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Revisi per 29 Juni 2014 22.09
Realisme adalah mazhab teori hubungan internasional. Realisme adalah "spektrum ide"[1] yang berpusat pada empat ide utama, yaitu grupisme politik, egoisme, anarki internasional, dan politik kekuasaan.[2] Teori realisme politik berawal dari tulisan-tulisan Thomas Hobbes dan Niccolò Machiavelli, kemudian muncul sebagai pendekatan berbasis hubungan internasional pada masa selang antara Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II.[1]
Asumsi umum
Realisme adalah tradisi hubungan internasional yang berpusat pada empat ide utama.[3]
- Sistem internasional bersifat anarki.
- Tidak ada aktor di atas negara yang mampu mengatur interaksinya; negara harus membina sendiri hubungan dengan negara lain, tidak diatur oleh entitas yang lebih tinggi.
- Sistem internasional ada dalam keadaan antagonisme tetap (lihat anarki internasional).
- Negara adalah aktor terpenting.
- Semua negara di dalam sistem adalah aktor tunggal yang rasional
- Negara cenderung mengejar kepentingan pribadi.
- Kelompok berusaha meraup sumber daya sebanyak mungkin (lihat keunggulan relatif).
- Masalah utama bagi setiap negara adalah kelangsungan hidup (survival).
- Negara membangun militer untuk bertahan hidup, sehingga bisa menciptakan dilema keamanan.
Lihat pula
- Ketergantungan kompleks
- Kenyataan konsensus
- Teori hukum internasional
- Flipisme
- Teori permainan
- Keadilan global
- Negarki
- Perdamaian melalui kekuatan
- Realpolitik
- Reinhold Niebuhr
Referensi
- ^ a b Goodin, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 132. ISBN 978-0-19-958558-8.
- ^ Goodin, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-958558-8.
- ^ Jack Donnelly, "The Ethics of Realism", in Christian Reus-Smit, Duncan Snidal (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 150
Bacaan lanjutan
- Ashley, Richard K. "Political Realism and the Human Interests," International Studies Quarterly (1981) 25: 204-36.
- Barkin, J. Samuel Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory (Cambridge University Press; 2010) 202 pages. Examines areas of both tension and overlap between the two approaches to IR theory.
- Bell, Duncan, ed. Political Thought and International Relations: Variations on a Realist Theme. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Booth, Ken. 1991. "Security in anarchy: Utopian realism in theory and practice", International Affairs 67(3), pp. 527–545
- Crawford; Robert M. A. Idealism and Realism in International Relations: Beyond the Discipline (2000) online edition
- Donnelly; Jack. Realism and International Relations (2000) online edition
- Gilpin, Robert G. "The richness of the tradition of political realism," International Organization (1984), 38:287-304
- Griffiths; Martin. Realism, Idealism, and International Politics: A Reinterpretation (1992) online edition
- Guilhot Nicolas, ed. The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory (2011)
- Keohane, Robert O., ed. Neorealism and its Critics (1986)
- Lebow, Richard Ned. The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- Mearsheimer, John J., "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics." New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. [Seminal text on Offensive Neorealism]
- Meyer, Donald. The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919-1941 (1988) online edition
- Molloy, Sean. The Hidden History of Realism: A Genealogy of Power Politics. New York: Palgrave, 2006.
- Morgenthau, Hans. "Scientific Man versus Power Politics" (1946) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- "Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace" (1948) New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
- "In Defense of the National Interest" (1951) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
- "The Purpose of American Politics" (1960) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Murray, A. J. H., Reconstructing Realism: Between Power Politics and Cosmopolitan Ethics. Edinburgh: Keele University Press, 1997.
- Osborn, Ronald, "Noam Chomsky and the Realist Tradition," Review of International Studies, Vol.35, No.2, 2009.
- Rosenthal, Joel H. Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age. (1991). 191 pp. Compares Reinhold Niebuhr, Hans J. Morgenthau, Walter Lippmann, George F. Kennan, and Dean Acheson
- Scheuerman, William E. 2010. "The (classical) Realist vision of global reform." International Theory 2(2): pp. 246–282.
- Schuett, Robert. Political Realism, Freud, and Human Nature in International Relations. New York: Palgrave, 2010.
- Smith, Michael Joseph. Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (1986)
- Tjalve, Vibeke S. Realist Strategies of Republican Peace: Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and the Politics of Patriotic Dissent. New York: Palgrave, 2008.
- Williams, Michael C. The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Pranala luar
- Comparing and Contrasting Classical Realism and Neorealism by Arash Heydarian Pashakhanlou
- Political Realism in International Relations in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Global Power Barometer
- The Realist Persuasion by Andrew J. Bacevich, for the Boston Globe, November 6, 2005
- The National Interest
- The Indian National Interest
- Interview with neorealist Robert Jervis by Theory Talks (July 2008)
- Interview with realist Kenneth Waltz by Theory Talks (May 2011)
- The Neocons vs. The Realists
| Realisme | |
|---|---|
| Liberalisme | |
| Konstruktivisme | |
| Marxisme | |
| Teori lain | |
| Klasifikasi | |
| Pendekatan lain | |
