Reformasi Inggris: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 22 November 2023 11.50

Reformasi Inggris adalah serangkaian peristiwa yang terjadi di Inggris pada abad ke-16 ketika Gereja Inggris memisahkan diri dari otoritas Paus dan Gereja Katolik Roma. Peristiwa ini terkait dengan Reformasi Protestan yang menyebar luas di seluruh Eropa, menjadi gerakan keagamaan dan politik yang memengaruhi praktik Kekristenan di sebagian besar Eropa selama periode ini.

Secara ideologis, landasan bagi Reformasi diletakkan oleh para humanis Renaisans yang memercayai bahwa Kitab Suci adalah satu-satunya sumber iman Kristen dan mengkritik praktik-praktik keagamaan yang mereka nilai sebagai takhayul. Pada tahun 1520, ide-ide baru Martin Luther diperkenalkan dan diperdebatkan di Inggris, tetapi kaum Protestan merupakan minoritas agama dan bidat menurut hukum. Reformasi Inggris dimulai lebih sebagai peristiwa politik daripada perselisihan teologis.^{[note 1]} In 1527, Henry VIII requested an annulment of his marriage, but Pope Clement VII refused. In response, the Reformation Parliament (1529–1536) passed laws abolishing papal authority in England and declared Henry to be head of the Church of England. Final authority in doctrinal disputes now rested with the monarch. Though a religious traditionalist himself, Henry relied on Protestants to support and implement his religious agenda.

Faktor-faktor yang berperan dalam peristiwa ini di antaranya adalah kemerosotan feodalisme dan kebangkitan nasionalisme, diciptakannya hukum umum, penemuan mesin cetak yang meningkatkan oplah Alkitab, serta tersebarnya ide dan pengetahuan baru di kalangan ilmuwan dan kelas menengah ke atas. Namun, berbagai tahapan Reformasi Inggris, yang juga berlangsung di Wales dan Irlandia, sebagian besarnya dipicu oleh kebijakan pemerintah, dan opini publik ikut menyesuaikan diri secara bertahap.

Berawal dari kekesalan Henry VIII terhadap Gereja Katolik Roma karena tidak bersedia membatalkan pernikahannya, Reformasi Inggris pada awalnya lebih berupa masalah politik ketimbang masalah teologi. Fakta bahwa adanya perbedaan pandangan politik antara Inggris dan Roma memicu munculnya perselisihan ideologis di kemudian hari.^[1] Sebelum Inggris memisahkan diri dari Roma, kewenangan untuk memutuskan doktrin berada di tangan Paus dan dewan umum gereja. Tindakan gereja diatur oleh kode hukum kanon, dan kekuasaan mengadili dipegang oleh Roma.

Pajak Gereja dibayar langsung pada Roma, dan Paus memiliki hak untuk memutuskan pengangkatan uskup. Setelah putus hubungan dengan Roma, monarki Inggris ditetapkan sebagai Gubernur Tertinggi Gereja Inggris melalui Supremasi Kerajaan, menjadikan Gereja Inggris sebagai agama resmi negara. Doktrin dan putusan hukum berada di tangan raja, dan hak Paus untuk mengangkat uskup dan memungut pajak turut diambil alih oleh Gereja Inggris.

Struktur dan teologi gereja di Inggris telah menjadi sumber sengketa selama beberapa generasi. Perselisihan tersebut berakhir dengan pecahnya Revolusi Agung pada tahun 1688. Setelah revolusi, muncul pemerintahan gereja yang beranggotakan sejumlah gereja nonkonformis yang didiskriminasi oleh kaum mayoritas, misalnya pemusnahan minoritas Katolik Roma yang dilegalkan oleh organisasi gereja hingga abad ke-19.

Latar belakang

Henry VIII naik takhta sebagai raja Inggris pada tahun 1509 saat berusia 17 tahun. Ia menikah dengan Catharina dari Aragon, janda kakaknya, Arthur, pada bulan Juni 1509, tepat sebelum upacara penobatannya. Tidak seperti ayahnya yang penuh rahasia dan berpandangan konservatif, Henry muda memiliki sifat yang sopan dan penuh keramahan. Sebagai Katolik yang taat, ia mengikuti hampir lima Misa dalam sehari (kecuali pada musim berburu); dari yang sebelumnya "berpikiran kuat dan lugu", ia membiarkan dirinya dipengaruhi oleh penasihatnya pada malam atau siang hari. Henry juga menghargai siapapun yang mau mendengarnya.^[2]

Pada tahun 1522, seorang gadis Prancis bernama Anne Boleyn dikirim untuk menjadi dayang Ratu Catharina. Pembawaan Anne yang cerdas dan memesona berhasil memikat Henry.^[3] Pada akhir 1520-an, Henry ingin pernikahannya dengan Catharina dibatalkan. Pernikahannya dengan Catharina tidak menghasilkan keturunan lelaki, sedangkan Henry menginginkan seorang putra sebagai ahli waris Dinasti Tudor.

Sebelum ayah Henry (Henry VII) naik takhta, Inggris telah dilanda oleh perang saudara dalam memperebutkan mahkota Inggris. Henry bertekad ingin menghindari hal-hal tersebut dengan cara memiliki ahli waris yang sah.^[4] Satu-satunya anak Catharina yang hidup sampai dewasa hanyalah Putri Mary.

Henry beranggapan bahwa ia tidak memiliki keturunan laki-laki karena pernikahannya "suram di mata Tuhan."^[5] Catharina adalah seorang janda yang pernah dinikahi oleh kakak Henry, Arthur. Dengan menikahi Catharina, berarti Henry telah menentang ajaran Alkitab (Imamat 20:21).^[6] Henry menganggap bahwa yang dilakukannya ini adalah tindakan yang salah dan pernikahannya tidak pernah sah di mata Tuhan. Pada tahun 1527, Henry meminta Paus Klemens VII untuk membatalkan pernikahannya, tetapi Paus menolak. Menurut Hukum Kanon, Paus tidak memiliki hak untuk membatalkan pernikahan atas alasan tersebut. Paus Klemens juga takut akan adanya ancaman dari keponakan Catharina, Kaisar Romawi Suci Karl V.^[7]

Henry yang semakin tergoda oleh kecantikan Anne Boleyn semakin bertekad untuk berpisah dengan Catharina.^[8] Pada tahun 1529, Penasihatnya, Kardinal Thomas Wolsey, menuduhnya telah mengkhianati gereja dengan mendahulukan kepentingan kerajaan daripada kepentingan Kepausan.^[9] Henry kemudian mulai mengumpulkan dukungan untuk memisahkan diri dari Roma.

Debat parlemen

Pada tahun 1529, raja memanggil Parlemen sehubungan dengan masalah pembatalan pernikahan. Parlemen sendiri menyetujui keinginan Henry untuk melakukan reformasi, tetapi tidak berhasil mencapai kesepakatan mengenai tindakan apa yang harus diambil; parlemen ini selanjutnya dikenal dengan nama Parlemen Reformasi. Beberapa AP membenci para pendeta yang memiliki hak istimewa untuk ikut campur dalam pengadilan.^[10] Penasihat Henry yang baru, Thomas More, menginginkan pengesahan undang-undang baru yang mengatur mengenai ajaran sesat.^[11]

Thomas Cromwell, seorang anggota parlemen yang beragama Protestan, berpendapat bahwa Parlemen bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung Supremasi Kerajaan sebagaimana yang diinginkan Henry. Ia juga mendorong Henry untuk memilih Protestan sebagai agama negara.^[10] Thomas Cranmer, anggota Parlemen lainnya yang beragama Protestan, diangkat sebagai Uskup Agung setelah reformasi. Sedangkan mengenai masalah pembatalan pernikahan, kesepakatan masih belum tercapai. Paus sepertinya lebih takut pada Karl V ketimbang Henry. Anne Boleyn dan Cromwell bersikeras bahwa mereka bisa mengabaikan wewenang Paus, tetapi pada Oktober 1530, para rohaniwan berunding dan sepakat bahwa Parlemen tidak berhak untuk menentang wewenang Paus. Henry kemudian memutuskan untuk mengintimidasi para pendeta yang menolak keputusannya.^[12]

Keputusan raja

Henry yang geram memutuskan untuk menghukum para pendeta atas tuduhan melanggar praemunire. Undang-Undang Praemunire, yang melarang ketaatan kepada Paus dan penguasa asing dan telah diberlakukan sejak tahun 1392, telah diterapkan terhadap individu dalam sejumlah proses pengadilan. Henry juga menjatuhi hukuman terhadap para pendukung Ratu Catharina, termasuk Uskup John Fisher, Nicholas West dan Henry Standish, serta diakon Adam Travers, atas tuduhan yang sama.^[13] Henry menuntut denda sebesar £100.000 sebagai syarat pembebasan mereka, yang akhirnya diberikan oleh Konvokasi pada 24 Januari 1531. Para pendeta menuntut pembayaran tersebut dilakukan selama lima tahun. Henry setuju dan mengeluarkan lima keputusan yang menyatakan bahwa:

Para rohaniwan mengakui Henry sebagai "pelindung tunggal dan Pemimpin Agung Gereja dan rohaniwan di Inggris."^[14]
Raja memiliki kekuasaan mengadili dalam bidang kerohanian
Hak istimewa Gereja bisa ditegakkan hanya jika tidak bertentangan dengan hukum kerajaan
Raja mengampuni para rohaniwan meskipun telah melanggar undang-undang praemunire
Para biarawan juga diampuni

Lihat juga

Catatan

^ Menurut (Scruton 1996, hlm. 470), "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine."

Referensi

^ Cf. "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529-36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine." Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought (Macmillan, 1996), hlm. 470.
^ Susan Brigden, New Worlds, Lost Worlds (Allen Lane 2000) hlm. u109f. He "...believed he that he could keep his own secrets... but he was often deceived and he deceived himself." (p. 103)
^ Brigden, hlm. 111. Her music book contained an illustration of a falcon pecking at a pomegranate: the falcon was her badge, the pomegranate, that of Granada, Catherine's badge.
^ Robert Lacey, The Life and Times of Henry VIII, (Book Club Associates, 1972), hlm. 70
^ Roderick Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge University Press, 1991), hlm. 20
^ John Fisher mischievously pointed out that, according to Deuteronomy, a man should marry his deceased brother's widow, rather than be prohibited from doing so; see also St. Mark 12:18 ff.
^ T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, (Routledge 1998), p166
^ Brigden, hlm. 114
^ Christopher Haigh, hlm. 92f
^ ^a ^b MacCulloch, hlm. 200
^ Brigden, hlm. 116
^ Haigh, hlm. 106
^ T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth century, (Routledge, 1998), hlm. 172.
^ Tanner Tudor Constitutional Documents (CUP) hlm. 17 gives this as "their singular protector, only and supreme lord, and, as far as the law of Christ allows, even Supreme Head"

Bibliografi

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Pranala luar

The History of the Reformation of the Church of England by Gilbert Burnet (Oxford University Press, 1829): Volume I,Volume I, Part II, Volume II, Volume II, Part II, Volume III Volume III, Part II
Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, Under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, and Queen Mary I by John Strype (Clarendon Press, 1822): Vol. I, Pt. I, Vol. I, Pt. II, Vol. II, Pt. I, Vol. II, Pt. II, Vol. III, Pt. I, Vol. III, Pt. II
Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England, During Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign by John Strype (1824 ed.): Vol. I, Pt. I, Vol. I, Pt. II, Vol. II, Pt. I, Vol. II., Pt. II, Vol. III, Pt. I, Vol. III, Pt. II, Vol. IV
Hanover College Historical Texts Collection: The English Reformation - links to primary sources.
Hanover College Historical Texts Collection: The Protestant Reformation - links to primary sources.

[1] Menurut (Scruton 1996, hlm. 470), "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine."

[scruton1996p470-2] Cf. "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529-36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine." Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought (Macmillan, 1996), hlm. 470.

[3] Susan Brigden, New Worlds, Lost Worlds (Allen Lane 2000) hlm. u109f. He "...believed he that he could keep his own secrets... but he was often deceived and he deceived himself." (p. 103)

[4] Brigden, hlm. 111. Her music book contained an illustration of a falcon pecking at a pomegranate: the falcon was her badge, the pomegranate, that of Granada, Catherine's badge.

[5] Robert Lacey, The Life and Times of Henry VIII, (Book Club Associates, 1972), hlm. 70

[6] Roderick Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge University Press, 1991), hlm. 20

[7] John Fisher mischievously pointed out that, according to Deuteronomy, a man should marry his deceased brother's widow, rather than be prohibited from doing so; see also St. Mark 12:18 ff.

[8] T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, (Routledge 1998), p166

[9] Brigden, hlm. 114

[10] Christopher Haigh, hlm. 92f

[MacCulloch,_hlm._200-11] MacCulloch, hlm. 200

[12] Brigden, hlm. 116

[13] Haigh, hlm. 106

[14] T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the Sixteenth century, (Routledge, 1998), hlm. 172.

[15] Tanner Tudor Constitutional Documents (CUP) hlm. 17 gives this as "their singular protector, only and supreme lord, and, as far as the law of Christ allows, even Supreme Head"

[note 1]

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[14]

@@ Baris 61: / Baris 61: @@
 {{Reflist|20em}}
-== Referensi ==
+===Bibliografi===
+{{refbegin|35em}}
-* Susan Brigden ''New Worlds, Lost Worlds'' (Allen Lane 2000)
+* {{cite book | last = Aston | first = Margaret | author-link = Margaret Aston | title = The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OV40AAAAIAAJ | isbn = 9780521484572}}
-* [[Patrick Collinson]] and John Craig ''The Reformation in English Towns 1500-1640'' (Macmillan 1998)
+* {{cite journal | last = Bernard | first = G. W. | author-link = George W. Bernard | title = The Church of England c.1529–c.1642 | journal = History | volume = 75 | issue = 244 | pages = 183–206 | publisher = Wiley | date = June 1990 | jstor = 24420971 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01514.x}}
-* [[A. G. Dickens]], The English Reformation (London) (2nd Ed. 1989)
+* {{cite book | last = Bremer | first = Francis J. | title = Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RDnRCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 9780199740871 }}
-* [[Eamon Duffy]], ''The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400-1580'' (Yale, 1992).
+* {{cite book |first=Susan |last=Brigden |author-link=Susan Brigden |title=New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603 |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYtcK49fgZkC |isbn=9781101563991}}
-* Eamon Duffy, ''Voices from Morebath'' (Yale 2001)
+* {{cite book | last = Byford | first = Mark | contribution = The Birth of a Protestant Town: The Process of Reformation in Tudor Colchester, 1530–80 | title = The Reformation in English Towns, 1500–1640 | editor-last1 = Collinson | editor-first1 = Patrick | editor-last2 = Craig | editor-first2 = John | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1998 | pages = 23–47 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0k1dDwAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781349268320|ref=none}}
-* [[G. R. Elton]], ''England Under the Tudors: Third Edition'' (Routledge, 1991).
+* {{cite journal | last = Cavill | first = P. R. | title = Heresy and Forfeiture in Marian England | journal = The Historical Journal | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 879–907 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = December 2013 | jstor = 24528854 |doi = 10.1017/S0018246X13000277 | s2cid = 159856083 | url = https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/246098}}
-* G. R. Elton, ''The Tudor Constitution: Second Edition'' (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
+* {{cite book | editor-last1 = Coffey | editor-first1 = John | editor-last2 = Lim | editor-first2 = Paul C. H. | title = The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism | publisher = Cambridge University Press | series = Cambridge Companions to Religion | year = 2008 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0-521-67800-1}}
-* Christopher Haigh, ''English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors'' (Oxford, 1993). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=16221552 online edition]
+* {{Citation | last = Craig | first = John | contribution = The Growth of English Puritanism | year = 2008 | title = The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism | editor-last1 = Coffey | editor-first1 = John | editor-last2 = Lim | editor-first2 = Paul C. H. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | series = Cambridge Companions to Religion | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0-521-67800-1 | pages = 34–47}}
-* Felicity Heal; ''Reformation in Britain and Ireland'' (Oxford UP, 2005) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109904318 online edition]
+* {{cite book | last = Dickens | first = A. G. | author-link = A. G. Dickens | title = Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York 1509–1558 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1959 | location = London | isbn = 978-0197134085}}
-* [[Stanford Lehmberg]], ''The Reformation Parliament, 1529 - 1536'' (Cambridge University Press, 1970).
+* {{cite book | last = Dickens | first = A. G. | title = Reformation and Society in 16th-Century Europe | publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1966 | author-mask = 2}}
-* [[Diarmaid MacCulloch]] ''[[Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490 - 1700|Reformation]]'' (Allen Lane 2003)
+* {{cite book |last=Dickens |first=A. G. |title=The English Reformation |location=London |edition=2nd |year=1989|publisher=New York, Schocken Books |url=https://archive.org/details/englishreformati00dick | author-mask = 2}}
-* Diarmaid MacCulloch ''Thomas Cranmer'' (Yale 1996)
+* {{cite book | last = Duffy | first = Eamon | author-link = Eamon Duffy | title = The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2001 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E45TQd678hYC | isbn = 978-0300098259|ref=none}}
-* Judith Maltby, ''Prayer book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England'' (Cambridge 1998)
+* {{cite book | last = Duffy | first = Eamon | title = The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, {{circa|1400|lk=no}} – {{circa|1580|lk=no}} | publisher = Yale University Press | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K48k6JIcPrUC | isbn = 978-0-300-10828-6 | author-mask = 2}}
-* {{Citation  | last =Ridley | first =Jasper  | authorlink = Jasper Ridley
+* {{cite journal |first=Eamon |last=Duffy |title=The English Reformation After Revisionism |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=59 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=720–731 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/234301 |doi=10.1353/ren.2008.0366 |jstor=10.1353/ren.2008.0366|s2cid=154375741 | author-mask = 2}}
- | title =Thomas Cranmer  | publisher =[[Clarendon Press]]
+* {{cite book | last = Elton | first = G. R. | author-link = Geoffrey Elton | title = The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary | publisher = Cambridge University Press | edition = 2nd | year = 1982 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CJZZzoBJOfwC | isbn = 978-0521287579}}
- | year =1962 | place =Oxford | url = | id =  | oclc =398369 }}.* Richard Wilkinson; "Thomas Cranmer: The Yes-Man Who Said No: Richard Wilkinson Elucidates the Paradoxical Career of One of the Key Figures of English Protestantism," ''History Review,'' 2010 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5048524774 online edition]
+* {{cite book | last = Elton | first = G. R. | title = England Under the Tudors | publisher = Routledge | edition = 3rd | year = 1991 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I1_p3zn2LI0C | isbn = 978-0415065337 | author-mask = 2}}
+* {{cite book |last=Graham-Dixon |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Graham-Dixon |title=A History of British Art |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBE2HPCN_1IC&pg=PA38 |isbn=978-0-520-22376-9}}
-=== Historiografi ===
+* {{cite book | last = Haigh | first = Christopher | author-link = Christopher Haigh | title = English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1993 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zFmS2ng9z7wC | isbn = 978-0-19-822162-3}}
-* Haigh, Christopher. "The Recent Historiography of the English Reformation," ''Historical Journal'' Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 1982), pp.&nbsp;995–1007 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638647 in JSTOR]
+* {{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Haigh |title=Religion |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=7 |year=1997 |pages=281–299 |jstor=3679281| author-mask = 2 |doi=10.2307/3679281}}
-* Marshall, Peter. "(Re)defining the English Reformation," ''Journal of British Studies,'' July 2009, Vol. 48#3 pp 564–586
+* {{cite journal | last = Hargrave | first = O. T. | title = Bloody Mary's Victims: The Iconography of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs | journal = Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–21 | publisher = Historical Society of the Episcopal Church | date = March 1982 | jstor = 42973872}}
+* {{cite book | last = Hazlett | first = W. Ian P. | contribution = Settlements: The British Isles | title = Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation | editor-last1 = Brady | editor-first1 = Thomas A. Jr. | editor-last2 = Oberman | editor-first2 = Heiko A. | editor-last3 = Tracy | editor-first3 = James D. | publisher = Brill | volume = 2: Visions, Programs and Outcomes | year = 1995 | pages = 455–490 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0HqoVsg6gycC | isbn = 9789004097629}}
+* {{cite book | last = Heal | first = Felicity | author-link = Felicity Heal | title = Reformation in Britain and Ireland | publisher = Oxford University Press | series = The Oxford History of the Christian Church | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FnjnCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 0198269242}}
+* {{cite book | last = Hearn | first = Karen | title = Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1530–1630 | publisher = Tate Publishing | year = 1995 | isbn = 9781854371577}}
+* {{cite book | last = Hefling | first =  Charles | title = The Book of Common Prayer: A Guide | publisher = Oxford University Press | series = Guides to Sacred Texts | year = 2021 | doi = 10.1093/oso/9780190689681.001.0001 | isbn = 9780190689681}}
+* {{cite book | editor-last1 = Jones | editor-first1 = Cheslyn | editor-last2 = Wainwright | editor-first2 = Geoffrey | editor-last3 = Yarnold | editor-first3 = Edward | editor-last4 = Bradshaw | editor-first4 = Paul | title = The Study of Liturgy | publisher = [[SPCK]] | edition = revised | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-19-520922-8}}
+* {{cite book | last = Lacey | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Lacey | title = The Life and Times of Henry VIII | publisher = Book Club Associates |year =1972}}
+* {{cite book |author-link=Stanford Lehmberg |last=Lehmberg |first=Stanford |title=The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 |url=https://archive.org/details/reformationparli0000lehm |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970|isbn=9780521076555 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Loach | first = Jennifer | title = Edward VI | publisher = Yale University Press | series = Yale English Monarchs |year = 1999 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uhnAtumAHakC | isbn = 9780300094091}}
+* {{cite journal | last = Loades | first = David | title = The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research | journal = Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 547–558 | publisher = The North American Conference on British Studies | date = Winter 1989 | jstor = 4049536 |doi = 10.2307/4049536}}
+* {{cite book | last = MacCulloch | first = Diarmaid | author-link = Diarmaid MacCulloch | title = Thomas Cranmer: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc | url-access = registration | publisher = Yale University Press | edition = revised | year = 1996 | location = London | isbn = 9780300226577}}
+* {{cite book | last = MacCulloch | first = Diarmaid | title = The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1999 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo8_2s84AkoC | isbn = 978-0520234024 | author-mask = 2}}
+* {{cite book | last = MacCulloch | first = Diarmaid | title = The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 | publisher = Palgrave | series = British History in Perspective | edition = 2nd | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780333921395 | author-mask = 2 | url = https://archive.org/details/laterreformation00macc }}
+* {{cite book | last = MacCulloch | first = Diarmaid | title = The Reformation: A History | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-14-303538-1 | author-mask = 2 |title-link = The Reformation: A History}}
+* {{cite journal|first=Diarmaid|last=MacCulloch|title=Putting the English Reformation on the Map|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=December 2005|volume=15|pages=75–95|doi=10.1017/S0080440105000319|jstor=3679363|s2cid=162188544|author-mask = 2}}
+* {{cite book |last=Maltby |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Maltby |title=Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6sELiM_s7QC|isbn=9780521793872}}
+* {{cite book | last = Maltby | first = Judith | author-link = Judith Maltby | chapter = The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Restoration | year = 2006 | title = The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey | editor-last1 = Hefling | editor-first1 = Charles | editor-last2 = Shattuck | editor-first2 = Cynthia | pages = 79–92 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC | isbn= 978-0-19-529756-0 | author-mask = 2}}
+* {{cite book | last = Marshall | first = Peter | title = Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2017 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0300170627}}
+* {{cite book | last = Mackie | first = J. D. | author-link = John Duncan Mackie | title = The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 | publisher = Oxford University Press | series = Oxford History of England | year = 1952 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IPPjvveNsTQC | isbn = 978-0198217060}}
+* {{cite book | last = Moorman | first = John R. H. | author-link = John Moorman | title = A History of the Church in England | publisher = Morehouse Publishing | edition = 3rd | year = 1973 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TdnFzfzpOxsC | isbn = 978-0819214065}}
+* {{cite book | last = Moorman | first = John R. H. | author-link = John Moorman | title = The Anglican Spiritual Tradition | publisher = Darton, Longman and Todd | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-87243-125-6 |author-mask = 2}}
+* {{cite book | last = Morris | first = T. A. | title = Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century | publisher = Routledge | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tOSEAgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1134748204}}
+* {{cite book | last = Phillips | first = Roderick | title = Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1991 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bibVS8_PDXMC | isbn = 978-0521423700}}
+* {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |author-link=Jasper Ridley |title=Thomas Cranmer |url=https://archive.org/details/thomascranmer0000ridl |url-access=registration |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1962 |location=Oxford |oclc=398369}}
+* {{cite journal | last = Roddy | first = Kate | title = Recasting Recantation in 1540s England: Thomas Becon, Robert Wisdom, and Robert Crowley | journal = Renaissance and Reformation | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–90 | date = Winter 2016 | doi = 10.33137/rr.v39i1.26543 | jstor = 43918982| doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite book|last1=Ryrie|first1=Alec|title=The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms 1485–1603|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Harlow|isbn=978-1405835572}}
+* {{cite book | last = Ryrie | first = Alec | author-link = Alec Ryrie | title = The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms, 1485–1603 | publisher = Routledge | series = Religion, Politics and Society in Britain | edition = 2nd | year = 2017 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ivniDQAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1-315-27214-6}}
+* {{cite book | last = Scruton | first = Roger | author-link = Roger Scruton | title = A Dictionary of Political Thought | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780333647868}}
+* {{cite book | last = Shagan | first = Ethan H. | chapter =  The Emergence of the Church of England, c. 1520–1553 | year = 2017 | title = The Oxford History of Anglicanism | volume = 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662 | editor-last = Milton | editor-first = Anthony | pages = 28–44 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ | isbn= 9780199639731 }}
+* {{cite journal |first=Arthur J. |last=Slavin |title=G. R. Elton: On Reformation and Revolution |journal=The History Teacher |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=405–431 |jstor=494396|doi=10.2307/494396}}
+* {{cite book | last = Smith | first = Herbert Maynard | title = Pre-Reformation England | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 1938 | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo6wCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781349004065}}
+* {{cite book | last = Spinks | first = Bryan | chapter = From Elizabeth I to Charles II | year = 2006 | title = The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey | editor-last1 = Hefling | editor-first1 = Charles | editor-last2 = Shattuck | editor-first2 = Cynthia | pages = 44–54 | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC | isbn= 978-0-19-529756-0}}
+* {{cite book | last = Tanner | first = J. R. | author-link = Joseph Robson Tanner | title = Tudor Constitutional Documents A.D. 1485–1603: With an Historical Commentary | publisher = Cambridge University Press | edition = 2nd | year = 1930 | isbn = 978-1107679405}}
+* {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = Bard | title = Liturgies of the Western Church | year = 1961 | publisher = Meridian Books | isbn = 0-529-02077-7| url = https://archive.org/details/liturgiesofweste0000thom}}
+* {{cite book |last=Vidmar |first=John |title=English Catholic Historians and the English Reformation: 1585–1954 |year=2005 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton |oclc=54966133}}
+* {{cite journal | last = Ward | first = Cedric | title = The House of Commons and the Marian Reaction 1553–1558 | journal = Andrews University Seminary Studies | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–241 | publisher = Andrews University Press | date = Autumn 1981 | url = https://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1981-3/1981-3-04.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150928164442/https://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1981-3/1981-3-04.pdf | archive-date = 28 September 2015 | url-status = live}}
+* {{Cite book|title=Women of the English Renaissance and Reformation|last=Warnicke|first=Retha|publisher=Praeger|year=1983|isbn=978-0-313-23611-2}}
+{{refend}}
 == Pranala luar ==