Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran

Indo-Iran
Indo-Iran
Arya
Letak; persebaran	Asia Selatan, Tengah, dan Barat
Penggolongan; bahasa	Indo-Eropa Indo-Iran;
Bahasa induk	Proto Indo-Iran
Subbagian	Indo-Arya; Iran; Nuristani;
ISO 639-5	iir
Glottolog	indo1320
	Penyebaran bahasa-bahasa Indo-Iran di kawasan Eurasia Indo-Iran

Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran, juga disebut rumpun bahasa Arya,^[1]^[2] merupakan salah satu subrumpun bahasa dari rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa.^[3] Rumpun bahasa ini dituturkan di wilayah timur dan memiliki jumlah penutur lebih dari 1 miliar jiwa yang tersebar dari Kaukasus (Osetia) dan Semenanjung Balkan (Romani) di barat sampai Xinjiang (Sarikoli) dan Assam (Assam), hingga Maladewa (Divehi) di selatan.

Leluhur dari semua bahasa di keluarga ini disebut sebagai Proto-Indo-Iran, juga dikenal sebagai bangsa Arya, yang dituturkan di sekitar akhir milenium ke-3 SM di stepa Eurasia di Asia Tengah. Tiga cabang bahasa Indo-Iran modern adalah Indo-Arya, Iran, dan Nuristani.^[4]

Bahasa[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran terdiri dari tiga sub-rumpun:

Indo-Arya/Indik, sebagian besar dituturkan di Subbenua India
Iran-Arya/Iranik, sebagian besar dituturkan di Dataran Tinggi Iran dan Asia Tengah
Nuristan: dituturkan di perbatasan Afganistan dan Pakistan

Rumpun bahasa Indo-Iran dituturkan oleh lebih dari 1,5 miliar jiwa. Bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak adalah bagian dari cabang Indo-Arya: Hindi-Urdu (~590 juta karena sensus India sering kali mencakup Bhojpuri (40 juta), Awadhi (40 juta), Maithili (35 juta), Marwari (30 juta), Rajasthani (20 juta), Chhattisgarhi (18 juta), dan Kumaoni (2.1 juta) sebagai dialek-dialeknya), Bengali (205 juta),^[5] Punjabi (100 juta), Marathi (90 juta), Gujarati (50 juta), Oriya (35 juta), Sindhi (25 juta), Assam (24 juta), Sinhala (19 juta), Nepal (17 juta), dan Bishnupriya (12 juta).^[6] Di antara cabang Iran, bahasa utamanya adalah Persia (110 juta), Pashtun (40 juta), Kurdi (35 juta),^[7] dan Baluchi (8 juta).

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Annarita Puglielli; Mara Frascarelli (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022250-0.
^ Jadranka Gvozdanović (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 221. ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7. : "The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping."
^ Nasution, Sahkholid (2017). Kholison, Moh., ed. Pengantar Linguistik Bahasa Arab (PDF). Sidoarjo: CV. Lisan Arabi. hlm. 61. ISBN 978-602-70113-8-0.
^ Bashir, Elena (2007). Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George, ed. The Indo-Aryan languages. hlm. 905. ISBN 978-0415772945. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [..] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
^ Thompson, Irene. "Bengali". AboutWorldLanguages. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2013.
^ "Census of India: Family-wise grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages -2001". www.censusindia.gov.in.
^ CIA- The World Factbook: 14.7 million in Turkey (18%)[1]^{[tidak disebut di rujukan]}, 4.9–6.5 million in Iraq (15-20%)[2]^{[tidak disebut di rujukan]}, 8 million in Iran (10%)"Archived copy". Diakses tanggal 31 March 2011. ^{[tidak disebut di rujukan]} (all for 2014), plus several million in Syria, neighboring countries, and the diaspora

Daftar pustaka[sunting | sunting sumber]

Chakrabarti, Byomkes (1994). A comparative study of Santali and Bengali. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 81-7074-128-9
Nicholas Sims-Williams, ed. (2002). Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples. Oxford University Press.
"Contact and change in the diversification of the Indo-Iranic languages" (PDF). Dr. Russell Gray.
Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Contacts religieux et culturels des Indo-Iraniens avec la civilisation de l'Oxus". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 149^e année, N. 1, 2005. pp. 213–257. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2005.22848 ; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2005_num_149_1_22848
Pinault, Georges-Jean. "La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 152e année, N. 1, 2008. pp. 105–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2008.92104 ; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2008_num_152_1_92104
Baly, Joseph. Eur-Aryan roots: With their English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged. Vol. 1. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1897.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Daftar Swadesh kosakata dasar bahasa Indo-Iran

[PuglielliFrascarelli2011-1] Annarita Puglielli; Mara Frascarelli (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022250-0.

[2] Jadranka Gvozdanović (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 221. ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7. : "The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping."

[3] Nasution, Sahkholid (2017). Kholison, Moh., ed. Pengantar Linguistik Bahasa Arab (PDF). Sidoarjo: CV. Lisan Arabi. hlm. 61. ISBN 978-602-70113-8-0.

[jain-cardona-2007-4] Bashir, Elena (2007). Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George, ed. The Indo-Aryan languages. hlm. 905. ISBN 978-0415772945. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [..] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.

[5] Thompson, Irene. "Bengali". AboutWorldLanguages. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2013.

[6] "Census of India: Family-wise grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages -2001". www.censusindia.gov.in.

[CIA1-7] CIA- The World Factbook: 14.7 million in Turkey (18%)[1]^{[tidak disebut di rujukan]}, 4.9–6.5 million in Iraq (15-20%)[2]^{[tidak disebut di rujukan]}, 8 million in Iran (10%)"Archived copy". Diakses tanggal 31 March 2011. ^{[tidak disebut di rujukan]} (all for 2014), plus several million in Syria, neighboring countries, and the diaspora

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

l b s Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa
Albania	Albania
Armenia	Armenia
Balto-Slavia	Baltik Slavia
Kelt	Kelt Kepulauan Kelt Benua
Jermanik	Jermanik Utara Jermanik Barat Jermanik Timur
Helenik	Yunani Makedonia Kuno
Indo-Iran	Indo-Arya Iran Nuristan
Italik	Latin-Faliski Oska-Umbria
Tokharia	Tokharia A Tokharia B Tokharia C
Anatolia	Het Pala Lidia Luwik Luwia Likia Milya Karia Side Pisidia
(tidak terklasifikasi)	Belgia Kuno Dacia Elimia Frigia Iliria Isauria Liburnia Lusitania Messapia Misia Paeonia Trakia Venetia
(bahasa proto)	Proto-Indo-Eropa Proto-Albania Proto-Armenia Proto-Balto-Slavia Proto-Slavia Proto-Kelt Proto-Jermanik Proto-Nordik Proto-Helenik Proto-Indo-Iran Proto-Indo-Arya Proto-Iran Proto-Italik Proto-Roman Proto-Tokharia Proto-Anatolia
Huruf miring menunjukkan bahasa mati atau punah

Pengawasan otoritas
Umum	Integrated Authority File (Jerman) 2
Perpustakaan nasional	Prancis (data) Amerika Serikat Jepang
Lain-lain	Microsoft Academic SUDOC (Prancis) 1