Indeks Integritas Lanskap Hutan
Indeks Integritas Lanskap Hutan (bahasa Inggris: Forest Landscape Integrity Index, FLII) adalah indeks global tahunan kondisi hutan yang diukur berdasarkan derajat modifikasi antropogenik.[1][2][3][4][5] Dibuat oleh tim yang terdiri dari 48 ilmuwan, FLII, dalam pengukuran 300m piksel hutan di seluruh dunia, menemukan bahwa ~17,4 juta km2 hutan memiliki integritas tingkat bentang alam yang tinggi (dengan skor dari 9,6–10), dibandingkan dengan ~ 14,6 juta dengan integritas sedang (6–9,6) dan ~12,2 juta km2 dengan integritas rendah (0–6).
FLII menemukan bahwa sebagian besar lanskap hutan berintegritas tinggi yang tersisa ditemukan di Kanada, Rusia, Pegunungan Rocky, Alaska, Amazon, Guiana, Chili bagian selatan, Afrika Tengah, dan Nugini. Sebaliknya, hutan dengan integritas rendah ditemukan di Eropa Barat dan Tengah, Amerika Barat Daya, Asia Tenggara di barat Nugini, Andes, sebagian besar Tiongkok dan India, Celah Albertine, Afrika Barat, Mesoamerika, dan Hutan Atlantik Brasil.
Hasilnya dimaksudkan untuk membantu para pembuat keputusan di semua tingkatan mencapai komitmen mereka terhadap Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs), Konvensi PBB tentang Keanekaragaman Hayati (CBD), Konvensi untuk Memerangi Desertifikasi (UNCCD), dan Konvensi Kerangka Kerja tentang Perubahan Iklim ( UNFCCC).[1]
Integritas hutan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Suatu ekosistem dianggap memiliki integritas ketika struktur, komposisi, dan proses ekologisnya berada dalam jangkauan alaminya.[6]
Peringkat negara
[sunting | sunting sumber]172 negara telah diberi peringkat:[7]
Negara | Nilai FLIII | Integritas rendah (km2) | Integritas sedang (km2) | Integritas tinggi (km2) | Luas hutan keseluruhan (km2) | Peta |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seychelles | 10 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 68 | |
Sudan | 9.8 | 1 | 72 | 495 | 569 | |
Guyana | 9.58 | 4,162 | 40,817 | 147,413 | 192,391 | |
Sudan Selatan | 9.45 | 5,083 | 59,389 | 146,218 | 210,691 | |
Suriname | 9.39 | 6,796 | 25,031 | 107,954 | 139,781 | |
Mongolia | 9.36 | 520 | 11,915 | 27,407 | 39,841 | |
Republik Afrika Tengah | 9.28 | 30,161 | 139,350 | 379,097 | 548,608 | |
Botswana | 9.13 | 13 | 187 | 372 | 572 | |
Gabon | 9.07 | 11,780 | 118,348 | 120,852 | 250,979 | |
Rusia | 9.02 | 739,484 | 2,245,281 | 5,137,079 | 8,121,843 | |
Kanada | 8.99 | 480,206 | 1,027,386 | 2,968,268 | 4,475,860 | |
Republik Kongo | 8.89 | 24,512 | 124,215 | 158,184 | 306,911 | |
Kyrgyzstan | 8.86 | 329 | 2,819 | 2,761 | 5,909 | |
Peru | 8.86 | 85,793 | 190,547 | 509,720 | 786,061 | |
Afghanistan | 8.85 | 90 | 1,475 | 977 | 2,542 | |
Bhutan | 8.85 | 1,620 | 16,769 | 10,140 | 28,529 | |
Papua New Guinea | 8.84 | 37,294 | 183,415 | 216,355 | 437,064 | |
Vanuatu | 8.82 | 734 | 5,322 | 4,448 | 10,504 | |
Venezuela | 8.78 | 64,650 | 170,792 | 351,112 | 586,554 | |
Tajikistan | 8.65 | 34 | 137 | 130 | 301 | |
Bolivia | 8.47 | 78,745 | 280,532 | 272,007 | 631,284 | |
Namibia | 8.43 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 36 | |
Angola | 8.35 | 105,487 | 284,054 | 315,895 | 705,436 | |
Fiji | 8.35 | 1,753 | 10,802 | 3,594 | 16,148 | |
Kolombia | 8.26 | 150,737 | 272,442 | 428,320 | 851,499 | |
Kazakhstan | 8.23 | 6,068 | 18,926 | 15,294 | 40,288 | |
Palau | 8.09 | 45 | 333 | 9 | 387 | |
Korea Utara | 8.02 | 8,374 | 40,156 | 8,410 | 56,939 | |
Kamerun | 8 | 66,191 | 181,336 | 119,263 | 366,789 | |
Guinea Khatulistiwa | 7.99 | 3,982 | 17,595 | 5,007 | 26,585 | |
Georgia | 7.79 | 6,982 | 17,803 | 9,784 | 34,570 | |
Brunei Darussalam | 7.71 | 1,102 | 2,842 | 1,498 | 5,442 | |
Komoro | 7.69 | 284 | 1,149 | 82 | 1,515 | |
Iran | 7.67 | 3,361 | 12,930 | 2,162 | 18,453 | |
Ekuador | 7.66 | 48,822 | 77,585 | 73,492 | 199,900 | |
DRC | 7.56 | 533,118 | 935,508 | 727,983 | 2,196,608 | |
Mikronesia | 7.55 | 8 | 35 | 0 | 43 | |
Brasil | 7.52 | 1,374,902 | 1,354,961 | 2,338,101 | 5,067,963 | |
Zambia | 7.5 | 96,969 | 164,376 | 110,822 | 372,167 | |
Makedonia Utara | 7.42 | 2,034 | 7,090 | 459 | 9,583 | |
Pakistan | 7.42 | 2,090 | 7,859 | 1,139 | 11,088 | |
Lesotho | 7.4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | |
Chili | 7.37 | 56,849 | 41,971 | 93,537 | 192,357 | |
Bahama | 7.35 | 741 | 1,935 | 399 | 3,075 | |
Nepal | 7.23 | 13,785 | 41,992 | 3,760 | 59,538 | |
Australia | 7.22 | 117,672 | 239,624 | 103,852 | 461,148 | |
Argentina | 7.21 | 98,249 | 189,966 | 72,557 | 360,772 | |
Kepulauan Solomon | 7.19 | 6,871 | 15,310 | 3,149 | 25,329 | |
Myanmar | 7.18 | 129,745 | 220,188 | 96,924 | 446,857 | |
Etiopia | 7.16 | 52,652 | 84,430 | 44,397 | 181,479 | |
Mali | 7.16 | 451 | 996 | 140 | 1,586 | |
Somalia | 7.16 | 347 | 1,384 | 46 | 1,777 | |
Tiongkok | 7.14 | 533,800 | 974,431 | 301,051 | 1,809,282 | |
Tanzania | 7.13 | 123,997 | 159,712 | 122,812 | 406,521 | |
Selandia Baru | 7.12 | 34,503 | 44,155 | 35,334 | 113,992 | |
Senegal | 7.11 | 847 | 2,456 | 162 | 3,465 | |
Timor Leste | 7.11 | 1,783 | 7,008 | 47 | 8,838 | |
India | 7.09 | 117,992 | 254,792 | 54,428 | 427,211 | |
Siprus | 7.06 | 388 | 1,026 | 18 | 1,432 | |
Norwegia | 6.98 | 39,343 | 67,383 | 16,627 | 123,352 | |
Saint Vincent dan Grenadine | 6.95 | 91 | 221 | 0 | 312 | |
Mozambik | 6.93 | 150,665 | 189,362 | 115,379 | 455,406 | |
Meksiko | 6.82 | 193,908 | 280,445 | 121,842 | 596,195 | |
Albania | 6.77 | 2,426 | 5,256 | 122 | 7,805 | |
Uzbekistan | 6.77 | 214 | 227 | 199 | 640 | |
Maroko | 6.74 | 2,260 | 4,076 | 451 | 6,787 | |
Amerika Serikat | 6.65 | 1,328,079 | 1,144,693 | 658,645 | 3,131,417 | |
Sao Tome dan Principe | 6.64 | 31 | 140 | 0 | 171 | |
Trinidad dan Tobago | 6.62 | 1,478 | 2,176 | 418 | 4,072 | |
Yunani | 6.6 | 14,548 | 27,833 | 1,078 | 43,459 | |
Indonesia | 6.6 | 535,370 | 509,018 | 431,973 | 1,476,361 | |
Azerbaijan | 6.55 | 4,820 | 7,189 | 1,534 | 13,543 | |
Montenegro | 6.41 | 2,949 | 4,778 | 82 | 7,809 | |
Paraguay | 6.39 | 78,538 | 102,626 | 29,877 | 211,041 | |
Turki | 6.39 | 43,043 | 68,243 | 3,516 | 114,801 | |
Taiwan | 6.38 | 8,786 | 14,547 | 1,453 | 24,786 | |
Tanjung Verde | 6.37 | 27 | 38 | 0 | 65 | |
Panama | 6.37 | 25,420 | 21,310 | 14,605 | 61,336 | |
Kamboja | 6.31 | 30,143 | 31,939 | 16,349 | 78,431 | |
Turkmenistan | 6.31 | 5 | 33 | 0 | 37 | |
Zimbabwe | 6.31 | 9,450 | 14,417 | 1,644 | 25,511 | |
Nigeria | 6.2 | 64,621 | 65,355 | 24,307 | 154,283 | |
Chad | 6.18 | 5,261 | 6,016 | 1,910 | 13,187 | |
Saint Lucia | 6.17 | 235 | 316 | 0 | 551 | |
Belize | 6.15 | 7,004 | 7,957 | 2,744 | 17,705 | |
Bulgaria | 6.09 | 18,884 | 26,325 | 847 | 46,057 | |
Korea Selatan | 6.02 | 25,060 | 32,009 | 888 | 57,956 | |
Thailand | 6 | 86,276 | 89,326 | 33,612 | 209,214 | |
Bosnia dan Herzegovina | 5.99 | 13,387 | 17,031 | 574 | 30,993 | |
Romania | 5.95 | 38,395 | 48,394 | 607 | 87,395 | |
Filipina | 5.91 | 91,820 | 100,831 | 8,393 | 201,044 | |
Togo | 5.88 | 5,064 | 4,522 | 1,076 | 10,662 | |
Benin | 5.86 | 4,724 | 3,698 | 1,769 | 10,191 | |
Sri Lanka | 5.83 | 20,.541 | 22,390 | 1,613 | 44,544 | |
Jepang | 5.8 | 135,783 | 133,480 | 16,005 | 285,268 | |
Malawi | 5.74 | 12,514 | 12,167 | 2,396 | 27,078 | |
Guinea-Bissau | 5.7 | 9,274 | 8,702 | 855 | 18,831 | |
Laos | 5.59 | 92,986 | 80,564 | 19,252 | 192,801 | |
Armenia | 5.46 | 1,894 | 1,681 | 3 | 3,577 | |
Mauritius | 5.46 | 567 | 478 | 0 | 1,045 | |
Bangladesh | 5.45 | 10,013 | 7,251 | 1,947 | 19,211 | |
Kuba | 5.4 | 22,605 | 18,460 | 1,632 | 42,697 | |
Swedia | 5.35 | 174,415 | 109,779 | 23,494 | 307,687 | |
Vietnam | 5.35 | 82,551 | 75,353 | 9,588 | 167,492 | |
Serbia | 5.29 | 17,513 | 14,112 | 516 | 32,141 | |
Aljazair | 5.22 | 7,418 | 6,044 | 81 | 13,543 | |
Kosovo | 5.19 | 2,628 | 1,775 | 47 | 4,450 | |
Tunisia | 5.14 | 1,354 | 987 | 0 | 2,340 | |
Finlandia | 5.08 | 144,310 | 83,572 | 9,294 | 237,176 | |
Jamaika | 5.01 | 5,362 | 3,249 | 158 | 8,770 | |
Malaysia | 5.01 | 130,825 | 91,957 | 21,499 | 244,281 | |
Afrika Selatan | 4.94 | 45,489 | 34,968 | 3,196 | 83,653 | |
Kroasia | 4.92 | 15,732 | 10,522 | 379 | 26,633 | |
Guinea | 4.9 | 81,702 | 54,877 | 2,895 | 139,475 | |
Libya | 4.85 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 17 | |
Liberia | 4.79 | 51,975 | 31,162 | 11,025 | 94,163 | |
Antigua dan Barbuda | 4.72 | 114 | 92 | 0 | 206 | |
Kosta Rika | 4.65 | 27,164 | 12,838 | 4,164 | 44,167 | |
Madagascar | 4.63 | 120,340 | 66,584 | 11,922 | 198,846 | |
Gambia | 4.56 | 181 | 85 | 0 | 266 | |
Saint Kitts dan Nevis | 4.55 | 95 | 50 | 0 | 145 | |
Ghana | 4.53 | 57,519 | 28,901 | 2,160 | 88,580 | |
Prancis | 4.52 | 161,987 | 49,496 | 74,121 | 285,604 | |
Burundi | 4.5 | 6,882 | 3,841 | 46 | 10,769 | |
Liechtenstein | 4.5 | 59 | 42 | 0 | 101 | |
Honduras | 4.48 | 57,899 | 23,802 | 3,692 | 85,392 | |
Andorra | 4.45 | 170 | 49 | 0 | 219 | |
Uganda | 4.36 | 77,303 | 36,381 | 7,507 | 121,190 | |
Slovakia | 4.34 | 17,615 | 8,165 | 0 | 25,781 | |
Spanyol | 4.23 | 82,770 | 46,013 | 133 | 128,916 | |
Grenada | 4.22 | 221 | 86 | 0 | 308 | |
Eswatini | 4.21 | 5,054 | 2,501 | 14 | 7,569 | |
Kenya | 4.2 | 28,427 | 13,558 | 4,702 | 46,686 | |
Republik Dominika | 4.19 | 19,890 | 9,364 | 518 | 29,772 | |
Israel | 4.14 | 170 | 85 | 0 | 255 | |
El Salvador | 4.05 | 8,837 | 2,947 | 0 | 11,784 | |
Haiti | 4.01 | 7,116 | 2,831 | 12 | 9,959 | |
Guatemala | 3.85 | 58,572 | 18,764 | 5,592 | 82,928 | |
Rwanda | 3.85 | 5,665 | 2,170 | 619 | 8,454 | |
Slovenia | 3.78 | 11,065 | 3,791 | 0 | 14,856 | |
Lebanon | 3.76 | 541 | 115 | 0 | 656 | |
Italia | 3.65 | 79,403 | 26,858 | 25 | 106,286 | |
Pantai Gading | 3.64 | 158,010 | 41,005 | 7,288 | 206,303 | |
Suriah | 3.64 | 841 | 282 | 0 | 1,123 | |
Belarus | 3.63 | 77,870 | 20,847 | 91 | 98,808 | |
Nikaragua | 3.63 | 65,356 | 17,646 | 4,858 | 87,860 | |
Uruguay | 3.61 | 11,793 | 3,998 | 0 | 15,791 | |
Irak | 3.59 | 104 | 9 | 0 | 113 | |
Austria | 3.55 | 36,666 | 12,422 | 21 | 49,109 | |
Swiss | 3.53 | 13,636 | 4,412 | 10 | 18,058 | |
Ukraina | 3.3 | 89,540 | 20,183 | 176 | 109,900 | |
Estonia | 3.05 | 24,473 | 4,832 | 52 | 29,358 | |
Jordania | 2.79 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | |
Sierra Leone | 2.76 | 52,512 | 11,858 | 640 | 65,010 | |
Jerman | 2.28 | 122,168 | 11,307 | 0 | 133,475 | |
Hungaria | 2.25 | 18,729 | 2,047 | 0 | 20,776 | |
Polandia | 2.24 | 101,886 | 7,103 | 0 | 108,989 | |
Moldova | 2.2 | 3,113 | 202 | 0 | 3,315 | |
Latvia | 2.09 | 38,164 | 2,137 | 0 | 40,301 | |
Ceko | 1.71 | 32,161 | 1,611 | 0 | 33,772 | |
UK | 1.65 | 29,149 | 2,917 | 35 | 32,101 | |
Lithuania | 1.62 | 24,554 | 930 | 0 | 25,484 | |
Belgia | 1.36 | 8,803 | 297 | 0 | 9,099 | |
Luxembourg | 1.12 | 1,170 | 0 | 0 | 1,170 | |
Singapura | 1.11 | 170 | 2 | 0 | 172 | |
Dominika | 1.06 | 531 | 2 | 0 | 533 | |
Irlandia | 0.92 | 5,283 | 96 | 0 | 5,378 | |
Portugal | 0.82 | 25,966 | 553 | 0 | 26,519 | |
Belanda | 0.6 | 5,250 | 72 | 0 | 5,322 | |
Mesir | 0.56 | 4,772 | 218 | 69 | 5,059 | |
Denmark | 0.5 | 5,756 | 31 | 0 | 5,787 | |
San Marino | 0.01 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Negara dengan rata-rata FLII tinggi (8-10)
Negara dengan rata-rata FLII sedang (5-7.99)
Negara dengan rata-rata FLII rendah (0-4.99)
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Latar belakang
[sunting | sunting sumber]Indeks ini ditulis oleh tim ahli konservasi hutan global, termasuk:[1]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 . ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057 . PMID 33293507 Periksa nilai
|pmid=
(bantuan). - ^ Elcacho, Joaquim (2020-12-14). "Descubre con este mapa dónde están los mejores bosques de tu país y del mundo" [Discover with this map where are the best forests in your country and in the world]. La Vanguardia (dalam bahasa Spanish). Barcelona. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-16.
- ^ "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature-based Solutions Initiative. University of Oxford. 2020-12-10. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-16.
- ^ Попова, Марина (2020-12-09). "Прямое влияние человека обошло стороной 40 процентов современных лесов" [Direct human influence bypassed 40 percent of modern forests] (dalam bahasa Russian). Diakses tanggal 2020-12-16.
- ^ "New Forest Landscape Integrity Index Reveals that Only 40 Percent of World's Forests Have High Integrity". WCS Newsroom. Wildlife Conservation Society. 2020-12-08. Diakses tanggal 2020-12-16.
- ^ Parrish, Jeffrey D.; Braun, David P.; Unnasch, Robert S. (2003). "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity within Protected Areas". BioScience. 53 (9): 851. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0851:AWCWWS]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0006-3568.
- ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 . ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057 . PMID 33293507 Periksa nilai
|pmid=
(bantuan).