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[[IBM]] memperkenalkan komputer pribadinya pada tahun 1981, dan dengan cepat berhasil. Pada tahun 1982, Intel menciptakan mikroprosesor [[Intel 80286|80286]], yang, dua tahun kemudian, digunakan di [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|IBM PC/AT]]. [[Compaq]], pabrikan "kloning" PC IBM pertama, menghasilkan sistem desktop berdasarkan prosesor 80286 yang lebih cepat pada tahun 1985 dan pada tahun 1986 dengan cepat diikuti dengan sistem berbasis [[Intel 80386|80386]] pertama, mengalahkan IBM dan membangun pasar yang kompetitif untuk sistem yang kompatibel dengan PC dan menyiapkan Intel sebagai pemasok komponen utama.
[[IBM]] memperkenalkan komputer pribadinya pada tahun 1981, dan dengan cepat berhasil. Pada tahun 1982, Intel menciptakan mikroprosesor [[Intel 80286|80286]], yang, dua tahun kemudian, digunakan di [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|IBM PC/AT]]. [[Compaq]], pabrikan "kloning" PC IBM pertama, menghasilkan sistem desktop berdasarkan prosesor 80286 yang lebih cepat pada tahun 1985 dan pada tahun 1986 dengan cepat diikuti dengan sistem berbasis [[Intel 80386|80386]] pertama, mengalahkan IBM dan membangun pasar yang kompetitif untuk sistem yang kompatibel dengan PC dan menyiapkan Intel sebagai pemasok komponen utama.

In 1975, the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as the [[Intel iAPX 432]]. The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. Intel extended the [[x86|x86 architecture]] to 32 bits instead.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Maliniak
|first=Lisa
|title=Ten Notable Flops: Learning From Mistakes
|work=Electronic Design Online
|date=October 21, 2002
|url=http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&ArticleID=2839
|access-date=November 27, 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216121817/http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&ArticleID=2839
|archive-date=December 16, 2008
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Dvorak
|first=John C.
|author-link=John C. Dvorak
|title=What Ever Happened to... Intel's Dream Chip?
|date=February 1997
|url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/intel/iapx432/dreamchip.html
|access-date=November 27, 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018060554/http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/intel/iapx432/dreamchip.html
|archive-date=October 18, 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

====386 microprocessor====
During this period [[Andrew Grove]] dramatically redirected the company, closing much of its [[DRAM]] business and directing resources to the [[microprocessor]] business. Of perhaps greater importance was his decision to "single-source" the 386 microprocessor. Prior to this, microprocessor manufacturing was in its infancy, and manufacturing problems frequently reduced or stopped production, interrupting supplies to customers. To mitigate this risk, these customers typically insisted that multiple manufacturers produce chips they could use to ensure a consistent supply. The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably AMD, with which Intel had a technology-sharing contract.

Grove made the decision not to license the 386 design to other manufacturers, instead, producing it in three geographically distinct factories: [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]], California; [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]], Oregon; and [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]], a suburb of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], Arizona. He convinced customers that this would ensure consistent delivery. In doing this, Intel breached its contract with AMD, which sued and was paid millions of dollars in damages but could not manufacture new Intel CPU designs any longer. (Instead, AMD started to develop and manufacture its own competing x86 designs.)

As the success of Compaq's Deskpro 386 established the 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved a position of near-exclusive dominance as its supplier. Profits from this funded rapid development of both higher-performance chip designs and higher-performance manufacturing capabilities, propelling Intel to a position of unquestioned leadership by the early 1990s.

====486, Pentium, and Itanium====
Intel introduced the [[Intel 80486|486]] microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 established a second design team, designing the processors code-named "[[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]]" and "[[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6]]" in parallel and committing to a major new processor every two years, versus the four or more years such designs had previously taken. Engineers [[Vinod Dham]] and [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] (Member of Parliament, India) were key figures on the core team that invented the 486 chip and later, Intel's signature Pentium chip. The P5 project was earlier known as "Operation Bicycle," referring to the cycles of the processor through two parallel execution pipelines. The P5 was introduced in 1993 as the Intel [[Pentium]], substituting a registered trademark name for the former part number (numbers, such as 486, cannot be legally registered as trademarks in the United States). The P6 followed in 1995 as the [[Pentium Pro]] and improved into the [[Pentium II]] in 1997. New architectures were developed alternately in [[Santa Clara, California]] and [[Hillsboro, Oregon]].

The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to the [[x86|x86 architecture]], codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later but quickly revived in a cooperative program with [[Hewlett-Packard]] engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of the [[Itanium|IA-64]] 64-bit architecture was the [[Itanium]], finally introduced in June 2001. The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not meet expectations, and it failed to compete effectively with [[x86-64]], which was AMD's 64-bit extension of the 32-bit x86 architecture (Intel uses the name '''Intel 64''', previously '''EM64T'''). In 2017, Intel announced that the [[Itanium#Itanium 9700 (Kittson): 2017|Itanium 9700 series (Kittson)]] would be the last Itanium chips produced.<ref name="Davis 2017">{{cite web
|url = https://itpeernetwork.intel.com/evolution-mission-critical-computing/
|title = The Evolution of Mission Critical Computing
|access-date = 2017-05-11
|df = mdy-all
|last = Davis
|first = Lisa M.
|date = 2017-05-11
|work = Intel
|quote = ...the 9700 series will be the last Intel Itanium processor.
}}</ref><ref name="IA-PCWorld">{{cite web|title=Intel's Itanium, once destined to replace x86 processors in PCs, hits end of line|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3196080/data-center/intels-itanium-once-destined-to-replace-x86-in-pcs-hits-end-of-line.html|website=PCWorld|access-date=May 15, 2017|language=en|date=May 11, 2017}}</ref>

The Hillsboro team designed the [[Pentium 4#Willamette|Willamette]] processors (initially code-named P68), which were marketed as the Pentium 4.

During this period, Intel undertook two major supporting advertising campaigns. The first campaign, the 1991 "Intel Inside" marketing and branding campaign, is widely known and has become synonymous with Intel itself. The idea of "[[ingredient branding]]" was new at the time, with only [[NutraSweet]] and a few others making attempts to do so.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Richard S. Tedlow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQamXENAalkC&pg=RA1-PA256|title=Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon|year=2007|isbn=978-1-59184-182-1|page=256}}</ref> This campaign established Intel, which had been a component supplier little-known outside the PC industry, as a household name.

The second campaign, Intel's Systems Group, which began in the early 1990s, showcased manufacturing of PC [[motherboard]]s, the main board component of a personal computer, and the one into which the processor (CPU) and memory (RAM) chips are plugged.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Tracy V.|date=July 20, 2005|title=HowStuffWorks "How Motherboards Work"|url=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard.htm|access-date=July 29, 2010|publisher=Computer.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> The Systems Group campaign was lesser known than the Intel Inside campaign.

Shortly after, Intel began manufacturing fully configured "[[white box (computer hardware)|white box]]" systems for the dozens of PC clone companies that rapidly sprang up.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} At its peak in the mid-1990s, Intel manufactured over 15% of all PCs, making it the third-largest supplier at the time.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

During the 1990s, [[Intel Architecture Labs]] (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations for the PC, including the [[Conventional PCI|PCI]] Bus, the [[PCI Express]] (PCIe) bus, and [[Universal Serial Bus]] (USB). IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video,{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from [[Microsoft]]. The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony by then IAL Vice-president [[Steven McGeady]] at the [[United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001)|Microsoft antitrust trial]] (''United States v. Microsoft Corp.'').

====Pentium flaw====
{{Main|Pentium FDIV bug}}
In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in the [[floating-point]] math subsection of the [[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]] [[Pentium|Pentium microprocessor]]. Under certain data-dependent conditions, the low-order bits of the result of a floating-point division would be incorrect. The error could compound in subsequent calculations. Intel corrected the error in a future chip revision, and under public pressure it issued a total recall and replaced the defective Pentium CPUs (which were limited to some 60, 66, 75, 90, and 100&nbsp;MHz models<ref>[[Pentium FDIV bug#Affected models]]</ref>) on customer request.

The [[software bug|bug]] was discovered independently in October 1994 by Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at [[Lynchburg College]]. He contacted Intel but received no response. On October 30, he posted a message about his finding on the Internet.<ref name="Nicely-email">{{cite web |url=http://www.emery.com/nicely.htm |title=Dr. Thomas Nicely's Pentium email |access-date=July 12, 2007 |last=Nicely |first=Dr. Thomas R. |date=October 30, 1994 |publisher=Vince Emery Productions |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171317/http://www.emery.com/nicely.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Word of the bug spread quickly and reached the industry press. The bug was easy to replicate; a user could enter specific numbers into the calculator on the operating system. Consequently, many users did not accept Intel's statements that the error was minor and "not even an erratum." During Thanksgiving, in 1994, ''[[The New York Times]]'' ran a piece by journalist [[John Markoff]] spotlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace every chip, quickly putting in place a large end-user [[Technical support|support]] organization. This resulted in a $475 million charge against Intel's 1994 [[revenue]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trnicely.net/#PENT|title=Personal website of Dr. Nicely, who discovered the bug|last=Nicely|first=Thomas|access-date=April 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712050001/http://www.trnicely.net/#PENT|archive-date=July 12, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dr. Nicely later learned that Intel had discovered the FDIV bug in its own testing a few months before him (but had decided not to inform customers).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trnicely.net/pentbug/pentbug.html|title="Pentium FDIV flaw" FAQ email from Dr. Nicely|last=Nicely|first=Thomas|access-date=May 4, 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66AzslMxs?url=http://www.trnicely.net/pentbug/pentbug.html|archive-date=March 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage propelled Intel from being a technology supplier generally unknown to most computer users to a household name. Dovetailing with an uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, the episode is considered to have been a positive event for Intel, changing some of its business practices to be more end-user focused and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding a lasting negative impression.<ref>Grove, Andrew and Burgleman, Robert; ''Strategy Is Destiny: How Strategy-Making Shapes a Company's Future'', 2001, Free Press<!--needs page number--></ref>


== Informasi finansial ==
== Informasi finansial ==

Revisi per 30 Agustus 2021 06.00

Koordinat: 37°23′16″N 121°57′49″W / 37.38778°N 121.96361°W / 37.38778; -121.96361

Intel
Sebelumnya
N M Electronics (1968)
Publik
Kode emiten
IndustriSemikonduktor
Didirikan18 Juli 1968; 55 tahun lalu (1968-07-18)
PendiriGordon Moore
Robert Noyce
Kantor
pusat
,
A.S.
Wilayah operasi
seluruh dunia
Tokoh
kunci
Omar Ishrak
(Chairman)
Pat Gelsinger
(CEO)
ProdukUnit pemrosesan pusats
Mikroprosesors
Unit pemrosesan grafis terintegrasi (iGPU)
Sistem aktif -chip (SoCs)
Motherboard chipsets
Network interface controllers
Modems
Ponsel
Solid state drives
Wi-Fi dan Bluetooth Chipsets
Flash memory
Otomatis kendaraan Sensor
PendapatanKenaikan US$77,87 billion (2020)[1]
Kenaikan US$23,68 Miliar (2020)[1]
Penurunan US$20,9 Miliar (2020)[1]
Total asetKenaikan US$153,09 Miliar (2020)[1]
Total ekuitasKenaikan US$81,04 Miliar (2020)[1]
Karyawan
110,600 (2020)[1]
Anak
usaha
Situs webwww.intel.com

Intel Corporation adalah perusahaan multinasional dan perusahaan teknologi Amerika yang berkantor pusat di Santa Clara, California, di Silicon Valley. Ini adalah produsen semiconductor chip terbesar di dunia berdasarkan pendapatan,[3][4] dan merupakan pengembang seri x86 dari mikroprosesors, prosesor yang ditemukan di sebagian besar komputer pribadi (PC). Incorporated in Delaware,[5] Intel berada di peringkat No. 45 di 2020 Fortune 500 daftar perusahaan Amerika Serikat terbesar berdasarkan total pendapatan selama hampir satu dekade, dari tahun fiskal 2007 hingga 2016.[6]

Intel memasok mikroprosesor untuk produsen sistem komputer seperti Lenovo, HP, dan Dell. Intel juga memproduksi motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers dan integrated circuits, flash memory, graphics chips, prosesor tertanam dan perangkat lain yang terkait dengan komunikasi dan komputasi.

Intel didirikan pada 18 Juli 1968, oleh perintis semikonduktor Gordon Moore (dari hukum Moore) dan Robert Noyce, dan dikaitkan dengan kepemimpinan eksekutif dan visi Andrew Grove. Nama perusahaan disusun sebagai portmanteau dari kata integrated dan electronics, dengan salah satu pendiri Noyce telah menjadi penemu kunci dari integrated circuit (mikrochip). Fakta bahwa "intel" adalah istilah untuk informasi intelijen juga membuat nama tersebut sesuai.[7] Intel adalah pengembang awal SRAM dan chip memori DRAM, yang mewakili sebagian besar bisnisnya hingga tahun 1981. Meskipun Intel menciptakan chip mikroprosesor komersial pertama di dunia pada tahun 1971, itu tidak sampai keberhasilan personal computer (PC) yang menjadi bisnis utamanya.

sejarah

tujuan robert noyce dan gordon moore mendirikan intel adalah untuk meraup keuntungan karena pada saat itu mikroprocessor harganya sangat mahal

Gordon Moore dan Robert Noyce awalnya mengusulkan gabungan nama mereka untuk dijadikan nama perusahaan: Moore Noyce. namun terdengar seperti more noice atau lebih berisik sebuah predikat buruk untuk kelas perangkat elektronik. Mereka kemudian menggunakan nama NM Electronics yang dipertahankan sebagai nama perusahaan dalam jangka waktu hampir setahun, kemudian Moore dan Noyce memutuskan untuk menggunakan sebutan INTegrated ELectronics atau disingkat menjadi Intel.

adalah sebuah perusahaan multinasional yang berpusat di Amerika Serikat dan terkenal dengan rancangan dan produksi mikroprosesor dan mengkhususkan dalam sirkuit terpadu. Intel juga membuat kartu jaringan, chipset papan induk, komponen, dan alat lainnya. Intel memiliki projek riset yang maju dalam seluruh aspek produksi semikonduktor, termasuk MEMS.

Pada tanggal 2 Januari 2006, Intel mengganti logo dan slogannya untuk pertama kalinya. Walaupun slogan lamanya "Intel inside" dipertahankan, slogan korporatnya diganti dengan "Leap ahead". Kemudian berganti slogan korporatnya menjadi "Sponsors of Tomorrow" pada tahun 2010, "Look Inside" pada tahun 2013 dan akhirnya "experience what's inside" pada tahun 2015.

Pada tanggal 2 September 2020, Intel mengganti logonya untuk kedua kalinya.

Produk dan sejarah pasar

SRAM, DRAM, dan mikroprosesor

Produk pertama Intel adalah shift register memori dan akses acak memory sirkuit terintegrasi, dan Intel tumbuh menjadi pemimpin dalam DRAM yang sangat kompetitif, [ [static random-access memory|SRAM]], dan ROM dipasarkan sepanjang tahun 1970-an. Secara bersamaan, para insinyur Intel Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor dan Masatoshi Shima menemukan mikroprosesor pertama Intel. Awalnya dikembangkan untuk perusahaan Jepang Busicom untuk menggantikan sejumlah ASIC dalam kalkulator yang sudah diproduksi oleh Busicom, Intel 4004 diperkenalkan ke pasar massal pada November 15 Agustus 1971, meskipun mikroprosesor tidak menjadi inti bisnis Intel sampai pertengahan 1980-an. (Catatan: Intel biasanya diberi penghargaan dengan Texas Instruments untuk penemuan mikroprosesor yang hampir bersamaan)

Pada tahun 1983, pada awal era komputer pribadi, keuntungan Intel mendapat tekanan yang meningkat dari produsen chip memori Jepang, dan presiden saat itu Andy Grove memfokuskan perusahaan pada mikroprosesor. Grove menggambarkan transisi ini dalam buku Only the Paranoid Survive. Elemen kunci dari rencananya adalah gagasan, yang kemudian dianggap radikal, untuk menjadi sumber tunggal penerus mikroprosesor 8086 yang populer.

Sampai saat itu, pembuatan sirkuit terpadu yang kompleks tidak cukup andal bagi pelanggan untuk bergantung pada satu pemasok, tetapi Grove mulai memproduksi prosesor di tiga pabrik yang berbeda secara geografis,Templat:Yang dan berhenti melisensikan desain chip untuk pesaing seperti Zilog dan AMD.Templat:Rujukan?date=Oktober 2013 Ketika industri PC berkembang pesat di akhir 1980-an dan 1990-an, Intel adalah salah satu penerima manfaat utama.

Prosesor x86 awal dan IBM PC

die dari Intel 8742, mikrokontroler 8-bit yang menyertakan CPU yang berjalan pada 12  MHz, 128 byte RAM, 2048 byte EPROM, dan I/O dalam chip yang sama

Meskipun mikroprosesor sangat penting, 4004 dan penerusnya 8008 dan 8080 tidak pernah menjadi kontributor pendapatan utama di Intel. Sebagai prosesor berikutnya, 8086 (dan variannya 8088) diselesaikan pada tahun 1978, Intel memulai kampanye pemasaran dan penjualan utama untuk chip yang dijuluki "Operation Crush", dan bermaksud untuk memenangkan sebanyak mungkin pelanggan untuk prosesor mungkin. Satu kemenangan desain adalah divisi IBM PC yang baru dibuat, meskipun pentingnya hal ini tidak sepenuhnya disadari pada saat itu.

IBM memperkenalkan komputer pribadinya pada tahun 1981, dan dengan cepat berhasil. Pada tahun 1982, Intel menciptakan mikroprosesor 80286, yang, dua tahun kemudian, digunakan di IBM PC/AT. Compaq, pabrikan "kloning" PC IBM pertama, menghasilkan sistem desktop berdasarkan prosesor 80286 yang lebih cepat pada tahun 1985 dan pada tahun 1986 dengan cepat diikuti dengan sistem berbasis 80386 pertama, mengalahkan IBM dan membangun pasar yang kompetitif untuk sistem yang kompatibel dengan PC dan menyiapkan Intel sebagai pemasok komponen utama.

In 1975, the company had started a project to develop a highly advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as the Intel iAPX 432. The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. Intel extended the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead.[8][9]

386 microprocessor

During this period Andrew Grove dramatically redirected the company, closing much of its DRAM business and directing resources to the microprocessor business. Of perhaps greater importance was his decision to "single-source" the 386 microprocessor. Prior to this, microprocessor manufacturing was in its infancy, and manufacturing problems frequently reduced or stopped production, interrupting supplies to customers. To mitigate this risk, these customers typically insisted that multiple manufacturers produce chips they could use to ensure a consistent supply. The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably AMD, with which Intel had a technology-sharing contract.

Grove made the decision not to license the 386 design to other manufacturers, instead, producing it in three geographically distinct factories: Santa Clara, California; Hillsboro, Oregon; and Chandler, a suburb of Phoenix, Arizona. He convinced customers that this would ensure consistent delivery. In doing this, Intel breached its contract with AMD, which sued and was paid millions of dollars in damages but could not manufacture new Intel CPU designs any longer. (Instead, AMD started to develop and manufacture its own competing x86 designs.)

As the success of Compaq's Deskpro 386 established the 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved a position of near-exclusive dominance as its supplier. Profits from this funded rapid development of both higher-performance chip designs and higher-performance manufacturing capabilities, propelling Intel to a position of unquestioned leadership by the early 1990s.

486, Pentium, and Itanium

Intel introduced the 486 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 established a second design team, designing the processors code-named "P5" and "P6" in parallel and committing to a major new processor every two years, versus the four or more years such designs had previously taken. Engineers Vinod Dham and Rajeev Chandrasekhar (Member of Parliament, India) were key figures on the core team that invented the 486 chip and later, Intel's signature Pentium chip. The P5 project was earlier known as "Operation Bicycle," referring to the cycles of the processor through two parallel execution pipelines. The P5 was introduced in 1993 as the Intel Pentium, substituting a registered trademark name for the former part number (numbers, such as 486, cannot be legally registered as trademarks in the United States). The P6 followed in 1995 as the Pentium Pro and improved into the Pentium II in 1997. New architectures were developed alternately in Santa Clara, California and Hillsboro, Oregon.

The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to the x86 architecture, codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later but quickly revived in a cooperative program with Hewlett-Packard engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was the Itanium, finally introduced in June 2001. The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not meet expectations, and it failed to compete effectively with x86-64, which was AMD's 64-bit extension of the 32-bit x86 architecture (Intel uses the name Intel 64, previously EM64T). In 2017, Intel announced that the Itanium 9700 series (Kittson) would be the last Itanium chips produced.[10][11]

The Hillsboro team designed the Willamette processors (initially code-named P68), which were marketed as the Pentium 4.

During this period, Intel undertook two major supporting advertising campaigns. The first campaign, the 1991 "Intel Inside" marketing and branding campaign, is widely known and has become synonymous with Intel itself. The idea of "ingredient branding" was new at the time, with only NutraSweet and a few others making attempts to do so.[12] This campaign established Intel, which had been a component supplier little-known outside the PC industry, as a household name.

The second campaign, Intel's Systems Group, which began in the early 1990s, showcased manufacturing of PC motherboards, the main board component of a personal computer, and the one into which the processor (CPU) and memory (RAM) chips are plugged.[13] The Systems Group campaign was lesser known than the Intel Inside campaign.

Shortly after, Intel began manufacturing fully configured "white box" systems for the dozens of PC clone companies that rapidly sprang up.[butuh rujukan] At its peak in the mid-1990s, Intel manufactured over 15% of all PCs, making it the third-largest supplier at the time.[butuh rujukan]

During the 1990s, Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations for the PC, including the PCI Bus, the PCI Express (PCIe) bus, and Universal Serial Bus (USB). IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video,[butuh rujukan] but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony by then IAL Vice-president Steven McGeady at the Microsoft antitrust trial (United States v. Microsoft Corp.).

Pentium flaw

In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in the floating-point math subsection of the P5 Pentium microprocessor. Under certain data-dependent conditions, the low-order bits of the result of a floating-point division would be incorrect. The error could compound in subsequent calculations. Intel corrected the error in a future chip revision, and under public pressure it issued a total recall and replaced the defective Pentium CPUs (which were limited to some 60, 66, 75, 90, and 100 MHz models[14]) on customer request.

The bug was discovered independently in October 1994 by Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at Lynchburg College. He contacted Intel but received no response. On October 30, he posted a message about his finding on the Internet.[15] Word of the bug spread quickly and reached the industry press. The bug was easy to replicate; a user could enter specific numbers into the calculator on the operating system. Consequently, many users did not accept Intel's statements that the error was minor and "not even an erratum." During Thanksgiving, in 1994, The New York Times ran a piece by journalist John Markoff spotlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace every chip, quickly putting in place a large end-user support organization. This resulted in a $475 million charge against Intel's 1994 revenue.[16] Dr. Nicely later learned that Intel had discovered the FDIV bug in its own testing a few months before him (but had decided not to inform customers).[17]

The "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage propelled Intel from being a technology supplier generally unknown to most computer users to a household name. Dovetailing with an uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, the episode is considered to have been a positive event for Intel, changing some of its business practices to be more end-user focused and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding a lasting negative impression.[18]

Informasi finansial

Pabrik Intel di Penang, Malaysia

Kapitalisasi pasarnya sekitar AS$154 miliar (Maret 2005).

Bursa saham

  • Intel diperdagangkan secara publik dan secara internasional di NASDAQ dengan simbol INTC.

Index

Logo Brand Intel
Corporate Logo Tanggal Logo Intel Inside Tanggal Keterangan
Original Intel corporate logo 1968–2007 Original Intel Inside brand logo Intel Pentium with MMX logo 1991–2002 Logo pertama "Intel Inside". Di pakai dalam produk sendiri dengan nama brand prosesor.
Modified Intel Inside logo with drop "e" Modified Intel Inside logo with included product name 2002-2007 Sangat mirip dengan logo Intel Inside, tetapi diubah menyerupai logo Intel yang asli dengan mengubah jenis huruf Intel "e".
The current logo, used since 2005. 2007-2020 Intel Core Duo brand logo Intel Core 2 Quad brand logo 2006–2009 Intel secara bertahap menghapus logo asli perusahaan Intel dan Intel Inside untuk logo dasar Intel baru yang serupa dengan logo Intel Inside yang lebih tua, tetapi menghilangkan kata inside. Jenis huruf diubah menjadi Neo Sans Intel.

[19] In some instances the slogan Leap ahead was added to the corporate logo.

Generic Intel Inside with exposed silicon. Still used as Celeron Branding Sticker Intel Inside Core i7 variation 2009–2011, 2011–2013 (Celeron OEM Branding Sticker) Pada tahun 2009, logo Intel Inside' diperbarui menjadi bentuk horizontal dengan paparan visual silikon di bawah label untuk membantu menggambarkan gagasan bahwa Intel ada dalam chip di dalam komputer. Berbagai nama merek digunakan pada bentuk dasar ini termasuk Core, i3, i5, i7, Atom, Pentium, dan Xeon. Logo lain termasukChipset' , Server Board, dan Workstation Board. Juga digunakan sebagai Stiker Celeron.
Intel Inside Core i7 with horizontal exposed silicon Intel Inside Core i7 Extreme Edition with horizontal variation 2011–2013 Logo Intel Inside sedikit dimodifikasi untuk memindahkan gambar silikon yang terbuka ke bagian tengah logo. Ini juga memindahkan kata inside di samping logo Intel lebih dekat dengan mereka. Nama merek produk ditampilkan di bagian bawah logo.

Lihat pula

Pranala luar

Data

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Intel Corporation 2020 Annual Report Form (10-K)" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. January 22, 2021. Diakses tanggal January 28, 2021. 
  2. ^ "INTC / Intel Corp. - EX-21.1 - Intel Corporation Subsidiaries - February 1, 2019". February 1, 2019. Diakses tanggal May 12, 2020. 
  3. ^ Vanian, Jonathan. com/2017/07/27/samsung-intel-chip-semiconductor/ "Samsung Menggulingkan Intel Sebagai Pembuat Chip Terbesar di Dunia" Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan). Fortune. 
  4. ^ irol/10/101302/2007annualReport/common/pdfs/intel_2007ar.pdf "Laporan Tahunan Intel 2007" Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan) (PDF). Intel. 2007. Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2011. 
  5. ^ -19-000007-index.htm "10-K" Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan). 10-K. Diakses tanggal 1 Juni 2019. 
  6. ^ "Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Siapa yang Membuat Daftar". Fortune (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal November 10, 2018. 
  7. ^ "Rahasia nama Intel terungkap". The Inquirer. 2007. Diarsipkan dari -revealed versi asli Periksa nilai |url= (bantuan) tanggal Parameter |archive-url= membutuhkan |archive-date= (bantuan). Diakses tanggal Juni 11, 2012. 
  8. ^ Maliniak, Lisa (October 21, 2002). "Ten Notable Flops: Learning From Mistakes". Electronic Design Online. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 16, 2008. Diakses tanggal November 27, 2007. 
  9. ^ Dvorak, John C. (February 1997). "What Ever Happened to... Intel's Dream Chip?". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 18, 2007. Diakses tanggal November 27, 2007. 
  10. ^ Davis, Lisa M. (May 11, 2017). "The Evolution of Mission Critical Computing". Intel. Diakses tanggal May 11, 2017. ...the 9700 series will be the last Intel Itanium processor. 
  11. ^ "Intel's Itanium, once destined to replace x86 processors in PCs, hits end of line". PCWorld (dalam bahasa Inggris). May 11, 2017. Diakses tanggal May 15, 2017. 
  12. ^ Richard S. Tedlow (2007). Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon. hlm. 256. ISBN 978-1-59184-182-1. 
  13. ^ Wilson, Tracy V. (July 20, 2005). "HowStuffWorks "How Motherboards Work"". Computer.howstuffworks.com. Diakses tanggal July 29, 2010. 
  14. ^ Pentium FDIV bug#Affected models
  15. ^ Nicely, Dr. Thomas R. (October 30, 1994). "Dr. Thomas Nicely's Pentium email". Vince Emery Productions. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 16, 2013. Diakses tanggal July 12, 2007. 
  16. ^ Nicely, Thomas. "Personal website of Dr. Nicely, who discovered the bug". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 12, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 6, 2016. 
  17. ^ Nicely, Thomas. ""Pentium FDIV flaw" FAQ email from Dr. Nicely". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 15, 2012. Diakses tanggal May 4, 2017. 
  18. ^ Grove, Andrew and Burgleman, Robert; Strategy Is Destiny: How Strategy-Making Shapes a Company's Future, 2001, Free Press
  19. ^ http://theclosetentrepreneur.com/new-without-intel