Tanggapan terhadap Kejatuhan Kabul

Pada 15 Agustus 2021, Kabul, ibu kota Republik Islam Afghanistan, direbut oleh pasukan Taliban dalam serangan Afganistan 2021, sehingga mengakhiri perang di Afganistan yang dimulai pada tahun 2001. Kejatuhan Kabul memicu berbagai tanggapan di seluruh dunia.

Tanggapan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Mantan Presiden Afganistan Hamid Karzai mendesak transisi kekuasaan yang damai secara terbuka dan berjanji akan tetap di Kabul bersama anak-anak perempuannya.^[1] Beberapa pejabat Afghanistan menyalahkan jatuhnya pemerintahan Ashraf.^[2]^[3] Ketua Dewan Rekonsiliasi Nasional Afghanistan Abdullah Abdullah mengecam pelarian Ashraf dari negara itu, dengan menyatakan bahwa Ashraf meninggalkan Afghanistan dalam situasi yang sulit. Bismillah Khan Mohammadi, mantan kepala staf ANA dan menteri pertahanan sementara, mencuit, "Mereka mengikat tangan kami dari belakang dan menjual negara. Kutukan Ashraf dan kaki tangannya."^[4]

Paus Fransiskus menerbitkan pernyataan yang mengatakan bahwa dia merasakan keprihatinan atas situasi di Afganistan dan menyerukan doa untuk perdamaian.^[5] Peraih Nobel Malala Yousafzai, yang selamat dari upaya pembunuhan Taliban di Pakistan pada 2012, menyatakan bahwa dia sangat terkejut dan sangat khawatir tentang perempuan, minoritas, dan pembela hak asasi manusia.^[6] Penulis Afganistan Khaled Hosseini juga menyatakan keprihatinannya atas masa depan hak-hak perempuan di Afghanistan dan menyatakan harapannya bahwa Taliban tidak akan kembali ke kekerasan dan kekejaman seperti yang terjadi pada dasawarsa 1990-an.^[7]^[8] Human Rights Watch menyatakan organisasi itu bersama perempuan Afghanistan dalam perjuangan mereka dan berupaya menemukan alat untuk menekan Taliban dan kemauan politik untuk melakukannya.^[9] Amnesty International menyatakan bahwa situasinya adalah tragedi yang seharusnya dapat diramalkan dan dihindari dan menyerukan kepada pemerintah untuk mengambil setiap tindakan yang diperlukan untuk memastikan jalan keluar yang aman dari Afghanistan bagi semua orang yang berisiko menjadi sasaran Taliban.^[10]

Amerika Serikat, Jerman, Arab Saudi, Uni Emirat Arab, Kanada, India, dan Swedia telah mengevakuasi kedutaan besar mereka. Rusia, Pakistan dan Tiongkok tidak berniat untuk menutup kedutaan besar mereka.^[11] Menurut North Press, media Rojava, moral kelompok jihadis dan ekstremis di wilayah seperti Suriah dan Irak, termasuk Tahrir al-Sham, telah meningkat secara dramatis setelah kejatuhan Kabul.^[12] Beberapa pemerintah termasuk Swedia, Jerman, dan Finlandia mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan menangguhkan bantuan pembangunan ke Afghanistan.^[13] Negara-negara lain termasuk mereka yang tidak menjalin hubungan diplomatik di Afganistan telah memulai atau mempercepat upaya repatriasi bagi warganya di negara itu.^[14]^[15]

Laksamana Chris Barrie, pensiunan Kepala Angkatan Pertahanan Australia, mengkritik pengurusan evakuasi dengan memperkirakan pembalasan dari Taliban.^[16] Mikhail Gorbachev, pemimpin Uni Soviet yang telah mengawasi penarikan Uni Soviet dari Afganistan pada tahun 1988, berargumen bahwa NATO dan Amerika Serikat semestinya mengakui kegagalan lebih awal dan bahwa kampanye NATO di Afghanistan gagal sejak awal yang didasarkan pada ancaman yang dilebih-lebihkan dan ide-ide geopolitik yang tidak diartikan dengan baik.^[17]

Media yang dijalankan pemerintah di Tiongkok membandingkan situasi di Afganistan dengan hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Taiwan. Media itu mempertanyakan komitmen Amerika Serikat untuk mempertahankan Taiwan jika Tiongkok memutuskan untuk mengambil alih Taiwan yang diklaim sebagai provinsi milik Tiongkok dengan paksa.^[18]

Pemerintah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Argentina: The Foreign Ministry called on all parties to restore order and open dialogue while urging the Taliban to respect human rights. The Foreign Ministry also urged the Taliban to allow those wishing to leave Afghanistan to do so and for humanitarian aid to reach the population.^[19]
Australia: The Australian government deployed 250 soldiers and three aircraft to aid in evacuations. However, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated that "despite our best efforts, I know that support won’t reach all that it should" and Minister of Defence Peter Dutton stated that "we won’t be landing aircraft into the airport until it’s safe to do so".^[20] Morrison, Dutton and Foreign Minister Marise Payne also called on the Taliban to "cease all violence against civilians and adhere to international humanitarian law and the human rights all Afghans are entitled to expect, in particular women and girls."^[21]
Austria: Austrian foreign minister, Alexander Schallenberg, warned that "conflict and instability in the region will sooner or later spill over to Europe".^[11]
Brasil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed concern about the growing instability not only in Afghanistan but in the whole Central Asian region. The country called for a rapid engagement of the UN Security Council, expressing total support for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA).^[22]
Kanada: Pemerintah Kanada mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan menangguhkan operasi kedutaannya di Afghanistan.^[23]
Tiongkok: Foreign Minister Wang Yi has criticized the withdrawal of US-led NATO forces, urging them to withdraw in a "responsible and orderly manner".^[24]
Denmark: Foreign Minister Jeppe Kofod said that Denmark would decide to temporarily close its embassy in Kabul and that the situation in Kabul is serious, and make an extra effort for those who have stood side by side with Denmark.^[25]
Finland: According to Minister for Foreign Affairs Pekka Haavisto, the Finnish Embassy in Kabul has been closed and all of its Finnish staff evacuated from Afghanistan.^[26]
Prancis: Pemerintah Prancis mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengadakan pertemuan dewan pertahanan darurat pada 16 Agustus yang dipimpin oleh Presiden Emmanuel Macron untuk mengatasi situasi tersebut.^[27] Menteri Eropa dan Luar Negeri Jean-Yves Le Drian menyatakan bahwa memburuknya situasi dengan cepat di Afganistan, kementerian memutuskan untuk memindahkan kedutaan besar mereka ke bandar udara Kabul untuk melanjutkan evakuasi diplomat Prancis di Kabull.^[28] Menteri Angkatan Bersenjata Florence Parly atas permintaan Presiden Emmanuel Macron mengirimkan pesawat Angkatan Udara dan Antariksa Prancis C130J dan A400M untuk melakukan evakuasi dengan dukungan militer Prancis yang berpangkalan di Uni Emirat Arab di Camp de la Paix.^[29]
India: India has evacuated its ambassador and diplomatic staff in its Embassy in Kabul. The Indian government is also making arrangements for bringing back its nationals.^[30]
Indonesia: Pemerintah Indonesia menyatakan sedang memantau situasi di Afghanistan dan menyatakan kesiapan mengevakuasi 15 orang Indonesia di Afghanistan jika diperlukan.^[31] Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Kabul akan tetap dipertahankan.^[32]
Iran: President Ebrahim Raisi said "American military defeat and its withdrawal must become an opportunity to restore life, security and durable peace in Afghanistan. Iran backs efforts to restore stability in Afghanistan and, as a neighbouring and brother nation, Iran invites all groups in Afghanistan to reach a national agreement."^[33]
Irlandia: The Taoiseach Micheál Martin stated on 16 August that he found the situation in Afghanistan "deeply worrying". He stated his support for a statement made by the UN secretary general which asked for restraint from the Taliban and stressed himself the need for all sides of the conflict to follow international law.^[34]
Italia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defence sent a KC-767 of the Italian Air Force to proceed with the evacuation of Italian diplomats and citizens, along with many Afghan collaborators and their families. An envoy remains at Kabul airport protected by Carabinieri and an airbridge has been arranged.^[35]
Kazakhstan: The Kazakh ministry of foreign affairs said that the embassy would continue operating in Kabul, noting that a small number of staff work at the embassy.^[36] President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev stated that Kazakhstan would closely follow the development of events in Afghanistan and that measures would take place to ensure the safety of its citizens and diplomats within the country.^[37]
Malaysia: The Malaysian High Commission in India (which is accredited to Afghanistan) has urged citizens remaining in Afghanistan to register with them and return to Malaysia. The High Commission also confirmed that it had helped a Malaysian national return home earlier in August. It also confirmed that two other Malaysian nationals working for an international relief organisation had opted to remain in Kabul.^[38]
Nepal: Nepal memulai langkah serupa untuk memulangkan warganya di Afganistan.^[39]
Selandia Baru: Perdana Menteri Jacinda Ardern dan Kepala Angkatan Pertahanan Selandia Baru Marsekal Udara Kevin Short mengumumkan bahwa Selandia Baru akan mengerahkan 40 pasukan untuk mengevakuasi 53 warga Selandia Baru dan 37 warga Afganistan yang bekerja untuk militer Selandia Baru bersama keluarga inti mereka.^[40]^[41]^[42]
Norwegia: Norway announced that it is closing its embassy in Kabul and the Foreign Affairs Minister Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide said that "there’s been a major worsening of the security situation in Afghanistan that first and foremost affects the civilian population".^[43]
Pakistan: Menteri Luar Negeri Pakistan Shah Mahmood Qureshi menyatakan keprihatinan atas situasi yang memburuk di Afganistan, tetapi mengatakan bahwa Pakistan tidak berniat untuk menutup kedutaan besar di Kabul.^{[butuh rujukan]} Perdana Menteri Imran Khan menyebut peristiwa itu sebagai putusnya belenggu perbudakan oleh orang Afganistan.^[44]^[45]^[46]
Filipina: Filipina mulai memulangkan warganya secara wajib dari Afghanistan.^[47] Filipina juga berjanji akan menerima pengungsi dari Afghanistan.^[48]
Romania: On 14 August, as the situation in Afghanistan worsened, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania urged all Romanian citizens in Afghanistan to "leave the country immediately" and to avoid any trip to Afghanistan.^[49] Two days later, on 16 August, the Prime Minister of Romania Florin Cîțu said there were still 35 Romanian citizens in Afghanistan and that a plane would be sent to take them back to Romania.^[50]
Rusia: Kedutaan besar Rusia di Kabul menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak akan mengevakuasi atau menutup kedutaan besar, dengan juru bicara Taliban menjamin keamanan kedutaan besar.^[51] Pemerintah Rusia lebih lanjut menyatakan bahwa pembicaraan sedang berlangsung untuk mengadakan pertemuan Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa darurat untuk membahas situasi di Afganistan.^[52]
Afrika Selatan: The Department of International Relations and Cooperation (Dirco) stated that contact had been established with South African nationals stranded in Afghanistan through the South African High Commission to Pakistan, which is also responsible for diplomatic relations with Afghanistan, and that efforts to ensure their safety and provide consular assistance were underway. The South African government expressed concern at the plight of the thousands of Afghans displaced by the worsening security situation and called on "the authority in power to ensure that the rule of law, human rights and the safety of all Afghans and foreign nationals alike are protected", further calling on "all military and security groups" to exercise restraint and seek negotiations aiming toward the restoration of stability and legitimate government.^[53]
Spanyol The Spanish government is preparing to evacuate the Afghans who worked for Spain’s military and civilian operations and European Union missions. The Spanish Air Force already has an A400M transport plane ready to pick up the evacuees in Kabul as soon as the command is issued, which should come no later than 30 August.^[54] The interior ministry will "process" any application for international protection made by Afghan translators and others who worked for Spanish forces after they arrive in Spain, rather than refugee status.^[55]
Swedia: Menteri Luar Negeri Ann Linde menyatakan bahwa bubarnya pemerintah Afghanistan telah terjadi jauh lebih cepat daripada yang diperkirakan siapa pun.^[56] Penyiar publik Sveriges Radio melaporkan lebih lanjut bahwa kedutaan besar Swedia sedang mengevakuasi stafnya.^[57]
Turki Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said that "Turkey was in talks with all parties in Afghanistan, including the Taliban, and "views positively the messages the Islamist militants have sent since taking control of the country". Ministry also said that the embassy would continue to function and is not expected to close.^[58]
Ukraina President Volodymyr Zelensky announced that 80 people including Afghan citizens themselves whom applied for refugee status were evacuated from Afghanistan, citing that "Ukraine will always come to the aid of its citizens, no matter what happens in the world."^[59] The ministry of foreign affairs urged any of the remaining Ukrainians whom feel unsafe to contact the ministry or the embassies in the neighbouring countries of Tajikistan or Pakistan.^[60]^[61]
Uganda: Kampala announced that they are willing to accept 2,000 Afghan refugees.^[62]
Britania Raya Perdana Menteri Boris Johnson mengumumkan bahwa dia akan mengadakan sidang parlemen kembali untuk berdebat mengenai situasi di Afganistan.^[63] Pada sore 15 Agustus, sebuah pertemuan darurat COBR diadakan dan diikuti oleh pernyataan umum dari Boris yang menyatakan bahwa situasinya sangat sulit dan telah mengetahui sejak lama keadaannya seperti itu.^[64] Boris lebih lanjut menyatakan bahwa masyarakat internasional seharusnya tidak mengakui pemerintah Taliban dan bahwa itu perlu untuk mencegah Afganistan kembali menjadi tempat berkembangbiaknya teror.^[65]
Amerika Serikat: Presiden Amerika Serikat Joe Biden menyatakan bahwa kehadiran berkelanjutan pasukan Amerika Serikat di Afganistan tidak akan berbeda jika militer Afganistan tidak dapat mempertahankan kendali atas negara tersebut.^[11]
Uzbekistan: The Uzbek government said that its embassy would continue working in Afghanistan with no plans in evacuating its ambassadors and that it would instead negotiate both with the remaining Afghan government and Taliban on the issues of refugees.^[66]
Kota Vatikan: Pope Francis expressed his concern over the conflict in Afghanistan and called for dialogue so that the "battered population" can live in peace.^[67]