can now draft an act.

In a poll in June 2013 for ifop, 63% approved of same-sex marriage.[425] After the National Council's Committee of Law Affairs' decision to approve same-sex marriage, two opinion polls released on 22 February 2015 showed a support of 54% (Léger Marketing for Blick)[426] and 71% (GfS Zürich for SonntagsZeitung)[427] allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children. Additionally, in November 2016, voters in the canton of Zürich overwhelmingly rejected an initiative seeking to ban same-sex marriage in the cantonal Constitution, with 81% voting against.[428] A 2017 poll found that 75% of Swiss were in favour of same-sex marriage.[387]

In March 2015, the Swiss Federal Council released a governmental report about marriage and new rights for families. It opens the possibility to introduce registered partnerships for different-sex couples as well as same-sex marriage for same-sex couples.[429] Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga in charge of the Federal Department of Justice and Police also stated she hoped personally that same-sex couples would soon be allowed to marry.[430]

The Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (CVP/PDC) started in 2011 with gathering signatures for a popular initiative entitled "For the couple and the family - No to the penalty of marriage". This initiative would change article 14 of the Swiss Federal Constitution and aimed to put equal fiscal rights and equal social security benefits between married couples and unmarried cohabiting couples. However, the text aimed to introduce as well in the Constitution for the first time ever the definition of marriage, which would be the sole "union between a man and a woman".[431] On 19 June 2015, the Parliament recommended that voters reject the initiative.[432] The Federal Council also recommended rejecting the initiative.[433][434] The Swiss people voted on the Christian Democrats' proposal in a referendum on 28 February 2016[435] and rejected it by 50.8% of the votes.[436]

Taiwan

On 22 December 2014, a proposed amendment to the Civil Code which would legalize same-sex marriage was due to go under review by the Judiciary Committee. If the amendment passes the committee stage, it will then be voted on at the plenary session of the Legislative Yuan in 2015. The amendment, called the marriage equality amendment, would insert neutral terms into the Civil Code replacing ones that imply heterosexual marriage, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage. It would also allow same-sex couples to adopt children.

Yu Mei-nu of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), who is the convener of the current legislative session, has expressed support for the amendment as have more than 20 other DPP lawmakers as well as two from the Taiwan Solidarity Union and one each from the Kuomintang and the People First Party.[437] Taiwan would become the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage if the Civil Code is amended.

A poll carried out between August and October 2015 found that 71% of the Taiwanese population supported same-sex marriage.[438] Tsai Ing-wen, the President of Taiwan since May 2016, announced her support of same-sex marriage in November 2015.[439]

In October 2016, two new same-sex marriage bills were introduced to the Legislative Yuan. Subsequently, protests have been staged by groups opposing and by groups supporting legalization.[440][441]

On 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have the right to marry, and gave the Taiwanese Government two years to amend the law to that effect. If the law is not amended after two years, same-sex couples will be able to register a valid marriage application in Taiwan.[1]

Venezuela

In April 2016, the Supreme Court announced it would hear a lawsuit which seeks to declare Article 44 of the Civil Code unconstitutional for outlawing same-sex marriage.[442]

President Nicolás Maduro supports same-sex marriage, and has suggested that the Constituent Assembly would agree to legalising it.[443]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, currently only a marriage between a man and a woman is recognized. Vietnam's Ministry of Justice began seeking advice on legalizing same-sex marriage from other governmental and non-governmental organizations in April and May 2012, and planned to further discuss the issue at the National Assembly in Spring 2013.[444] However, in February 2013, the Ministry of Justice requested that the National Assembly avoid action until 2014.[445] At a hearing to discuss marriage law reforms in April 2013, deputy minister of health Nguyen Viet Tien proposed that same-sex marriage be made legal immediately.[446]

The Vietnamese Government abolished an administrative fine imposed on same-sex weddings in 2013.[447] The policy was enacted on 11 November 2013. The 100,000–500,000 VND ($24USD) fine will be abolished. Although same-sex marriages are not permitted in Vietnam, the policy will decriminalize the relationship, habitual privileges such as household registry, property, child raising, and co-habitual partnerships are recognized.[448]

In June 2013, the National Assembly began formal debate on a proposal to establish legal recognition for same-sex marriage.[449] On 24 September 2013, the Government issued the decree abolishing the fines on same-sex marriages. The decree took effect on 11 November 2013.[450][451][452]

On 27 May 2014, the National Assembly's Committee for Social Affairs removed the provision giving legal status and some rights to cohabiting same-sex couples from the Government's bill to amend the Law on Marriage and Family.[453][454] The bill was approved by the National Assembly on 19 June 2014.[455][456]

On 1 January 2015, the 2014 Law on Marriage and Family officially went into effect. It states that while Vietnam allows same-sex weddings, it will not offer legal recognition or protection to unions between people of the same sex.[457]

Organisasi internasional

Pengaturan lain

Kesatuan sipil

Perkawinan sejenis non-seksual

Kenya

Nigeria

Masalah

Orang tua

Adopsi

Surogasi dan perawatan IVF

Transgender dan interseks

Perceraian

Yudisial dan legislatif

Tentangan

Pandangan agama

Kebebasan beragama

Catatan

  1. ^ a b Perkawinan sejenis diakui di semua 50 negara bagian, Distrik Columbia, dan semua teritori kecuali Samoa Amerika. Beberapa, tetapi tidak semua, yurisdiksi kesukuan mengakui perkawinan sejenis.
  2. ^ a b Same-sex marriage is legal in the Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
  3. ^ a b Same-sex marriage is legal in England, Wales and Scotland; though is notably not legal in Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriage is legal in the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Same-sex marriage is legal in the three Crown dependencies of Guernsey (including Alderney but not Sark), the Isle of Man and Jersey.
  4. ^ a b Same-sex marriage is legal in the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo and Mexico City as well as in some municipalities in Querétaro. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.
  5. ^ a b Same-sex marriage is legal in New Zealand proper, though is not legal in Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, which together make up the Realm of New Zealand.
  6. ^ The constitutional courts of both Taiwan and Austria have given their respective national legislatures a grace period within which to legislatively implement the reform (until January 2019 for Austria and May 2019 for Taiwan). Upon the end of the grace period, same-sex marriage automatically becomes law in these countries.
  7. ^ The countries which are signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights and recognize the binding jurisdiction of the court are Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica, which are also signatories to the convention, have not agreed to the court's blanket jurisdiction.
  8. ^ Of these, only 8% supported banning same-sex marriage. 13% were personally opposed but did not believe the issue should be revisited.
  9. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Netherlands
  10. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Selandia Baru
  11. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Amerika Serikat
  12. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama United Kingdom

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