Kimia organik: Perbedaan antara revisi
+ gbr, hapus info tak jelas |
hapus yg inggris |
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== Sejarah == |
== Sejarah == |
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Kimia organik sebagai suatu ilmu secara umum disetujui telah dimulai pada tahun [[1828]] dengan [[sintesis]] [[urea]] organik oleh [[Friedrich Woehler]], yang secara tidak sengaja menguapkan larutan [[sianat|amonium sianat]] NH<sub>4</sub>OCN. |
Kimia organik sebagai suatu ilmu secara umum disetujui telah dimulai pada tahun [[1828]] dengan [[sintesis]] [[urea]] organik oleh [[Friedrich Woehler]], yang secara tidak sengaja menguapkan larutan [[sianat|amonium sianat]] NH<sub>4</sub>OCN. |
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==Ciri-ciri zat organik == |
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The reason that there are so many carbon compounds is that carbon has the ability to form many carbon chains of different lengths, and rings of different sizes ([[catenation]]). Many carbon compounds are extremely sensitive to [[heat]], and generally decompose below 300°C. They tend to be less [[soluble]] in [[water]] compared to many inorganic salts. In contrast to such salts, they tend to be much more soluble in organic [[solvent]]s such as [[ether]] or [[alcohol]]. Organic compounds are [[covalent bond| covalently bonded]]. |
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==Organic nomenclature== |
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[[Organic nomenclature]] is the system established for naming and grouping [[organic compound]]s. |
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===Aliphatic compounds=== |
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[[Aliphatic]] compounds are organic molecules that do not contain aromatic systems. |
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[[Hydrocarbon]]s - [[Alkane]]s - [[Alkene]]s - [[diene|Dienes or Alkadienes]] - [[Alkyne]]s - [[Halogenoalkane]]s |
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===Aromatic compounds=== |
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[[Aromatic]] compounds are organic molecules that contain one or more aromatic ring system. |
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[[Benzene]] - [[Toluene]] - [[Xylene]] - [[Aniline]] - [[Phenol]] - [[Acetophenone]] - [[Benzonitrile]] - [[Halogenoarene|Halogenoarenes]] - [[Naphthalene]] - [[Anthracene]] - [[Phenanthrene]] - [[Benzopyrene]] - [[Coronene]] - [[Azulene]] - [[Biphenyl]] |
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===Heterocyclic compounds=== |
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Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic organic molecules whose ring(s) contain at least one [[heteroatom]]. These heteroaoms can include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. |
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[[Pyridine]] - [[Pyrrole]] - [[Thiophene]] - [[Furan]] |
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===[[Functional groups]]=== |
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[[Alcohol]]s - [[Mercaptans]] - [[Ether]]s - [[Aldehyde]]s - [[Ketone]]s - [[Carboxylic acid]]s - [[Ester]]s - [[Carbohydrate]]s - [[Alicyclic compound]]s - [[Amide]]s - [[Amine]]s - [[Lipid]]s - [[Nitrile]]s |
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===Polymers=== |
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[[Polymers]] are a special kind of molecule. Generally considered "large" molecules, polymers get their reputation regarding size because they are molecules that consist of multiple smaller segments. The segments could be chemically identical, which would make such a molecule a homopolymer. Or the segments could be vary in chemical structure, which would make that molecule a heteropolymer. Polymers are a subset of "macromolecules" which is just a classification for all molecules that are considered large. |
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Polymers can be organic or inorganic. Commonly-encountered polymers are usually organic (e.g., [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], [[Plexiglass]], etc.). But inorganic polymers (e.g., [[silicone]]) are also familiar to everyday items. |
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==Determining the molecular structure of an organic compound== |
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Currently, there exist several methods for characterizing an organic compound. In general usage are (in alphabetical order): |
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* [[Crystallography]]: This is the most precise method; however, it is very difficult to grow crystals of sufficient size and high quality to get a clear picture, so it remains a secondary form of analysis. |
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* [[Elemental Analysis]]: A destructive method used to determine the elemental composition of a molecule. |
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* [[Infrared spectroscopy]]: Chiefly used to determine the presence (or absence) of certain [[functional groups]]. |
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* [[Mass spectrometry]]: Used to determine the [[molecular weight]] of a compound and the fragmentation pattern. |
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* [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry]] |
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* [[UV/VIS spectroscopy]]: Used to determine degree of conjugation in the system |
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See [[Analytical chemistry]] for additional methods. |
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==Organic reactions== |
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Most of the time spent in an introductory kimia organik class involves learning the processes used to manufacture organic molecules. For details, see [[Organic reaction]] |
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==See also== |
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*[[List_of_publications_in_chemistry#Kimia organik| Important publications in kimia organik]] |
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*[[Chemical formula]] |
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*[[Structural formula]] |
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*[[Skeletal formula]] |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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Revisi per 21 Agustus 2011 15.00
Kimia organik adalah percabangan studi ilmiah dari ilmu kimia mengenai struktur, sifat, komposisi, reaksi, dan sintesis senyawa organik. Senyawa organik dibangun terutama oleh karbon dan hidrogen, dan dapat mengandung unsur-unsur lain seperti nitrogen, oksigen, fosfor, halogen dan belerang.
Definisi asli dari kimia organik ini berasal dari kesalahpahaman bahwa semua senyawa organik pasti berasal dari organisme hidup, namun telah dibuktikan bahwa ada beberapa perkecualian. Bahkan sebenarnya, kehidupan juga sangat bergantung pada kimia anorganik; sebagai contoh, banyak enzim yang mendasarkan kerjanya pada logam transisi seperti besi dan tembaga, juga gigi dan tulang yang komposisinya merupakan campuran dari senyama organik maupun anorganik. Contoh lainnya adalah larutan HCl, larutan ini berperan besar dalam proses pencernaan makanan yang hampir seluruh organisme (terutama organisme tingkat tinggi) memakai larutan HCl untuk mencerna makanannya, yang juga digolongkan dalam senyawa anorganik. Mengenai unsur karbon, kimia anorganik biasanya berkaitan dengan senyawa karbon yang sederhana yang tidak mengandung ikatan antar karbon misalnya oksida, garam, asam, karbid, dan mineral. Namun hal ini tidak berarti bahwa tidak ada senyawa karbon tunggal dalam senyawa organik misalnya metan dan turunannya.
Sejarah
Kimia organik sebagai suatu ilmu secara umum disetujui telah dimulai pada tahun 1828 dengan sintesis urea organik oleh Friedrich Woehler, yang secara tidak sengaja menguapkan larutan amonium sianat NH4OCN.
Pranala luar
- Organic Chemistry Portal
- OrganicWorldwide Portal Web
- Jurnal Kimia organik
- Organic Letters
- Synlett
- Sintesis
- Database Kimia Organik
Cabang ilmu kimia | |
|---|---|
| Kimia analitik | |
| Kimia fisika | |
| Kimia anorganik | |
| Kimia organik | |
| Biokimia | |
| Lain-lain | |
| Lihat pula | |
 | Artikel bertopik kimia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |