Ekonomi Tiongkok: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Revisi per 3 Mei 2015 01.20
| Ekonomi China | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mata uang | Renminbi (RMB); Unit: Yuan (CNY) |
| Tahun fiskal | Tahun kalender (1 Januari sampai 31 Desember) |
| Organisasi perdagangan | WTO, APEC, G-20 dan lain-lain |
| Statistik | |
| PDB | $10.36 triliun (nominal; perkiraan 2014)[1] $17.63 trillion (PPP; 2014.)[1] |
| Pertumbuhan PDB |  9.5% (nominal; 2013)[2]7.4% (riil; 2014)[3] |
| PDB per kapita | $8,211 (nominal; ke-82; 2014) $13,992 (PPP; ke-89; 2014)[1] |
| PDB per sektor | agribudaya: 9.2%, industri: 42.6%, pelayanan: 48.2% (2014)[4] |
| Inflasi (IHK) | 2.0% (2014)[5] |
| Penduduk di bawah garis kemiskinan | 6.1% (2013) |
| Koefisien gini | 0.469 (2014) |
| Angkatan kerja | 787.6 juta (ke-1; 2012)[6] |
| Angkatan kerja berdasarkan sektor | agribudaya: 36.7%, industri: 28.7%, pelayanan: 34.6% (perkiraan 2008) |
| Pengangguran | 4.1% (Q2 2014)[7] |
| Gaji kotor rata-rata | $669 per bulan (2012)[8] |
| Industri utama | pertambangan dan pemprosesan bijih, besi, baja, aluminum, dan metal lainnya, coal; mesin gedung; armamen; tekstil dan aparel; petroleum; semen; kimia; fertilizer; produk konsumen, termasuk alas kaki, mainan, dan elektronik; pemprosesan makanan; ekuipmen transportasi, termasuk kendaraan bermesin, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites |
| Peringkat kemudahan melakukan bisnis | ke-96[9] |
| Eksternal | |
| Ekspor | $2.34 triliun (2014[10]) |
| Komoditas ekspor | Elektrikal dan benda bermesin lainnya, termasuk ekuipmen pemprosesan data, apparel, tekstil, besi dan baja, optikal dan ekuipmen pengobatan. Serta setidaknya seluruh kategori tunggal dari produk-produk industrial. |
| Tujuan ekspor utama |  Amerika Serikat 18.1%  Hong Kong 17.4%  Jepang 6.8%  Korea Selatan 4.1% (perkiraan 2013)[11] |
| Impor | $1.96 triliun (2014[10]) |
| Komoditas impor | Elektrikal dan benda bermesin lainnya, minyak dan bahan bakal mineral, optikal dan ekuipmen pengobatan, metal ores, plastik, kimia organik |
| Negara asal impor utama | Korea Selatan 9.4% Jepang 8.3%  Taiwan 8.0% United States 7.8%  Australia 5.0%  Germany 4.8% (2013 est.)[12] |
| Modal investasi langsung asing | $1.344 triliun (2012)[13] |
| Utang kotor luar negeri | $863.2 miliar (2013) |
| Pembiayaan publik | |
| Utang publik | 22.15% dari GDP (2012)[14] |
| Pendapatan | $2.118 triliun (perkiraan 2013) |
| Beban | $2.292 triliun (perkiraan 2013) |
| Peringkat utang | AA- (Domestik) AA- (Asing) AA- (T&C Assessment) (Standard & Poor's)[15] |
| Cadangan mata uang asing | $3.89 triliun (ke-1; September 2014)[16] |
| Sumber data utama: CIA World Fact Book | |
China (6,560 $)
GNI per kapita lebih tinggi dibanding China
GNI per kapita lebi rendah dibanding China
ekonomi pasar sosialis di China[17] adalah ekonomi terbesar kedua di dunia menurut GDP nominal,[1][18] dan ekonomi terbesar di dunia menurut keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja menurut IMF;[19] akurasi laporan IMF tentang keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja di China sejak itu dipertanyakan.[20] Negara tersebut adalah ekonomi utama yang bertumbuh paling cepat di dunia, dengan pertumbuhan peringkat rata-rata 10% selama 30 tahun.[21]
Ekonomi wilayah
Terdapat 31 divisi administratif di China. Di bawah ini adalah divisi administratif teratas di China menurut peringkat GDP pada 2012.[22] GDP dialihkan dari CNY ke USD menggunakan rating FX dari 6.3125 CNY/USD.[23][24]
| Peringkat | Divisi Administratif | GDP $ miliar 2012 | GDP per kapita $2012 | Jumlah penduduk pertengahan tahun 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Guangdong | 904.05 | 8,570 | 105,494,200 |
| 2 | Jiangsu | 856.37 | 10,827 | 79,093,900 |
| 3 | Shandong | 792.29 | 8,201 | 96,610,000 |
| 4 | Zhejiang | 548.22 | 10,022 | 54,700,000 |
| 5 | Henan | 472.24 | 5,025 | 93,970,000 |
| 6 | Hebei | 420.99 | 5,796 | 72,640,100 |
| 7 | Liaoning | 392.89 | 8,958 | 43,860,000 |
| 8 | Sichuan | 377.82 | 4,686 | 80,631,000 |
| 9 | Hubei | 352.48 | 6,111 | 57,682,500 |
| 10 | Hunan | 350.96 | 5,304 | 66,172,500 |
Tren makroekonomi
| Sejarah figur GDP di China pada 1978 - 2012 [25] | ||||||||||||
| Tahun | GDP (dalam jutaan) | GDP per kapita | ||||||||||
| CN￥ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada CN￥(%) |
US$ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada US$(%) |
PPP (Intl$.) |
pertumbhan berdasarkan pada ppp (%) |
pertumbuhan riil (%) |
CN￥ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada CN￥(%) |
US$ | PPP (Intl$.) |
pertumbuhan riil (%) | |
| p2012 | 51,932,210 | 9.8 | 8,226,885 | 12.3 | 12,405,670 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 38,449 | 9.2 | 6,091 | 9,185 | 7.2 |
| r2011 | 47,310,400 | 17.8 | 7,324,952 | 23.5 | 11,305,769 | 11.6 | 9.3 | 35,198 | 17.3 | 5,450 | 8,411 | 8.8 |
| r2010 | 40,151,280 | 17.8 | 5,931,203 | 18.8 | 10,128,399 | 11.9 | 10.4 | 30,015 | 17.2 | 4,434 | 7,571 | 9.9 |
| r2009 | 34,090,281 | 8.6 | 4,990,526 | 10.4 | 9,049,450 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 25,608 | 8.0 | 3,749 | 6,798 | 8.7 |
| 2008 | 31,404,543 | 18.1 | 4,521,827 | 29.4 | 8,214,366 | 12.1 | 9.6 | 23,708 | 17.5 | 3,414 | 6,201 | 9.1 |
| 2007 | 26,581,031 | 22.9 | 3,495,664 | 28.8 | 7,329,920 | 17.5 | 14.2 | 20,169 | 22.2 | 2,652 | 5,562 | 13.6 |
| 2006 | 21,631,443 | 17.0 | 2,713,495 | 20.2 | 6,239,567 | 16.3 | 12.7 | 16,500 | 16.3 | 2,070 | 4,759 | 12.0 |
| 2005 | 18,493,737 | 15.7 | 2,257,619 | 16.9 | 5,364,258 | 14.2 | 11.3 | 14,185 | 15.0 | 1,732 | 4,115 | 10.7 |
| 2004 | 15,987,834 | 17.7 | 1,931,644 | 17.7 | 4,697,901 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 12,336 | 17.0 | 1,490 | 3,625 | 9.4 |
| 2003 | 13,582,276 | 12.9 | 1,640,966 | 12.9 | 4,157,822 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 10,542 | 12.2 | 1,274 | 3,227 | 9.3 |
| 2002 | 12,033,269 | 9.7 | 1,453,820 | 9.7 | 3,701,133 | 10.8 | 9.1 | 9,398 | 9.0 | 1,135 | 2,891 | 8.4 |
| 2001 | 10,965,517 | 10.5 | 1,324,818 | 10.5 | 3,338,919 | 10.7 | 8.3 | 8,622 | 9.7 | 1,042 | 2,625 | 7.5 |
| 2000 | 9,921,455 | 10.6 | 1,198,475 | 10.6 | 3,014,891 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 7,858 | 9.8 | 949 | 2,388 | 7.6 |
| 1999 | 8,967,705 | 6.2 | 1,083,279 | 6.3 | 2,721,556 | 9.2 | 7.6 | 7,159 | 5.3 | 865 | 2,172 | 6.7 |
| 1998 | 8,440,228 | 6.9 | 1,019,462 | 7.0 | 2,492,189 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 6,796 | 5.9 | 821 | 2,007 | 6.8 |
| 1997 | 7,897,303 | 11.0 | 952,653 | 11.3 | 2,285,333 | 11.2 | 9.3 | 6,420 | 9.8 | 774 | 1,858 | 8.2 |
| 1996 | 7,117,659 | 17.1 | 856,085 | 17.6 | 2,054,666 | 12.1 | 10.0 | 5,846 | 15.9 | 703 | 1,688 | 8.9 |
| 1995 | 6,079,373 | 26.1 | 727,981 | 30.2 | 1,832,827 | 13.2 | 10.9 | 5,046 | 24.8 | 604 | 1,521 | 9.7 |
| 1994 | 4,819,786 | 36.4 | 559,224 | -8.8 | 1,618,589 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 4,044 | 34.9 | 469 | 1,358 | 11.8 |
| 1993 | 3,533,392 | 31.2 | 613,223 | 25.6 | 1,401,823 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 2,998 | 29.7 | 520 | 1,190 | 12.7 |
| 1992 | 2,692,348 | 23.6 | 488,222 | 19.3 | 1,203,462 | 16.9 | 14.2 | 2,311 | 22.1 | 419 | 1,033 | 12.8 |
| 1991 | 2,178,150 | 16.7 | 409,173 | 4.8 | 1,029,043 | 13.0 | 9.2 | 1,893 | 15.1 | 356 | 894 | 7.7 |
| 1990 | 1,866,782 | 9.9 | 390,279 | -13.5 | 910,270 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 1,644 | 8.2 | 344 | 802 | 2.3 |
| 1989 | 1,699,232 | 13.0 | 451,311 | 11.7 | 844,044 | 8.0 | 4.1 | 1,519 | 11.2 | 403 | 755 | 2.5 |
| 1988 | 1,504,282 | 24.7 | 404,149 | 24.7 | 781,297 | 15.1 | 11.3 | 1,366 | 22.8 | 367 | 709 | 9.5 |
| 1987 | 1,205,862 | 17.4 | 323,974 | 8.9 | 678,661 | 14.8 | 11.6 | 1,112 | 15.5 | 299 | 626 | 9.8 |
| 1986 | 1,027,518 | 14.0 | 297,590 | -3.1 | 590,966 | 11.2 | 8.8 | 963 | 12.3 | 279 | 554 | 7.2 |
| 1985 | 901,604 | 25.1 | 307,023 | -0.9 | 531,421 | 16.9 | 13.5 | 858 | 23.4 | 292 | 506 | 11.9 |
| 1984 | 720,805 | 20.9 | 309,757 | 2.6 | 454,455 | 19.5 | 15.2 | 695 | 19.3 | 299 | 438 | 13.7 |
| 1983 | 596,265 | 12.0 | 301,799 | 7.3 | 380,210 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 583 | 10.4 | 295 | 372 | 9.3 |
| 1982 | 532,335 | 8.8 | 281,287 | -2.0 | 329,799 | 15.8 | 9.1 | 528 | 7.2 | 279 | 327 | 7.5 |
| 1981 | 489,156 | 7.6 | 286,895 | -5.5 | 284,910 | 15.1 | 5.2 | 492 | 6.2 | 289 | 287 | 3.9 |
| 1980 | 454,562 | 11.9 | 303,446 | 16.1 | 247,622 | 7.8 | 463 | 10.5 | 309 | 252 | 6.5 | |
| 1979 | 406,258 | 11.4 | 261,259 | 20.7 | 7.6 | 419 | 10.0 | 270 | 6.1 | |||
| 1978 | 364,522 | 13.2 | 216,462 | 11.7 | 381 | 11.7 | 226 | 10.2 | ||||
Figur GDP di China pada 1952-1978
| tahun | GDP (dalam jutaan) | GDP per kapita | ||||
| CN￥ | pertumbuhan | pertumbuhan riil |
CN￥ | pertumbuhan | pertumbuhan riil | |
| 1978 | 364,522 | 13.2 | 11.7 | 381 | 11.7 | 10.2 |
| 1977 | 322,105 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 341 | 7.2 | 6.2 |
| 1976 | 296,147 | -1.7 | -1.6 | 318 | -3.3 | -3.1 |
| 1975 | 301,311 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 329 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
| 1974 | 280,374 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 311 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| 1973 | 273,335 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 310 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
| 1972 | 253,022 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 294 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
| 1971 | 243,526 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 290 | 5.1 | 4.1 |
| 1970 | 226,132 | 16.2 | 19.4 | 276 | 13.1 | 16.1 |
| 1969 | 194,578 | 12.5 | 16.9 | 244 | 9.4 | 13.7 |
| 1968 | 173,016 | -2.8 | -4.1 | 223 | -5.5 | -6.6 |
| 1967 | 178,028 | -5.0 | -5.7 | 236 | -7.5 | -8.1 |
| 1966 | 187,308 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 255 | 6.3 | 7.7 |
| 1965 | 171,720 | 18.0 | 17 | 240 | 15.4 | 14.3 |
| 1964 | 145,554 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 208 | 14.9 | 15.5 |
| 1963 | 123,637 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 181 | 4.6 | 7.5 |
| 1962 | 115,124 | -5.7 | -5.6 | 173 | -6.5 | -6.4 |
| 1961 | 122,094 | -16.2 | -27.3 | 185 | -15.1 | -26.6 |
| 1960 | 145,747 | 1.2 | -0.3 | 218 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
| 1959 | 144,036 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 216 | 8.0 | 6.7 |
| 1958 | 130,821 | 22.3 | 21.3 | 200 | 19.0 | 18.3 |
| 1957 | 106,929 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 168 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
| 1956 | 102,898 | 13.0 | 15 | 166 | 10.7 | 12.7 |
| 1955 | 91,078 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 150 | 4.2 | 4.5 |
| 1954 | 85,938 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 144 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
| 1953 | 82,419 | 21.4 | 15.6 | 142 | 19.3 | 13.1 |
| 1952 | 67,900 | 119 | ||||
Sistem pajak
Sektor
Agribudaya
China adalah produsen dan konsumen produk-produk agribudaya terbesar di dunia – dan sekitar 300 juta pekerja perkebunan Tiongkok berada di perindustrian
Energi dan sumber daya mineral
Pertambangan
Perdagangan luar negeri
| Periode | Perdagangan Dua Jalur | Ekspor | Impor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1981–85 | +12.8% | +8.6% | +16.1% |
| 1986–90 | +10.6% | +17.8% | +4.8% |
| 1991–95 | +19.5% | +19.1% | +19.9% |
| 1996–2000 | +11.0% | +10.9% | +11.3% |
| 2001–05 | +24.6% | +25.0% | +24.0% |
| 2006-10 | +15.9% | +15.7% | +16.1% |
| 2014 | +3.4% | +6.1% | +0.4% |
Demografi
Transportasi dan infrastruktur
Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
Catatan dan referensi
- China: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 July 2010). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d "China". Yayasan Keuangan Internasional. Diakses tanggal Oktober 2014.
- ^ "China's economy: In three parts". The Economist. 25 Januari 2014. Diakses tanggal 21 Juni 2014.
- ^ "China Economic Growth Is Slowest in Decades". Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 20 Januari 2015.
- ^ "GDP - COMPOSITION, BY SECTOR OF ORIGIN". CIA World Factbook. CIA World Factbook. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2014.
- ^ "Inflation in China jumps to 6-month high". Biro Statistik Nasional. Diakses tanggal 11 Januari 2013.
- ^ "Labor force, total". World Bank. World Bank. Diakses tanggal 2 September 2014.
- ^ "Theglobeandmail.com". Toronto: Theglobeandmail.com. Diakses tanggal 28 Februari 2012.
- ^ "Report results". http://www.stats.gov.cn/. Diakses tanggal 20 Juni 2012. Hapus pranala luar di parameter
|publisher=(bantuan) - ^ "Doing Business in China 2014" (PDF). World Bank.
- ^ a b "China 2014 trade surplus rockets to record high". menafn.com.
- ^ "Export Partners of People Republic of China". CIA World Factbook. 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2014.
- ^ "Import Partners of People Republic of China". CIA World Factbook. 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2014.
- ^ "Foreign Direct Investment in China". US-China Business Council.
- ^ Public debt, IMF, diakses pada 21 Februari 2013.
- ^ "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Diakses tanggal 26 Mei 2011.
- ^ "中国人民银行". pbc.gov.cn.
- ^ "The Changing of the Guard: China's New Leadership". INSEAD Knowledge.
- ^ "GDP ranking". worldbank.org.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. April 2014. Diakses tanggal 12 April 2014.
- ^ "China denies being world's No.1 economy".
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. 16 April 2013. Diakses tanggal 16 April 2013.
- ^ http://219.235.129.58/welcome.do#
- ^ "US Dollar: CURRENCY:USD quotes & news - Google Finance". google.com.
- ^ http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm
- ^ the gross domestic product in 2012 is a preliminary data according to Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2012 National Economic and Social Development (China NBS, 22 February 2013); the Data of GDP in 2011 is the Final Verification (7 Januari 2013), see China NBS: Bulletin on the Final Verification Data of GDP in 2011; Data GDP 1978-2010 is from China Statistical Yearbook 2012 (ISBN 978-7-5037-6693-0/C•2752). Purchasing power parity (PPP) is estimate according to IMF WEO 16 Apr. 2013 figures; Exchange rate of CN￥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, pubulished on China Statistical Yearbook 2012
Pranala luar dan bacaan tambahan
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Economy of China.
| Cari tahu mengenai Economy of China pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: | |
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Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary |
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Gambar dan media dari Commons |
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Berita dari Wikinews |
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Kutipan dari Wikiquote |
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Teks sumber dari Wikisource |
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Buku dari Wikibuku |
- China Economic Information Network (CEInet) under the SIC
- China Monitor is the International presence of the SIC's CEInet
- Chinability Background and statistics on China's economy and business climate.
- Chinability Blog Up-to-date analysis of the Chinese economy.
- China on the World Stage from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Asian Development Bank, China
- China Economy (China Economic Information Network). News stories and subscriber-only market analysis for various sectors of the country's economy.
- The State of the Chinese Economy USC U.S. China Institute 2011 conference on the structure, health, and future of China's economy. Twenty leading analysts examined the macroeconomic situation, worries about property bubbles and debt accumulation, labor and human capital trends, and the challenges posed by the health care and pension needs of an aging population. USChinaInstitute di YouTube.
- China's economy. Articles By Subject. Economist.com
- China Economic Net
- China Economic Review
- Far Eastern Economic Review Dow Jones' monthly magazine on Asia. For valuable insights on Asia's business and political development. With search and 58-year archive.
- Chinese Economy China Daily Special Coverage
- Financial Times, China
- The New York Times series "Choking on Growth"
- "Goldman Sachs Downgrades China’s Economy" Stocknewsdesk
Data dan Statistik
- National Bureau of Statistics of China
- China's State Information Center (SIC)
- World Bank, China
- World Bank China 2012 Trade Summary Statistics
- IMF, China
- Comprehensive current and historical economic data
- Chinese Economy statistics NationMaster (All stats)
- Economy of China | statistics and charts statistics and charts extracted from the CIA Factbook & Worldbank data
- Tariffs applied by China as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
- Trade Profile (Exports/Imports) - China
Jurnal
- China Economic Journal Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- China Economic Quarterly
- China & World Economy China & World Economy – Journal Information. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies (JCEBS) Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK). CEA Publications – Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies Emerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information. Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- The China Quarterly Journals.cambridge.org
- The Chinese Economy M.E. Sharpe, Inc. – Journal Information. Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic Studies (ISSN: 1348-2521)
- Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association (ISSN: 0529-6528)
- China: An International Journal (ISSN: 0219-7472)
- China Economic Review (ISSN: 1043-951X)
- China Review (ISSN: 1680-2012)
- Frontiers of Economics in China (ISSN: 1673-3444)
- China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)
- Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.. 2012. China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 License: Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 Unported."
- URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057
- Date: 2012-02-27
- Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.
- China 2030
- Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.. 2012. China 2030 : Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 License: Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 Unported."
Buku
- Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Barcelona: Crítica.
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