|
|
| Penampilan |
keperakan
 |
| Ciri-ciri umum |
| Nama, lambang, Nomor atom |
kalifornium, Cf, 98 |
| Dibaca |
/ˌkælɪˈfɔrniəm/
KAL-i-FOR-nee-əm |
| Jenis unsur |
actinide |
| Golongan, periode, blok |
n/a, 7, f |
| Massa atom standar |
(251) |
| Konfigurasi elektron |
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 |
| Sifat fisika |
| Fase |
solid |
| Massa jenis (mendekati suhu kamar) |
15.1 g·cm−3 |
| Titik lebur |
1173 K, 900 °C, 1652 °F |
| Titik didih |
1743[3] K, 1470 °C, 2678 (estimation) °F |
| Sifat atom |
| Bilangan oksidasi |
2, 3, 4 |
| Elektronegativitas |
1.3 (skala Pauling) |
| Energi ionisasi |
pertama: 608 kJ·mol−1 |
| Lain-lain |
| Struktur kristal |
simple hexagonal |
| Kekerasan Mohs |
3–4 |
| Nomor CAS |
7440-71-3 |
| Isotop paling stabil |
| Artikel utama: Isotop dari kalifornium |
| iso |
NA |
Waktu paruh |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 248Cf |
syn |
333.5 d |
α (100%) |
6.369 |
244Cm |
| SF (2.9×10−3%) |
0.0029 |
– |
| 249Cf |
syn |
351 y |
α (100%) |
6.295 |
245Cm |
| SF (5.0×10−7%) |
4.4×10−7 |
– |
| 250Cf |
syn |
13.08 y |
α (99.92%) |
6.129 |
246Cm |
| SF (0.08%) |
0.077 |
– |
| 251Cf |
syn |
898 y |
α |
6.172 |
247Cm |
| 252Cf |
syn |
2.645 y |
α (96.91%) |
6.217 |
248Cm |
| SF (3.09%) |
– |
– |
| 253Cf |
syn |
17.81 d |
β− (99.69%) |
0.29 |
253Es |
| α (0.31%) |
6.126 |
249Cm |
| 254Cf |
syn |
60.5 d |
SF (99.69%) |
– |
– |
| α (0.31%) |
5.930 |
250Cm |
| Isotope references: [9] |
|
|
· r |
Kalifornium (pengucapan: /ˌkælɪˈforniəm/) adalah unsur kimia dalam sistem periodik unsur yang memiliki lambang Cf dan nomor atom 98.
- Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1.
- CRC contributors (1991). In Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2.
- CRC contributors (2006). In Lide, David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3.
- Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". In Hampel, Clifford A. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938.
- Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7.
- Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9.
- Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9.
- Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, ed. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
- Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
- National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
- O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., ed. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
- Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
- Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
- Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
- Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1.
- Seaborg, G. T. (1996). In Adloff, J. P. One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0.
- Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". In Geller, Elizabeth. Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4.
- Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
- Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217.
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