Sumber-sumber untuk historisitas Yesus

Sumber-sumber Kristen, seperti kitab-kitab Perjanjian Baru dalam Alkitab Kristen, meliputi cerita-cerita mendetil soal Yesus, namun para cendekiawan berbeda pendapat soal historisitas peristiwa-peristiwa spesifik yang disebutkan dalam catatan Biblikal Yesus.^[1] Hanya dua subyek peristiwa yang "nyaris diterima secara universal" adalah Yesus dibaptis oleh Yohanes Pembaptis dan disalib atas perintah Prefek Romawi Pontius Pilatus.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Sumber non-Kristen

Sumber utama

Yosefus

Tulisan-tulisan dari sejarawan Yahudi-Romawi abad ke-1 Flavius Josephus meliputi rujukan-rujukan kepasa Yesus dan cikal bakal Kekristenan.^[10]^[11] Antiquities of the Jews karya Yosefus, yang ditulis sekitar tahun 93–94 M, mencantumkan dua rujuka kepada Yesus dalam Bab 18 dan 20.^[10]^[12]

Tasitus

Sejarawan dan senator Tasitus menyebut Kristus, eksekusi-Nya oleh Pontius Pilatus dan keberadaan gereja perdana dalam karya terakhirnya, Annals (sekitar 116 M), bab 15, pasal 44.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Sumber relevan

Mara bar Sarapion

Mara (putra Sarapion) adalah seorang filsuf Stoik dari provinsi Romawi Siria.^[16]^[17] Pada suatu waktu antara 73 M dan abad ke-3, Mara menulis sebuah surat kepada putranya (juga disebut Sarapion) yang berisi rujukan non-Kristen kepada penyaliban Yesus.^[16]^[18]^[19]

Suetonius

Sejarawan Romawi Suetonius (s. 69 – sekitar 122 M) membuat rujukan kepada gereja perdana dan pemimpin mereka dalam karya Dua Belas Kaisar (ditulis tahun 121 M).^[16]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Talmud

Talmud Bavilonia dalam beberapa kasus mencantumkan hal-hal yang diyakini merujuk kepada Yesus memakai sebutan "Yeshu", "Yeshu ha-Notzri", "ben Stada", dan "ben Pandera". Beberapa rujukan tersebut diyakini berasal dari zaman Tannaitik (70–200 M).^[23]^[24] Dalam beberapa kasus, tak jelas apakah rujukan tersebut merujuk kepada Yesus, atau orang lain, dan para cendekiawan masih memperdebatkan nilai sejarah mereka, dan apakah merupakan rujukan kepada Yesus.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Catatan

^ Powell, Mark Allan (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee. hlm. 181. ISBN 0-664-25703-8.
^ Levine, Amy-Jill (2006). Amy-Jill Levine; et al., ed. The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton University Press. hlm. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6.
^ Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered. hlm. 339. ISBN 0-8028-3931-2. States that baptism and crucifixion are "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
^ William, R. Herzog (2005). Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus. hlm. 1–6. ISBN 0664225284.
^ Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. hlm. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus...agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
^ Craig, A. Evans (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies. hlm. 2–5. ISBN 0391041185.
^ Tuckett, Christopher M. (2001). Markus N. A. Bockmuehl, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. hlm. 122–126. ISBN 0521796784.
^ Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. hlm. ix–xi. ISBN 0195124731.
^ Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (2002). Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. hlm. 3–7. ISBN 0391041649.
^ ^a ^b Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). Josephus, Judaism and Christianity BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1. pp. 54–57
^ Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6 pp. 284–285
^ Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6 p. 12
^ P.E. Easterling, E. J. Kenney (general editors), The Cambridge History of Latin Literature, p. 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996). ISBN 0-521-21043-7
^ A political history of early Christianity by Allen Brent 2009 ISBN 0-567-03175-6 pp. 32–34
^ Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000. pp. 39–53
^ ^a ^b ^c The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 p. 110
^ Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pp. 29–30
^ Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5 pp. 455–457
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama VVoorst53
^ Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius, Catharine Edwards 2001 ISBN 0192832719 pp. 184. 203
^ Birth of Christianity by John Dominic Crossan 1999 ISBN 0567086682 pp. 3–10
^ Robert E. Van Voorst, Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. pp. 29–39
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Blom280
^ Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament ISBN 0-8054-4365-7. pp. 107–109
^ Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 pp. 170–174
^ Theissen, Gerd, Annette Merz, The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide, Fortress Press, 1998 pp. 72–76
^ The Blackwell Companion to Jesus by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN 140519362X p. 220

Referensi

Brown, Raymond E. (1997) An Introduction to the New Testament. Doubleday ISBN 0-385-24767-2
Daniel Boyarin (2004). Border Lines. The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Doherty, Earl (1999). The Jesus Puzzle. Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ?: Challenging the Existence of an Historical Jesus. ISBN 0-9686014-0-5
Drews, Arthur & Burns, C. Deslisle (1998). The Christ Myth (Westminster College–Oxford Classics in the Study of Religion). ISBN 1-57392-190-4
Ellegård, Alvar Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology, (London 1999).
France, R.T. (2001). The Evidence for Jesus. Hodder & Stoughton.
Freke, Timothy & Gandy, Peter. The Jesus Mysteries – was the original Jesus a pagan god? ISBN 0-7225-3677-1
George, Augustin & Grelot, Pierre (Eds.) (1992). Introducción Crítica al Nuevo Testamento. Herder. ISBN 84-254-1277-3
Koester, Helmut (1992). Ancient Christian Gospels. Harrisburg, PA: Continuum. ISBN 0-334-02450-1.
Gowler, David B. (2007). What Are They Saying About the Historical Jesus?. Paulist Press.
Grant, Michael, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner, 1995. ISBN 0-684-81867-1
Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Anchor Bible Reference Library, Doubleday

(1991), v. 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, ISBN 0-385-26425-9

(1994), v. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, ISBN 0-385-46992-6

(2001), v. 3, Companions and Competitors, ISBN 0-385-46993-4

(2009), v. 4, Law and Love, ISBN 978-0-300-14096-5

Mendenhall, George E. (2001). Ancient Israel's Faith and History: An Introduction to the Bible in Context. ISBN 0-664-22313-3
Messori, Vittorio (1977). Jesus hypotheses. St Paul Publications. ISBN 0-85439-154-1
Mykytiuk, Lawrence (2015). "Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible." Biblical Archaeology Society, Bible History Daily section. December 2014. http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/did-jesus-exist/
New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version. (1991) New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-528356-2
Price, Robert M. (2000). Deconstructing Jesus. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-758-9.
Price, Robert M. (2003). The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable is the Gospel Tradition?. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-121-9.
Wells, George A. (1988). The Historical Evidence for Jesus. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-429-X
Wells, George A. (1998). The Jesus Myth. ISBN 0-8126-9392-2
Wells, George A. (2004). Can We Trust the New Testament?: Thoughts on the Reliability of Early Christian Testimony. ISBN 0-8126-9567-4
Wilson, Ian (2000). Jesus: The Evidence (1st ed.). Regnery Publishing.

[MAPowell168-1] Powell, Mark Allan (1998). Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee. hlm. 181. ISBN 0-664-25703-8.

[AmyJill1-2] Levine, Amy-Jill (2006). Amy-Jill Levine; et al., ed. The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton University Press. hlm. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6.

[JDunn339-3] Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered. hlm. 339. ISBN 0-8028-3931-2. States that baptism and crucifixion are "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".

[Hertzog1-4] William, R. Herzog (2005). Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus. hlm. 1–6. ISBN 0664225284.

[autogenerated145-5] Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. hlm. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus...agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.

[Evans2-5-6] Craig, A. Evans (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies. hlm. 2–5. ISBN 0391041185.

[Tuckett126-7] Tuckett, Christopher M. (2001). Markus N. A. Bockmuehl, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. hlm. 122–126. ISBN 0521796784.

[Bart411-8] Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. hlm. ix–xi. ISBN 0195124731.

[Evans37-9] Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (2002). Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. hlm. 3–7. ISBN 0391041649.

[FeldHata8754-10] Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). Josephus, Judaism and Christianity BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08554-1. pp. 54–57

[Maier95284-11] Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6 pp. 284–285

[Maier9512-12] Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-3260-6 p. 12

[13] P.E. Easterling, E. J. Kenney (general editors), The Cambridge History of Latin Literature, p. 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996). ISBN 0-521-21043-7

[brent32-14] A political history of early Christianity by Allen Brent 2009 ISBN 0-567-03175-6 pp. 32–34

[New_Testament_2000._pp._39–53-15] Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000. pp. 39–53

[Cradle110-16] The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 p. 110

[Ute-17] Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pp. 29–30

[Chilton455-18] Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5 pp. 455–457

[VVoorst53-19] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama VVoorst53

[lives-20] Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius, Catharine Edwards 2001 ISBN 0192832719 pp. 184. 203

[BCCrossan3-21] Birth of Christianity by John Dominic Crossan 1999 ISBN 0567086682 pp. 3–10

[vvorst29-22] Robert E. Van Voorst, Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. pp. 29–39

[Blom280-23] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Blom280

[Kellum107-24] Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament ISBN 0-8054-4365-7. pp. 107–109

[BEddy170-25] Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 pp. 170–174

[26] Theissen, Gerd, Annette Merz, The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide, Fortress Press, 1998 pp. 72–76

[27] The Blackwell Companion to Jesus by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN 140519362X p. 220

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