Timbal

"PB" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat PB (disambiguasi).

82Pb Timbal
Nodul timbal murni dan kubus timbal 1 cm3
Garis spektrum timbal
Sifat umum
Nama, lambang	timbal, Pb
Pengucapan	/timbal/
Penampilan	abu-abu metalik
Timbal dalam tabel periodik
82Pb Hidrogen Helium Lithium Berilium Boron Karbon Nitrogen Oksigen Fluor Neon Natrium Magnesium Aluminium Silikon Fosfor Sulfur Clor Argon Potasium Kalsium Skandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Mangan Besi Cobalt Nikel Tembaga Seng Gallium Germanium Arsen Selen Bromin Kripton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Sn ↑ Pb ↓ Fl talium ← timbal → bismut Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar
Nomor atom (Z)	82
Golongan	golongan 14 (golongan karbon)
Periode	periode 6
Blok	blok-p
Kategori unsur	logam miskin
Berat atom standar (Ar)	[206,14, 207,94] 207,2±1,1 (diringkas)
Konfigurasi elektron	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Elektron per kelopak	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Sifat fisik
Fase pada STS (0 °C dan 101,325 kPa)	padat
Titik lebur	600,61 K ​(327,46 °C, ​621,43 °F)
Titik didih	2022 K ​(1749 °C, ​3180 °F)
Kepadatan mendekati s.k.	11,34 g/cm3
saat cair, pada t.l.	10,66 g/cm3
Kalor peleburan	4,77 kJ/mol
Kalor penguapan	179,5 kJ/mol
Kapasitas kalor molar	26,650 J/(mol·K)
Tekanan uap P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k pada T (K) 978 1088 1229 1412 1660 2027
Sifat atom
Bilangan oksidasi	−4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (oksida amfoter)
Elektronegativitas	Skala Pauling: 1,87 (+2) 2,33 (+4)
Energi ionisasi	ke-1: 715,6 kJ/mol ke-2: 1450,5 kJ/mol ke-3: 3081,5 kJ/mol
Jari-jari atom	empiris: 175 pm
Jari-jari kovalen	146±5 pm
Jari-jari van der Waals	202 pm
Lain-lain
Kelimpahan alami	primordial
Struktur kristal	​kubus berpusat muka (fcc) a=495,08 pm
Kecepatan suara batang ringan	1190 m/s (pada s.k.) (teranil)
Ekspansi kalor	28,9 µm/(m·K) (suhu 25 °C)
Konduktivitas termal	35,3 W/(m·K)
Resistivitas listrik	208 nΩ·m (suhu 20 °C)
Arah magnet	diamagnetik
Suseptibilitas magnetik molar	−23,0×10−6 cm3/mol (suhu 298 K)
Modulus Young	16 GPa
Modulus Shear	5,6 GPa
Modulus curah	46 GPa
Rasio Poisson	0,44
Skala Mohs	1,5
Skala Brinell	38–50 MPa
Nomor CAS	7439-92-1
Sejarah
Penemuan	Timur Tengah (7000 SM)
Simbol	"Pb": dari Latin plumbum
Isotop timbal yang utama
Iso­top Kelim­pahan Waktu paruh (t1/2) Mode peluruhan Pro­duk 204Pb 1,4% stabil 206Pb 24,1% stabil 207Pb 22,1% stabil 208Pb 52,4% stabil
Kelimpahan isotop sangat bervariasi menurut sampel

Timbal atau Timbel adalah suatu unsur kimia dalam tabel periodik yang memiliki lambang Pb dan nomor atom 82.

Dalam bahasa sehari-hari juga disebut Timah hitam, yang harus dibedakan dengan "timah" yang merupakan unsur kimia lain. Lambangnya diambil dari bahasa Latin Plumbum. Timbal (Pb) adalah logam berat yang terdapat secara alami di dalam kerak bumi. Keberadaan timbal bisa juga berasal dari hasil aktivitas manusia, yang mana jumlahnya 300 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan Pb alami yang terdapat pada kerak bumi. Pb terkonsentrasi dalam deposit bijih logam. Unsur Pb digunakan dalam bidang industri modern sebagai bahan pembuatan pipa air yang tahan korosi, bahan pembuat cat, baterai, dan campuran bahan bakar bensin tetraetil.

Timbal (Pb) adalah logam yang mendapat perhatian khusus karena sifatnya yang toksik (beracun) terhadap manusia. Timbal (Pb) dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui konsumsi makanan, minuman, udara, air, serta debu yang tercemar Pb.

Sifat fisik

Sifat atom

Atom timbal memiliki 82 elektron, dengan konfigurasi [Xe]4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6s²6p² Jumlah energi ionisasi pertama dan kedua timbal (energi untuk mengeluarkan dua elektron terluarnya) mirip dengan timah (Sn), tetangga atas timbal dalam golongan IVA. Hal ini tidak wajar karena energi ionisasi suatu unsur biasanya lebih rendah daripada tetangga atasnya di golongan yang sama, karena elektron terluarnya lebih jauh dari inti atom dan dipisahkan oleh lebih banyak orbital tingkat rendah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh fenomena yang disebut kontraksi lantanida, yaitu berkurangnya jari-jari atom dari lantanum (nomor atom 57) ke lutetium (71), dan relatif kecilnya jari-jari atom unsur-unsur berikutnya. Ini adalah akibat dari kurang efektifnya elektron-elektron 4f dalam melindungi elektron luar dari tarikan inti atom.

Toksisitas

Keracunan akibat kontaminasi Pb bisa menimbulkan berbagai macam hal diantaranya:

1. Menghambat aktivitas enzim yang terlibat dalam pembentukan hemoglobin (Hb)
2. Meningkatnya kadar asam δ-aminolevulinat dehidratase (ALAD) dan kadar protoporphin dalam sel darah merah
3. Memperpendek umur sel darah merah
4. Menurunkan jumlah sel darah merah dan retikulosit, serta meningkatkan kandungan logam Fe dalam plasma darah.

Timbal bersifat kumulatif. Dengan waktu paruh timbal dalam sel darah merah adalah 35 hari, dalam jaringan ginjal dan hati selama 40 hari, sedangkan dalam tulang selama 30 hari.

Mekanisme toksisitas Pb berdasarkan organ yang dipengaruhinya adalah:

• 1. Sistem haemopoietik; di mana Pb menghambat sistem pembentukan hemoglobin (Hb) sehingga menyebabkan anemia.
• 2. Sistem saraf; di mana Pb dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak dengan gejala epilepsi, halusinasi, kerusakan otak besar, dan delirium.
• 3. Sistem urinaria; di mana Pb bisa menyebabkan lesi tubulus proksimalis, lengkung henle, serta menyebabkan aminosiduria.
• 4. Sistem pencernaan; di mana Pb dapat menyebabkan kolik dan konstipasi.
• 5. Sistem kardiovaskular; di mana Pb dapat menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas pembuluh darah.
• 6. Sistem reproduksi; di mana Pb dapat menyebabkan keguguran, tidak berkembangnya sel otak embrio, kematian janin waktu lahir, serta hipospermia dan teratospermia pada pria.
• 7. Sistem endokrin; di mana Pb dapat menyebabkan gangguan fungsi tiroid dan fungsi adrenal
• 8. Bersifat karsinogenik dalam dosis tinggi.

Paparan Pb dosis tinggi mengakibatkan kadar Pb darah mencapai 80 µg/dL pada orang dewasa dan 70 µg/dL pada anak-anak sehingga terjadi ensefalopati, kerusakan arteriol dan kapiler , edeme otak, meningkatkanya tekanan zalir serebrospinal, degenerasi neuron, serta perkembangbiakan sel glia yang disertai dengan munculnya ataksia, koma, kejang-kejang, dan hiperaktivitas.

Kandungan Pb dalam darah berkorelasi dengan tingkat kecerdasan manusia. Semakin tinggi kadar Pb dalam darah, semakin rendah poin IQ. Apabila dalam darah ditemukan kadar Pb sebanyak tiga kali batas normal (intake normal sekitar 0,3 mg/hari), maka akan terjadi penurunan kecerdasan intelektual.

Intoksikasi Pb bisa terjadi melalui jalur oral, lewat makanan, minuman, pernapasan, kontak lewat kulit, kontak lewat mata, serta lewat parenteral. Logam Pb tidak dibutuhkan oleh tubuh manusia sehingga bila makanan atau minuman tercemar Pb dikonsumsi, maka tubuh akan mengeluarkannya. Sebagian kecil Pb diekskresikan melalui urin atau feses karena sebagian terikat oleh protein dan sebagian lainnya lagi terakumulasi dalam ginjal, hati, kuku, jaringan lemak, dan rambut.

Galeri

• Timbal
• 
  PbO
• 
  Red lead
• 
  Ingot timbal
• 
  Timbal berbobot 3 kg untuk penyelaman
• 
  Bata timbal untuk tameng radiasi

Lihat pula

• Timah (timah putih; Sn)

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