Kimigayo

Kimigayo

B. Indonesia: Kekuasaan Dikau
君 (きみ)が代 (よ)
Lembar musik "Kimigayo"
Lagu kebangsaan Jepang
Penulis lirik	puisi waka, Zaman Heian (794–1185)
Komponis	Yoshiisa Oku dan Akimori Hayashi (digubah oleh Franz Eckert, 1880)
Penggunaan	1869 (musik) 1870 (lirik) 3 November 1880 (musik)
Penggunaan ulang	13 Agustus 1999
Sampel audio
"Kimigayo" (instrumental) berkas bantuan
Sampel audio
Kimigayo berkas bantuan

Kimigayo (君が代code: ja is deprecated , pengucapan bahasa Jepang: [kimiɡajo]; "Kekuasaan Dikau") adalah lagu kebangsaan Jepang. Liriknya termasuk yang tertua diantara lagu-lagu kebangsaan lainnya di dunia. Dengan panjang lirik hanya 30 aksara, menjadikannya sebagai lagu kebangsaan terpendek di dunia. Liriknya berasal dari sebuah antologi waka zaman Heian berjudul Kokin Wakashū. Melodinya digubah pada tahun 1880 untuk menggantikan melodi usang yang dibuat oleh John William Fenton 11 tahun sebelumnya.

Sejak tahun 1888 hingga 1945, Kimigayo berstatus sebagai lagu kebangsaan Kekaisaran Jepang. Setelah Jepang menyerah pada Sekutu, Jepang berubah menjadi negara berparlemen. Kedaulatan yang awalnya di tangan kaisar kini berada di tangan rakyat. Walau begitu, kedudukan Kimigayo sebagai lagu kebangsaan de facto terus berlanjut hingga tahun 1999. Pada tahun 1999, Diet Jepang mengesahkan UU no. 127 tentang Bendera dan Lagu Kebangsaan yang secara resmi mengakui Hinomaru dan Kimigayo sebagai Bendera dan Lagu Kebangsaan Jepang.

Etimologi

Sejak zaman Heian, kata kimi merujuk pada seorang kaisar atau penguasa (tuan). Contohnya, tokoh protagonis dalam Hikayat Genji, Hikaru Genji (光源氏) sering dipanggil "Hikaru no Kimi" atau "Hikaru-gimi" (光の君 atau 光君). Tapi sebelum zaman Nara, kaisar sering disebut opokimi (tuan besar). Hal ini menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai apakah kata kimi dalam kimigayo benar-benar merujuk pada kaisar.

Di zaman Kamakura, Kimigayo menjadi lagu penghibur bagi para samurai dan menjadi semakin populer di kalangan rakyat di zaman Edo. Di akhir zaman Edo, Kimigayo dinyanyikan oleh Ōoku (harem di Puri Edo) dan Satsuma-han (sekarang Prefektur Kagoshima) sebagai lagu perayaan tahun baru. Dalam konteks ini, kata kimi sama sekali tidak merujuk pada kaisar tetapi merujuk pada shōgun Tokugawa, klan Shimazu, tamu kehormatan, dan semua anggota pesta minum. Setelah Restorasi Meiji, para pejabat Kekaisaran Jepang yang mayoritas merupakan mantan samurai dari Satsuma-han mengadopsi Kimigayo sebagai lagu kebangsaan Kekaisaran Jepang. Sejak saat itu hingga menjelang Perang Dunia kedua, Kimigayo dipahami sebagai lagu pemujaan terhadap kaisar.

Dengan diadopsinya konstitusi baru pada 1947, kaisar tidak lagi menjadi penguasa penerima Mandat Surga, tetapi sekadar menjadi lambang negara dan persatuan rakyat. Kementerian Pendidikan tidak memberikan pemaknaan baru terhadap Kimigayo pascaperang. Sehingga bisa jadi kata kimi dalam Kimigayo merujuk pada rakyat Jepang itu sendiri. Kementerian Pendidikan juga tidak melakukan tindakan apapun untuk menganulir pemaknaan terhadap Kimigayo di masa praperang.

Dalam sidang penyusunan UU Bendera dan Lagu Kebangsaan yang digelar pada 29 Juni 1999, pemaknaan resmi kimi atau kimigayo kembali dipertanyakan. Sekretaris Kabinet Hiromu Nonaka memberikan saran bahwa kimi berarti "kaisar sebagai lambang Jepang" dan seluruh liriknya mengharapkan perdamaian dan kemakmuran Jepang. Dia menyebut status baru kaisar sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam Pasal 1 Konstitusi Jepang sebagai alasan utama saran tersebut. Dalam sesi yang sama, Perdana Menteri Keizō Obuchi memberikan pernyataan:

Kimi merujuk pada Kaisar (Jepang), lambang negara dan persatuan rakyat. Kedudukannya merupakan hasil konsensus bersama rakyat Jepang, di mana kedaulatan berada. Dan frasa Kimigayo merujuk pada negara kita, Jepang. Tempat di mana Kaisar (Jepang) menjadi lambang negara dan persatuan rakyat berdasarkan hasil konsensus bersama rakyat Jepang. Cukup masuk akal bila kita mengambil lirik Kimigayo sebagai sebuah doa untuk kemakmuran dan perdamaian abadi di negara kita yang seperti itu.

Partai-partai oposan saat itu menentang keras pemaknaan sepihak oleh pemerintah. Partai Demokrat Jepang menyatakan keberatan karena kurangnya hubungan antara sejarah lagu dengan maknanya. Dan di antara semua kritik, kritik terpedas datang dari Kazuo Shii, ketua umum Partai Komunis Jepang. Ia mengklaim bahwa Kimigayo tidak bisa merujuk pada Jepang karena secara harfiah, lirik lagu tersebut hanya mendoakan kaisar agar bisa memerintah selamanya, bukan mendoakan keabadian Jepang. Shii juga keberatan dengan penggunaan lagu tersebut sebagai lagu kebangsaan karena bagi bangsa yang demokratis, lagu tentang kaisar sangatlah tidak pantas.

History

Empire of Japan (1868–1945)

Sazare-Ishi pebbles are believed to grow into boulders in some legends. A photo taken at Shimogamo Shrine in Kyōto.

Franz Eckert's notes, presented to the Meiji-Tennō in 1880 (cover design by Curt Netto).

The lyrics first appeared in the Kokin Wakashū, a poetry anthology, as an anonymous poem. The poem was included in many anthologies, and was used in a later period as a celebration song of a long life by people of all social statures. Unlike the form used for the current national anthem, the poem originally began with "Waga Kimi wa" ('my lord') instead of "Kimiga Yo wa" ('my lord's reign'). The first lyrics were changed during the Kamakura period, while the rest of the lyrics stayed the same. Because the lyrics were sung on formal occasions, such as birthdays, there was no sheet music for it until the 19th century.

In 1869, John William Fenton, a visiting Irish military band leader, realized there was no national anthem in Japan, and suggested to Iwao Ōyama, an officer of the Satsuma Clan, that one be created. Ōyama agreed, and selected the lyrics. The lyrics may have been chosen for their similarity to the British national anthem, due to Fenton's influence. After selecting the anthem's lyrics, Ōyama then asked Fenton to create the melody. After being given just two to three weeks to compose the melody and only a few days to rehearse, Fenton debuted the anthem before the Japanese Emperor in 1870. This was the first version of "Kimigayo". This was discarded because the melody "lacked solemnity", according to the Japanese government although others believe it is because the melody was actually "unsingable" for the Japanese. However, this version is still performed annually at the Myōkōji temple in Yokohama, where Fenton served as a military band leader. Myōkōji serves as a memorial to him.

In 1880, the Ministry of the Imperial Household adopted a new melody composed by Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi. The composer is often listed as Hiromori Hayashi, who was their supervisor and Akimori's father. Akimori was also one of Fenton's pupils. Although the melody is based on a traditional mode of Japanese court music, it is composed in a mixed style influenced by Western hymns, and uses some elements of the Fenton arrangement. The German musician Franz Eckert applied the melody with Western style harmony, creating the second and current version of "Kimigayo". The government formally adopted "Kimigayo" as the national anthem in 1888 and had copies of the music and lyrics sent overseas for diplomatic ceremonies. By 1893, "Kimigayo" was included in public school ceremonies due to the efforts of the then Ministry of Education.

At the turn of the 20th century, "Kimigayo" was beginning to be closely associated with the idea of honoring the Emperor. It was also associated as a part of Japanese education. However, opinions expressed in an Osaka paper in 1904 calls "Kimigayo" a song for the imperial family and not the state as a whole. Uchimura Kanzo, a Christian leader in Japan, stated at the turn of the 20th century that "Kimigayo" is not the anthem of Japan by saying the song's purpose is to praise the emperor. According to Kanzo, a national anthem should express the feelings of the people, and not of the divine emperor. The Japanese were not familiar with "Kimigayo" as the anthem until there was a surge of celebrations after victories in the First Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. Previously, papers were critical of fellow Japanese who could not sing "Kimigayo" properly at ceremonies overseas.

During World War II, the Japanese Empire ordered that schoolchildren, both from its homeland and its colonies, were to sing the "Kimigayo" anthem and salute Emperor Hirohito every morning.

Jepang Pascaperang (1945–sekarang)

1945 – 1999

Selama pendudukan Sekutu atas Jepang, tidak ada arahan khusus dari Panglima Tertinggi Sekutu untuk melarang penggunaan Kimigayo oleh pemerintah Jepang. Hal ini berbeda dengan kebijakan sebelumnya yang melarang pengibaran bendera Hinomaru. Seiring dengan munculnya dorongan untuk menggunakan Kimigayo sebagai media pembelajaran pertahanan dan bela negara di sekolah, lembaga penyiaran publik NHK mulai menggunakan lagu ini untuk membuka dan menutup acara televisi.

Sejak 1999

The Act on National Flag and Anthem (Japan) as it appears in the Official Gazette on August 15, 1999

The "Act on National Flag and Anthem" was passed in 1999, choosing both the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" as Japan's national symbols. The passage of the law stemmed from a suicide of a school principal in Hiroshima who could not resolve a dispute between his school board and his teachers over the use of the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo".

Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) decided to draft legislation to make the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" official symbols of Japan in 2000. His Chief Cabinet Secretary, Hiromu Nonaka, wanted the legislation to be completed by the 10th anniversary of the coronation of Akihito as Emperor. This is not the first time legislation was considered for establishing both symbols as official. In 1974, with the backdrop of the 1972 return of Okinawa to Japan and the 1973 oil crisis, Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka hinted at a law being passed legalizing both symbols.

Main supporters of the bill were the LDP and the Komeito (CGP), while the opposition included the Social Democratic Party (SDPJ) and Communist Party (CPJ), who cited the connotations both symbols had with the war era. The CPJ was further opposed for not allowing the issue to be decided by the public. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) could not develop party consensus on it. President of the DPJ, Naoto Kan stated that the DPJ must support the bill because the party already recognized both symbols as the symbols of Japan. Deputy Secretary General and future prime minister Yukio Hatoyama thought that this bill would cause further divisions among society and the public schools.

Before the vote, there were calls for the bills to be separated at the Diet. Waseda University professor Norihiro Kato stated that "Kimigayo" is a separate issue more complex than the Hinomaru flag. Attempts to designate only the Hinomaru as the national flag by the DPJ and other parties during the vote of the bill were rejected by the Diet. The House of Representatives passed the bill on July 22, 1999, by a 403 to 86 vote. The legislation was sent to the House of Councilors on July 28 and was passed on August 9. It was enacted into law on August 13.

Protocol

A photo taken on November 6, 2007, as "Kimigayo" was being played before a volleyball tournament in Ōsaka.

The lyrics and musical notation of the anthem are given in the second appendix of the Act on National Flag and Anthem. As for the sheet music itself, it displays a vocal arrangement with no mention of tempo and all of the lyrics in hiragana. The anthem is composed in 4/4 (common time) in the Dorian mode. The Act on National Flag and Anthem does not detail how one should show respect during performances of "Kimigayo". In a statement made by Prime Minister Obuchi, the legislation will not impose new regulations on the Japanese people when it comes to respecting the flag or anthem. However, local government bodies and private organizations sometimes suggest or demand certain protocols be followed. For example, an October 2003 directive by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government required teachers to stand during the national anthem at graduation ceremonies. While standing, the teachers are required to sing "Kimigayo" while facing the Hinomaru. United States military personnel are required by regulations to render honors with a hand salute, or when in civilian dress, to place their right hand over their heart when "Kimigayo", "The Star-Spangled Banner", or any other national anthem is performed. The Act on National Flag and Anthem also does not dictate when or where "Kimigayo" should be played. The anthem, however, is commonly played at sporting events inside of Japan, or at international sporting events where Japan has a competing team. At sumō tournaments, "Kimigayo" is played before the awards ceremony.

Public schools

Since the end of World War II, the Ministry of Education has issued statements and regulations to promote the usage of both the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" at schools under their jurisdiction. The first of these statements was released in 1950, stating that it was desirable, but not required, to use both symbols. This desire was later expanded to include both symbols on national holidays and during ceremonial events to encourage students on what national holidays are and to promote defense education. The Ministry not only took great measures to explain that both symbols are not formally established by law, they also referred to "Kimigayo" as a song and refused to call it the national anthem. It was not until 1977 that the Ministry referred to "Kimigayo" as the national anthem (国歌code: ja is deprecated , kokka) of Japan. In a 1989 reform of the education guidelines, the LDP-controlled government first demanded that the Hinomaru flag must be used in school ceremonies and that proper respect must be given to it and to "Kimigayo". Punishments for school officials who did not follow this order were also enacted with the 1989 reforms.

The 1999 curriculum guideline issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem decrees that "on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing the "Kimigayo" (national anthem), given the significance of the flag and the song." Additionally, the ministry's commentary on 1999 curriculum guideline for elementary schools note that "given the advance of internationalization, along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese, it is important to nurture school children's respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and "Kimigayo" as they grow up to be respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society." The ministry also stated that if Japanese students cannot respect their own symbols, then they will not be able to respect the symbols of other nations.

Pandangan masa kini

Berdasarkan survei yang diadakan oleh TV Asahi di tahun 1999, kebanyakan orang Jepang menganggap Kimigayo sangat penting, meskipun mereka juga tahu bahwa lagu tersebut sangat kontroversial jauh sebelum disahkannya UU Bendera dan Lagu Kebangsaan. Namun, jajak pendapat yang diadakan oleh Mainichi Shimbun di tahun yang sama menunjukkan sebaliknya. Kebanyakan responden menentang UU tersebut atau meminta parlemen untuk berpikir dua kali sebelum mengesahkan UU tersebut. Banyak murid sekolah yang mengeluh karena mereka selalu dipaksa untuk menyanyikan Kimigayo tiap hari, padahal mereka tidak paham arti liriknya dan tidak diajari tentang sejarah penggunaannya. Kontroversi seputar penggunaan lagu kebangsaan di acara sekolah masih tetap ada hingga kini.

Lirik

Lirik resmi	Kana (Hiragana)	Romaji	IPA	Terjemahan langsung	Tafsiran
君が代は 千代に八千代に さざれ石の いわおとなりて こけのむすまで	きみがよは ちよにやちよに さざれいしの いわおとなりて こけのむすまで	Kimigayo wa Chiyo ni yachiyo ni Sazare-ishi no Iwao to narite Koke no musu made	[kimiɡajo ɰa] [tɕiꜜjo ɲi jaꜜtɕijo ɲi] [sazaɾeꜜiɕi no] [iɰa.o to naɾite] [kokeꜜ no mɯꜜsɯ made]	(Semoga) kekuasaan Dikau (Terus berlanjut hingga) seribu, delapan ribu generasi Hingga batu kecil (Berubah) menjadi batu besar (Yang) diselimuti lumut	Semoga Jepang kekal abadi selama-lamanya.

Controversies

Japan's national anthem is deemed the world's most controversial due to its post-war history. Schools have been the center of controversy over both it and the national flag. The Tokyo Board of Education requires the use of both "Kimigayo" and flag at events under their jurisdiction. The order requires school teachers to respect both symbols or risk losing their jobs. In 1999, several teachers in Hiroshima refused to put up the anthem while the Hiroshima Education Board demanded that they do so. As the tension arose between them, a vice-principal committed suicide. A similar incident in Osaka in 2010 also occurred, with 32 teachers refusing to sing the song in a ceremony. In 2011, nine more teachers joined the rebellion, along with another eight in 2012. Hashimoto Toru, the mayor of Osaka, slated the teachers as "[i]t was good that criminals [teachers] who are intent on breaking the rules [of not singing the state anthem] have risen to the surface [public]". Some have protested that such rules violate the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the "freedom of thought, belief and conscience" clause in the Constitution of Japan, but the Board has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens. Teachers have unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints against Tokyo Governor Shintarō Ishihara and senior officials for ordering teachers to honor the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo". After earlier opposition, the Japan Teachers Union accepts the use of both the flag and national anthem; the smaller All Japan Teachers and Staffs Union still opposes both symbols and their use inside the school system.

In 2006, Katsuhisa Fujita, a retired teacher in Tokyo, was threatened with imprisonment and fined 200,000 yen (roughly 2,000 US dollars) after he was accused of disturbing a graduation ceremony at Itabashi High School by urging the attendees to remain seated during the playing of the national anthem. At the time of Fujita's sentence, 345 teachers had been punished for refusing to take part in anthem related events, though Fujita is the only man to have been convicted in relation to it. On September 21, 2006, the Tokyo District Court ordered the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to pay compensation to the teachers who had been subjected to punishment under the directive of the Tokyo Board of Education. The then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi commented, "It is a natural idea to treat the national anthem importantly". The ruling was appealed by the Metropolitan Government. From October 23, 2003 to 2008, 410 teachers and school workers were punished for refusing to stand and sing the anthem as ordered by school principals. Teachers can also be punished if their students do not stand while "Kimigayo" is played during school ceremonies.

On 30 May 2011 and 6 June 2011, two panels of the Supreme Court of Japan ruled that it was constitutional to require teachers to stand in front of the Hinomaru and sing the Kimigayo during school ceremonies. In making the ruling, the panels ratified the decision of the Tokyo High Court in ruling against 13 teachers who had asked for court relief after being disciplined between 2003 and 2005 for refusing to stand and sing the anthem.

Outside of the school system, there was a controversy regarding "Kimigayo" soon after the passage of the 1999 law. A month after the law's passage, a record containing a performance of "Kimigayo" by Japanese rock musician Kiyoshiro Imawano was removed by Polydor Records from his album Fuyu no Jujika. Polydor did not want to attract harassment from far-right groups. In response, Imawano re-released the album through an independent label with the track in question.

See also

• Flag of Japan
• Imperial Seal of Japan
• Rising Sun Flag
• Umi Yukaba - anthem of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Aspinall, Robert W. Teachers' Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan. State University of New York Press; 2001. ISBN 0-7914-5050-3.
• Calichman, Richard T. Contemporary Japanese Thought. Columbia University Press; 2005. ISBN 0-231-13621-8.
• Goodman, Roger; Ian Neary. Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan. Routledge; 1996. ISBN 978-1-873410-35-6.
• Hebert, David G. (2011), "National Identity in the Japanese School Band", Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools, Landscapes: the Arts, Aesthetics, and Education, 9, Springer, hlm. 239, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2178-4_16, ISBN 978-94-007-2178-4 
• Heenan, Patrick. The Japan Handbook. Routledge; 1998. ISBN 1-57958-055-6.
• Itoh, Mayumi. The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations. Palgrave Macmillan; 2003. ISBN 1-4039-6331-2.
• Trevor, Malcolm. Japan – Restless Competitor The Pursuit of Economic Nationalism. Routledge; 2001. ISBN 978-1-903350-02-7.

• Marshall, Alex. Republic or Death! Travels in Search of National Anthems, Windmill Books, 2016, ISBN 9781473507531 OCLC 919397311 – contains chapter on the song, and its meaning today focusing on controversies

Legislation

• Government of Japan. 国旗及び国歌に関する法律 (法律第百二十七号) [Act on National Flag and Anthem, Act No. 127]; 1999-08-13 [cited 2021-03-30]. (dalam bahasa Jepang).

External links

• Web-Japan.org National Flag and Anthem
• Kimigayo: streaming audio, lyrics and information
• About.com Japanese national anthem – Kimigayo

Didahului oleh: –	"Kimigayo" Lagu kebangsaan Jepang (1868–sekarang)	Diteruskan oleh: -
Didahului oleh: –	"Kimigayo" Lagu kebangsaan Taiwan (1895-1945)	Diteruskan oleh: "Tiga Prinsip Rakyat" (1945–sekarang)
Didahului oleh: "Lagu kebangsaan Kekaisaran Korea" (1902–1910)	"Kimigayo" Lagu kebangsaan Korea (1910–1945)	Diteruskan oleh: "Aegukga" (1948–sekarang, di Korea Selatan) "Aegukka" (1948–sekarang, di Korea Utara)