Istanbul: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[Berkas:Istanbul City Collage.jpg|thumb|250px|Gambar-gambar Istanbul]]
{{Infobox settlement
[[Berkas:Istlogo.png|left|Lambang Istanbul]]
| name=Istanbul
[[Berkas:Istambul and Bosporus big.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Gambar Istambul dan [[Selat Bosporus]] yang diambil dari citra satelit]]
| native_name=''İstanbul''
| native_name_lang=
| settlement_type=[[Munisipalitas metropolitan]]
| image_skyline=Istanbul collage 5f.jpg
| image_caption=Searah jarum jam: [[Tanjung Emas]] antara [[Galata]] dan [[Sarayburnu|Tanjung Seraglio]]; distrik keuangan [[Maslak]]; [[İstiklal Avenue]]; [[Haydarpaşa Terminal]]; dan [[Masjid Sultan Ahmed]]
| image_alt=See caption
| imagesize=300px
| image_blank_emblem=
| blank_emblem_type=Emblem
| blank_emblem_size=110px
| pushpin_map=Turki
| pushpin_map_caption=Lokasi di Turki
| pushpin_map_alt=Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water
| pushpin_mapsize=300px
| latd=41|latm=00|lats=49|latNS=N
| longd=28|longm=57|longs=18|longEW=E
| coordinates_region=TR
| subdivision_type=Negara
| subdivision_name=[[Turki]]
| subdivision_type1=[[Wilayah geografis di Turki|Wilayah]]
| subdivision_name1=[[Region Marmara|Marmara]]
| subdivision_type2=[[Provinsi di Turki|Provinsi]]
| subdivision_name2=[[Provinsi Istanbul|Istanbul]]
| leader_party=[[Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan (Turki)|AKP]]
| leader_title=Walikota
| leader_name=[[Kadir Topbaş]]
| established_title=Didirikan
| established_date=
| established_title1= - [[Bizantium]]
| established_date1=c. 660 SM{{efn|name=byz-date}}
| established_title2= - [[Konstantinopel]]
| established_date2=330 AD
| established_title3= - Istanbul
| established_date3=1930 (resmi){{efn|name=name-1930|Nama kota ini secara resmi diganti menjadi Istanbul pada tahun 1930, tetapi nama ini sudah duluan dipakai sejak sebelum [[Kejatuhan Konstantinopel|penaklukan Utsmaniyah]] tahun 1453.<ref name="roo177" />}}
| parts_type=Distrik
| parts=[[Daftar distrik di Istanbul|39]]
| area_metro_km2=5343
| area_metro_mi2=2063
| area_metro_footnotes={{efn|name=city-area}}
| population_total=13.854.740
| population_as_of=2012
| population_footnotes=<ref name="tuik" />
| population rank=[[Daftar kota di Turki|ke-1 di Turki]], [[Daftar wilayah perkotaan menurut jumlah pendduuk|ke-19 di dunia]]
| population_density_km2=2593
| population_demonym=Istanbulite<br />(Turki: ''İstanbullu(lar)'')
| timezone=[[Waktu Eropa Timur|EET]]
| utc_offset=+2
| timezone_DST=[[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Timur|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST=+3
| postal_code_type=[[Kode pos]]
| postal_code=34000 sampai 34850
| area_code=(+90) 212 (sisi Eropa) <br /> (+90) 216 (sisi Asia)
| website={{URL|http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx|Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality}}
}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|WHS=Daerah Bersejarah Istanbul
|WHS=Daerah Bersejarah Istanbul
Baris 14: Baris 68:
|Link=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356
|Link=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356
}}
}}
'''Istanbul''' ({{lang-tr|İstanbul}}) adalah kota terbesar di [[Turki]]yang menjadi jantung ekonomi, budaya, dan sejarah negara ini. Dengan jumlah penduduk {{nowrap|13,9 juta}}, kota ini membentuk salah satu [[Daftar wilayah metropolitan di Eropa|aglomerasi perkotaan terbesar di Eropa]]{{efn|name=un-agg}} dan termasuk salah satu [[Daftar batas kota menurut jumlah penduduk|kota terbesar di dunia]] menurut jumlah penduduk di dalam batas kota.<ref name="tuik">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425|publisher=The Turkish Statistical Institute|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2012|date=28 January 2013|accessdate=28 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="mocljo145">{{harvnb|Mossberger|Clarke|John|2012|p=145}}</ref> Istanbul yang memiliki luas {{convert|5343|km2|mi2|sp=us}} ini berbatasan dengan [[Provinsi Istanbul]] dan menjadi ibu kota administratifnya.{{efn|name=city-area}} Istanbul adalah kota lintas benua yang membentang melintasi Selat [[Bosphorus]]—salah satu perairan tersibuk di dunia—di Turki barat laut, antara [[Laut Marmara]] dan [[Laut Hitam]]. Pusat perdagangan dan sejarahnya terletak di Eropa, sementara sepertiga penduduknya tinggal di Asia.<ref name="wctr281">{{harvnb|WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|2004|p=281}}</ref>
'''Istanbul''' atau '''Istambul''' ([[bahasa Turki]]: İstanbul) adalah kota terbesar di [[Turki]]. Hingga [[1930]] kota ini lebih umum dikenal melalui nama Yunaninya [[Konstantinopel]] oleh orang-orang Barat; beberapa orang memanggilnya ''Stambul'', khususnya pada [[abad ke-19]]. Lebih jauh ke masa lalu kota ini juga pernah dikenal sebagai [[Bizantium]] atau Byzantion.


Didirikan di promontori [[Sarayburnu]] sekitar tahun 660 SM dengan nama [[Bizantium]], kota yang sekarang bernama Istanbul ini berkembang menjadi salah satu kota paling penting dalam sejarah. Selama enam belas abad setelah didirikan kembali dengan nama [[Konstantinopel]] pada tahun 330 M, kota ini menjadi ibu kota dari empat kekaisaran, yaitu [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] (330–395), [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] (395–1204 dan 1261–1453), [[Kekaisaran Latin]] (1204–1261), dan [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]] (1453–1922).<ref>{{harvnb|Çelik|1993|p=xv}}</ref> Kota ini memainkan peran penting dalam kemajuan penyebaran Kristen selama masa-masa Romawi dan Romawi Timur sebelum Utsmaniyah [[kejatuhan Konstantinopel|menaklukkannya]] pada tahun 1453 dan mengubahnya menjadi pertahanan Islam sekaligus ibu kota [[Kekhalifahan Utsmaniyah|kekhalifahan terakhir]].<ref name="maag1145">{{harvnb|Masters|Ágoston|2009|pp=114–5}}</ref> Meskipun Republik Turki menetapkan ibu kotanya di [[Ankara]], istana dan masjid kekaisaran masih berjajar di perbukitan Istanbul sebagai lambang sejarah kota ini.
Dengan populasi sebesar 11 hingga 15 juta, Istanbul adalah kota yang terpadat penduduknya di Turki dan merupakan salah satu [[Kota terbesar dunia|kota terbesar]] di [[Eropa]].


Posisi strategis Istanbul di [[Jalur Sutera]],<ref>{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=320}}</ref> jaringan rel ke Eropa dan Timur Tengah, dan satu-satunya rute air antara Laut Hitam dan Mediterania telah membantu memajukan penduduknya, meski tidak banyak sejak didirikannya Republik Turki pada tahun 1923. Setelah diabaikan selama periode antarperang, kota ini berhasil merebut perhatian dunia. Populasi kota bertambah sepuluh kali lipat sejak 1960-an setelah para migran dari seluruh [[Anatolia]] datang ke metropolis dan batas kota pun diperluas demi menampung mereka.<ref name="tu224">{{harvnb|Turan|2010|p=224}}</ref><ref name="ecoc-popdem">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/en-US/0-Exploring-The-City/Location/Pages/PopulationandDemographicStructure.aspx|publisher=Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality|title=Population and Demographic Structure|year=2008|accessdate=27 March 2012|work=Istanbul 2010: European Capital of Culture}}</ref> Beberapa festival seni diadakan pada akhir abad ke-20, sementara perbaikan infrastruktur berhasil menciptakan jaringan transportasi yang kompleks.
Kota ini juga merupakan ibu kota administratif [[Daftar provinsi Turki|Provinsi]] [[Provinsi Istanbul|Istanbul]].


Tujuh juta turis asing berkunjung ke Istanbul pada tahun 2010 setelah dinobatkan sebagai [[Ibu Kota Budaya Eropa]], sehingga kota ini menjadi tujuan wisata paling populer ke-10 di dunia.<ref name="weiner">{{cite web|url=http://travel.usnews.com/features/Worlds_Most_Visited_Cities|last=Weiner|first=Miriam B|work=U.S. News & World Report|title=World's Most Visited Cities|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> Atraksi utama kota ini adalah pusat sejarahnya yang separuhnya terdaftar sebagai [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO, tetapi hub budaya dan hiburannya berada di sepanjang pelabuhan alami kota ini, [[Tanjung Emas]], di distrik [[Beyoğlu]]. Diakui sebagai [[kota global]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2010|work=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network|publisher=Loughborough University|accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref> Istanbul menjadi tempat berdirinya kantor pusat sejumlah perusahaan dan kantor berita Turki dan menyumbang lebih dari seperempat [[produk domestik bruto]] negara ini.<ref name="oecd">{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/gov/regionaldevelopment/40317916.pdf|title=OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey|publisher=The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|date=March 2008|work=Policy Briefs|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> Demi memanfaatkan revitalisasi dan perluasannya yang cepat, Istanbul [[pencalonan Istanbul untuk Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|mencalonkan diri]] untuk menjadi kota penyelenggara [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020]].<ref name="olympic.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-selects-three-cities-as-candidates-for-the-2020-olympic-games/166288|publisher=The International Olympic Committee|title=IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games|date=24 May 2012|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>
Didirikan kira-kira pada abad ke-7 SM.Pada tahun 330, kota itu dijadikan sebagai ibu kota [[kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]] oleh [[Konstantin I dari Kekaisaran Romawi|Konstantin]] di tempat [[koloni Yunani]] kuno bernama [[Bizantium]], dan dinamakan [[Konstantinopel]] untuk menghormatinya, kota ini menjadi ibu kota timur [[kekaisaran Romawi]] dan kemudian menjadi ibu kota [[kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] pada tahun 395.Pada tahun 1453, Konstantinopel berhasil direbut oleh Kesultanan Ottoman dibawah pimpinan Sultan [[Mehmed II|Muhammad II]]. Atas keberhasilannya, ia dijuluki "al-Fatih" (Sang Penakluk). Kemudian nama Konstantinopel diganti menjadi Istanbul yang berarti kota [[Islam]]. Setelah [[jatuhnya Konstantinopel]] pada [[1453]] kota ini menjadi bagian dan kemudian ibu kota [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]]. Sebelum perebutan tersebut, bangsa Turki memanggilnya dengan nama ''İstanbul,'' tetapi secara resmi menggunakan nama ''Qustantaniyyeh'' (قسطنطنيه), yang berarti "Kota Konstantin" dalam [[bahasa Arab]]. Hanya pada [[28 Maret]] [[1930]] kota ini dinamakan kembali sebagai ''Istanbul''.


== Iklim ==
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar tokoh dari Istanbul]]
* [[Daftar kota kembar di Turki#Istanbul|Daftar kota kembar Istanbul]]


== Catatan kaki ==
[[Iklim sedang]]
{{notes}}


== Referensi ==
{{Infobox Weather
{{reflist|colwidth=27em}}
|metric_first=yes
|single_line=yes
|location=Istanbul, {{TUR}}
|Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 18.3
|Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 24.0
|Mar_REC_Hi_°C = 26.2
|Apr_REC_Hi_°C = 32.9
|May_REC_Hi_°C = 33.0
|Jun_REC_Hi_°C = 40.2
|Jul_REC_Hi_°C = 40.5
|Aug_REC_Hi_°C = 38.8
|Sep_REC_Hi_°C = 33.6
|Oct_REC_Hi_°C = 34.2
|Nov_REC_Hi_°C = 27.2
|Dec_REC_Hi_°C = 21.2
|Year_REC_Hi_°C =40.5
|Jan_Hi_°C = 8.7
|Feb_Hi_°C = 9.1
|Mar_Hi_°C = 11.2
|Apr_Hi_°C = 16.5
|May_Hi_°C = 21.4
|Jun_Hi_°C = 26.0
|Jul_Hi_°C = 28.4
|Aug_Hi_°C = 28.5
|Sep_Hi_°C = 25.0
|Oct_Hi_°C = 20.1
|Nov_Hi_°C = 15.3
|Dec_Hi_°C = 11.1
|Year_Hi_°C = 18.4
|Jan_Lo_°C = 2.9
|Feb_Lo_°C = 2.8
|Mar_Lo_°C = 3.9
|Apr_Lo_°C = 7.7
|May_Lo_°C = 12.0
|Jun_Lo_°C = 16.0
|Jul_Lo_°C = 18.5
|Aug_Lo_°C = 18.7
|Sep_Lo_°C = 15.5
|Oct_Lo_°C = 12.0
|Nov_Lo_°C = 8.5
|Dec_Lo_°C = 5.3
|Year_Lo_°C = 10.3
|Jan_MEAN_°C = 5.8
|Feb_MEAN_°C = 5.9
|Mar_MEAN_°C = 7.55
|Apr_MEAN_°C = 12.1
|May_MEAN_°C = 16.7
|Jun_MEAN_°C = 21.0
|Jul_MEAN_°C = 23.4
|Aug_MEAN_°C = 23.6
|Sep_MEAN_°C = 20.2
|Oct_MEAN_°C = 16.0
|Nov_MEAN_°C = 11.9
|Dec_MEAN_°C = 8.2
|Year_MEAN_°C = 14.3
|Jan_REC_Lo_°C = -10.4
|Feb_REC_Lo_°C = -16.1
|Mar_REC_Lo_°C = -7.0
|Apr_REC_Lo_°C = -0.6
|May_REC_Lo_°C = 3.6
|Jun_REC_Lo_°C = 8.0
|Jul_REC_Lo_°C = 10.5
|Aug_REC_Lo_°C = 8.2
|Sep_REC_Lo_°C = 5.2
|Oct_REC_Lo_°C = 1.0
|Nov_REC_Lo_°C = -4.0
|Dec_REC_Lo_°C = -9.4
|Year_REC_Lo_°C =-16.1
|Jan_Hum= 77
|Feb_Hum= 75
|Mar_Hum= 74
|Apr_Hum= 71
|May_Hum= 72
|Jun_Hum= 70
|Jul_Hum= 67
|Aug_Hum= 68
|Sep_Hum= 68
|Oct_Hum= 72
|Nov_Hum= 74
|Dec_Hum= 76
|Year_Hum= 72
|Jan_Precip_days = 20
|Feb_Precip_days = 17
|Mar_Precip_days = 16
|Apr_Precip_days = 14
|May_Precip_days = 12
|Jun_Precip_days = 8
|Jul_Precip_days = 5
|Aug_Precip_days = 6
|Sep_Precip_days = 7
|Oct_Precip_days = 12
|Nov_Precip_days = 16
|Dec_Precip_days = 19
|Year_Precip_days = 152
|Jan_Snow_days = 6
|Feb_Snow_days = 6
|Mar_Snow_days = 3
|Apr_Snow_days = 0
|May_Snow_days = 0
|Jun_Snow_days = 0
|Jul_Snow_days = 0
|Aug_Snow_days = 0
|Sep_Snow_days = 0
|Oct_Snow_days = 0
|Nov_Snow_days = 0
|Dec_Snow_days = 4
|Year_Snow_days = 19
|Jan_Precip_mm = 98.4
|Feb_Precip_mm = 80.2
|Mar_Precip_mm = 69.9
|Apr_Precip_mm = 45.8
|May_Precip_mm = 36.1
|Jun_Precip_mm = 34
|Jul_Precip_mm = 38.8
|Aug_Precip_mm = 47.8
|Sep_Precip_mm = 61.4
|Oct_Precip_mm = 96.9
|Nov_Precip_mm = 110.7
|Dec_Precip_mm = 123.9
|Year_Precip_mm = 843.9
|source = [[World Meteorological Organization]] ([[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/014/c00047.htm |title=Weather Information for Istanbul |dateformat=mdy |accessdate=}}</ref> Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (DMİ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteor.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/yillik-toplam-yagis-verileri.aspx?m=ISTANBUL |title=Yıllık Toplam Yağış Verileri - İstanbul |dateformat=mdy |accessdate=}}</ref><!-- <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmi.gov.tr/sondurum/en-dusuk-sicakliklar.aspx?t=t&gun=120131&ind=1&s=NM&f= |title=Ölçülen En Düşük Sıcaklıklar (Lowest Recorded Temperatures): 30.01.2012 06:00 - 31.01.2012 06:00 (UTC) - İstanbul |dateformat=mdy |accessdate=}}</ref> --> dan [[BBC]] Weather Centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004370 |title=BBC - Weather Centre - World Weather - Average Conditions - Istanbul |dateformat=mdy |accessdate=}}</ref>
|accessdate =24 Juni 2010}}


== Kota kembar ==
=== Pustaka ===
{{refbegin|27em}}
Berikut ini adalah daftar [[kota kembar]] Istanbul:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref><ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=2003-11-03|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe}}</ref>
* {{cite book|last=ʻAner|first=Nadav|year=2005|editor-last=Pergola|editor-first=Sergio Della|editor2-last=Gilboa|editor2-first=Amos|editor3-last=Ṭal|editor3-first=Rami|title=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-229-346-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Athanasopulos|first=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law|year=2001|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-0943-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Timothy David|title=Constantine and Eusebius|year=1981|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|year=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Brink-Danan|first=Marcy|title=Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=New Anthropologies of Europe|location=Bloomington, Ind.|isbn=978-0-253-35690-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|title=Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911|year=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Cantor|first=Norman F.|title=Civilization of the Middle Ages|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-092553-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-08239-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula|year=2006|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-975-395-899-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|year=1987|publisher=St. David's University Press|location=Lewiston, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88946-207-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Connell|first=John|year=2010|title=Medical Tourism|series=CAB Books|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84593-660-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Dahmus|first=Joseph|year=1995|title=A History of the Middle Ages|publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|volume=1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=De Sélincourt|first=Aubery|title=The Histories|series=Penguin Classics|editor-last=Marincola|editor-first=John M|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-044908-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Philip|title=The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-96854-6|ref=harv}}


* {{cite book|editor-last=Dumper|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stanley|editor2-first=Bruce E.|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|ref=harv}}
{{Multicol}}
* {{cite book|last=Düring|first=Bleda S.|title=The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-14981-5|ref=harv}}
{| class="wikitable"
* {{cite book|last1=Efe|first1=Recep|last2=Cürebal|first2=Isa|chapter=Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|year=2011|editor-last=Brunn|editor-first=Stanley D|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-90-481-9919-8|pages=715–34|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02396-7|ref=harv}}
!Benua
* {{cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=Istanbul: The Imperial City|year=1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-85972-6|ref=harv}}
!Bendera negara
* {{cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara|year=2000|publisher=Companion Guides|location=Woodbridge, Eng.|isbn=978-1-900639-31-6|ref=harv}}
!Kota
* {{cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture|year=2011|publisher=WIT Press|location=Southampton, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84564-506-9|ref=harv}}
!Mulai
* {{cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|year=2005|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|series=Comprehensive Grammars|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Eng.|isbn=978-0-415-21761-3|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|editor-last=Göktürk|editor-first=Deniz|editor2-last=Soysal|editor2-first=Levent|editor3-last=Türeli|editor3-first=İpek|year=2010|title=Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-58011-3|ref=harv}}
|rowspan=23|[[Eropa]]
* {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-12772-1|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Yunani}}
* {{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|ref=harv}}
|[[Kota Athena]]
* {{cite book|last=Harter|first=Jim|title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings|year=2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6|ref=harv}}
|rowspan=16|
* {{cite book|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=Peter M.|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann K. S.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|volume=1A|year=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|edition=illustrated, reprint|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest|year=1986|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-06921-3|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kapucu|first1=Naim|last2=Palabiyik|first2=Hamit|title=Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age|series=USAK Publications|volume=17|publisher=USAK|location=Ankara|year=2008|isbn=978-605-4030-01-9|ref=harv}}
|[[Baku]]
* {{cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-20954-0|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|editor-last=Keyder|editor-first=Çağlar|year=1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Jerman}}
* {{cite book|last1=Klimczuk|first1=Stephen|last2=Warner|first2=Gerald|year=2009|title=Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9|ref=harv}}
|[[Berlin]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/index.en.html|title=Berlin's international city relations |publisher=Berlin Mayor's Office|accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref>
* {{cite book|last1=Knieling|first1=Jörg|last2=Othengrafen|first2=Frank|title=Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning|series=Urban and Regional Planning and Development|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|location=Surrey, Eng.|isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5|year=2009|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|editor-last=Köksal|editor-first=Özlem|title=World Film Locations: Istanbul|publisher=Intellect Books|location=Bristol, Eng.|year=2012|isbn=978-1-84150-567-1|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Spanyol}}
* {{cite book|last=Köse|first=Yavuz|editor-last=Atabaki|editor-first=Touraj|editor2-last=Brockett|editor2-first=Gavin|chapter=Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)|title=Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-12805-6|pages=91–114|ref=harv}}
|[[Barcelona]]<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional - Ciutats agermanades|publisher=© 2006-2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Spanish|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref>
* {{cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.|year=1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-07070-7|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-09677-5|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Hongaria}}
* {{cite book|last=Lister|first=Richard P.|title=The Travels of Herodotus|year=1979|publisher=Gordon & Cremonesi|location=London|isbn=978-0-86033-081-3|ref=harv}}
|[[Budapest]]
* {{cite book|last1=Masters|first1=Bruce Alan|last2=Ágoston|first2=Gábor|year=2009|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Ian|title=Social Development|year=2010|date=October 2010|publisher=Stanford University|location=Stanford, Calif.|url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|accessdate=5 July 2012|format=pdf|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Jerman}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mossberger|first1=Karen|last2=Clarke|first2=Susan E.|last3=John|first3=Peter|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics|series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-536786-7|ref=harv}}
|[[Köln]]
* {{cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|title=Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|year=1991|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-14050-8|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Norris|first=Pippa|year=2010|title=Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform|publisher=World Bank Publications|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4|ref=harv}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Rumania}}
* {{cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Istanbul, Turkey|series=OECD Territorial Reviews|year=2008|publisher=OECD Publishing|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-04371-8|ref=harv}}
|[[Bukares]]
* {{cite book|author=Oxford Business Group|year=2009|title=The Report: Turkey 2009|publisher=Oxford Business Group|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-902339-13-9|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Papathanassis|first=Alexis|year=2011|title=The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0|ref=harv}}
|[[Constanţa]]
* {{cite book|last=Quantic|first=Roy|year=2008|title=Climatology for Airline Pilots|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-470-69847-1|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor-last=Mango|editor-first=Cyril|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-814098-6|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Albania}}
* {{cite book|last=Reisman|first=Arnold|title=Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision|year=2006|publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3|ref=harv}}
|[[Durrës]]
* {{cite book|last=Roebuck|first=Carl|title=Ionian Trade and Colonization|year=1959|series=Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89005-528-1|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|year=2006|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, N.C.|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Italia}}
* {{cite book|last=Rôzen|first=Mînnā|title=A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-90-04-12530-8|ref=harv}}
|[[Firenze]]
* {{cite book|last=Sanal|first=Aslihan|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Michael M. J.|editor2-last=Dumit|editor2-first=Joseph|year=2011|title=New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy|series=Experimental Futures|edition=illustrated|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Chapel Hill, N.C.|isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Oliver Jens|title=Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert" |year=2005|publisher=Oldenbourg|location=München|language=German|isbn=978-3-486-57713-6|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Rusia}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Stanford J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Ezel K.|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|volume=2|year=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|ref=harv}}
|[[Grozny]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.salon.com/news/news961108.html|title= Chechnya rebuilds from Turkey| accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher=Newsreal}}</ref>
* {{cite book|last=Taşan-Kok|first=Tuna|title=Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V|location=Delft, the Neth.|year=2004|isbn=978-90-5972-041-1|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-334-6|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Britania Raya}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tigrek|first1=Sahnaz|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül|year=2011|editor-last=Kibaroğlu|editor-first=Ayșegül|editor2-last=Scheumann|editor2-first=Waltina|editor3-last=Kramer|editor3-first=Annika|title=Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation|chapter=Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-3-642-19635-5|ref=harv}}
|[[London]]
* {{cite book|editor=Time Out Guides|title=Time Out Istanbul|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84670-115-3|ref={{sfnRef|Time Out Guides|2010}} }}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|year=2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=978-4-431-99266-0|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Ukraina}}
* {{cite book|author=WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-044512-0|ref=harv}}
|[[Odessa]]
* {{cite book|last=Wedel|first=Heidi|year=2000|editor1-last=Ibrahim|editor1-first=Ferhad|editor2-last=Gürbey|editor2-first=Gülistan|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9|pages=181–93|ref=harv}}
|-
* {{cite book|last=Wynn|first=Martin|title=Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe|series=Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment|publisher=Mansell|location=Los Altos, Calif.|year=1984|isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3|ref=harv}}
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
{{refend}}
|[[Plovdiv]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republik Ceko}}
|[[Praha]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Belanda}}
|[[Rotterdam]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Rusia}}
|[[Saint Petersburg]]<ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>
|1990
|-
|{{flagcountry|Bosnia dan Herzegovina}}
|[[Sarajevo]]
|rowspan=5|
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republik Makedonia}}
|[[Skopje]]<ref name="Skopje">{{cite web|url=http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69|title=Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006–2009 [http://www.skopje.gov.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 City of Skopje]|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Swedia}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Perancis}}
|[[Strasbourg]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Italia}}
|[[Venesia]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Polandia}}
|[[Warsawa]]<ref>{{pl}} {{cite web |author= |url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages= |page= |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref>
|1991
|-
|rowspan=22|[[Asia]]
|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|[[Almaty]]
|rowspan=33|
|-
|{{flagcountry|Yordania}}
|[[Amman]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
|[[Beirut]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Korea Selatan}}
|[[Busan]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Suriah}}
|[[Damaskus]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Uni Emirat Arab}}
|[[Dubai]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
|[[Kota Ho Chi Minh]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Iran}}
|[[Isfahan]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|[[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Arab Saudi}}
|[[Jeddah]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
|[[Johor Bahru]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Afganistan}}
|[[Kabul]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Rusia}}
|[[Kazan]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|[[Lahore]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
|[[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kirgistan}}
|[[Osh]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Samarkand|Samarqand]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republik Rakyat Cina}}
|[[Shanghai]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Jepang}}
|[[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi|Shimonoseki]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|[[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Iran}}
|[[Tabriz]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republik Rakyat Cina}}
|[[Xi'an]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Amerika]]
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}
|[[Buenos Aires]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|[[Caracas]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kuba}}
|[[Havana]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Amerika Serikat}}
|[[Houston, Texas|Houston]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Meksiko}}
|[[Kota Meksiko]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Brasil}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kanada}}
|[[Toronto]]
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Afrika]]
|{{flagcountry|Mesir}}
|[[Kairo]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Aljazair}}
|[[Constantine, Aljazair|Constantine]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sudan}}
|[[Khartoum]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Maroko}}
|[[Rabat]]
|}


== Lihat pula ==
==Pranala luar==
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{{Sister project links|Istanbul}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx Official website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality]
* [http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ Official website of the Istanbul Governorship]
* [http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982, and 2005]
* [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Live views of major landmarks in Istanbul]
* [http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Istanbul Bulteni Magazine official website]


{{coord|41|00|49|N|28|57|18|E|type:city|display=title}}
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}


{{navboxes
== Pranala luar ==
| list=
{{commons|Category:Istanbul}}
{{Distrik di Turki | provname = Istanbul }}
* {{en}} [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/AnaSayfa/ Situs resmi]
{{Walikota İstanbul}}
* {{en}} [http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/573/45/ Istanbul di Encyclopaedia of Turkey]
{{Ibu Kota Budaya Eropa}}
* {{en}} [http://perso.orange.fr/istanbul istanbul forever]
{{Ibu Kota Olahraga Eropa}}
* {{en}} [http://maps.turkeyodyssey.com/city/maps_of_istanbul.php Mapo Istanbul]
{{Wilayah perkotaan terpadat di dunia}}
* {{en}} [http://lonelyplanet.com/destinations/middle_east/istanbul Lonely Planet Istanbul]
{{Pusat metropolitan di Turki}}
* [http://www.istanbulesnaflari.com/eski-istanbul.aspx Foto-foto bersejarah]
}}


[[Category:Istanbul]]<!--leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]]
[[Kategori:Kota suci]]
[[Kategori:Kota suci]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Turki]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Turki]]
Baris 360: Baris 196:
[[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Turki]]
[[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Turki]]


{{Link FA|af}}
{{Link FA|ar}}
{{Link FA|ar}}
{{Link GA|de}}
{{Link FA|af}}
{{Link FA|hr}}
{{Link FA|hr}}
{{Link FA|hu}}
{{Link FA|hu}}
{{Link FA|lv}}
{{Link FA|lv}}
{{Link GA|de}}
{{Link FA|en}}
{{Link FA|mk}}
{{Link FA|mk}}
{{Link FA|pt}}
{{Link FA|pt}}
{{Link FA|vi}}

Revisi per 19 Maret 2013 16.45

Istanbul
İstanbul
See caption
NegaraTurki
WilayahMarmara
ProvinsiIstanbul
 - Bizantiumc. 660 SM[a]
 - Konstantinopel330 AD
 - Istanbul1930 (resmi)[b]
Distrik39
Pemerintahan
 • WalikotaKadir Topbaş (AKP)
Luas
 • Luas metropolitan5.343 km2 (2,063 sq mi)
Populasi
 (2012)[2]
 • Munisipalitas metropolitan13,854,740
 • Kepadatan2.593/km2 (6,720/sq mi)
DemonimIstanbulite
(Turki: İstanbullu(lar))
Zona waktuUTC+2 (EET)
 • Musim panas (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Kode pos
34000 sampai 34850
Kode area telepon(+90) 212 (sisi Eropa)
(+90) 216 (sisi Asia)
Situs webIstanbul Metropolitan Municipality
Daerah Bersejarah Istanbul
Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO
KriteriaBudaya: I, II, III, IV
Nomor identifikasi356
Pengukuhan1985 (ke-9)

Istanbul (Turki: İstanbul) adalah kota terbesar di Turkiyang menjadi jantung ekonomi, budaya, dan sejarah negara ini. Dengan jumlah penduduk 13,9 juta, kota ini membentuk salah satu aglomerasi perkotaan terbesar di Eropa[d] dan termasuk salah satu kota terbesar di dunia menurut jumlah penduduk di dalam batas kota.[2][3] Istanbul yang memiliki luas 5.343 kilometer persegi (2.063 sq mi) ini berbatasan dengan Provinsi Istanbul dan menjadi ibu kota administratifnya.[c] Istanbul adalah kota lintas benua yang membentang melintasi Selat Bosphorus—salah satu perairan tersibuk di dunia—di Turki barat laut, antara Laut Marmara dan Laut Hitam. Pusat perdagangan dan sejarahnya terletak di Eropa, sementara sepertiga penduduknya tinggal di Asia.[4]

Didirikan di promontori Sarayburnu sekitar tahun 660 SM dengan nama Bizantium, kota yang sekarang bernama Istanbul ini berkembang menjadi salah satu kota paling penting dalam sejarah. Selama enam belas abad setelah didirikan kembali dengan nama Konstantinopel pada tahun 330 M, kota ini menjadi ibu kota dari empat kekaisaran, yaitu Kekaisaran Romawi (330–395), Kekaisaran Romawi Timur (395–1204 dan 1261–1453), Kekaisaran Latin (1204–1261), dan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah (1453–1922).[5] Kota ini memainkan peran penting dalam kemajuan penyebaran Kristen selama masa-masa Romawi dan Romawi Timur sebelum Utsmaniyah menaklukkannya pada tahun 1453 dan mengubahnya menjadi pertahanan Islam sekaligus ibu kota kekhalifahan terakhir.[6] Meskipun Republik Turki menetapkan ibu kotanya di Ankara, istana dan masjid kekaisaran masih berjajar di perbukitan Istanbul sebagai lambang sejarah kota ini.

Posisi strategis Istanbul di Jalur Sutera,[7] jaringan rel ke Eropa dan Timur Tengah, dan satu-satunya rute air antara Laut Hitam dan Mediterania telah membantu memajukan penduduknya, meski tidak banyak sejak didirikannya Republik Turki pada tahun 1923. Setelah diabaikan selama periode antarperang, kota ini berhasil merebut perhatian dunia. Populasi kota bertambah sepuluh kali lipat sejak 1960-an setelah para migran dari seluruh Anatolia datang ke metropolis dan batas kota pun diperluas demi menampung mereka.[8][9] Beberapa festival seni diadakan pada akhir abad ke-20, sementara perbaikan infrastruktur berhasil menciptakan jaringan transportasi yang kompleks.

Tujuh juta turis asing berkunjung ke Istanbul pada tahun 2010 setelah dinobatkan sebagai Ibu Kota Budaya Eropa, sehingga kota ini menjadi tujuan wisata paling populer ke-10 di dunia.[10] Atraksi utama kota ini adalah pusat sejarahnya yang separuhnya terdaftar sebagai Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, tetapi hub budaya dan hiburannya berada di sepanjang pelabuhan alami kota ini, Tanjung Emas, di distrik Beyoğlu. Diakui sebagai kota global,[11] Istanbul menjadi tempat berdirinya kantor pusat sejumlah perusahaan dan kantor berita Turki dan menyumbang lebih dari seperempat produk domestik bruto negara ini.[12] Demi memanfaatkan revitalisasi dan perluasannya yang cepat, Istanbul mencalonkan diri untuk menjadi kota penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020.[13]

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama byz-date
  2. ^ Nama kota ini secara resmi diganti menjadi Istanbul pada tahun 1930, tetapi nama ini sudah duluan dipakai sejak sebelum penaklukan Utsmaniyah tahun 1453.[1]
  3. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama city-area
  4. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama un-agg

Referensi

  1. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama roo177
  2. ^ a b "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2012". The Turkish Statistical Institute. 28 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2013. 
  3. ^ Mossberger, Clarke & John 2012, hlm. 145
  4. ^ WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004, hlm. 281
  5. ^ Çelik 1993, hlm. xv
  6. ^ Masters & Ágoston 2009, hlm. 114–5
  7. ^ Dumper & Stanley 2007, hlm. 320
  8. ^ Turan 2010, hlm. 224
  9. ^ "Population and Demographic Structure". Istanbul 2010: European Capital of Culture. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2008. Diakses tanggal 27 March 2012. 
  10. ^ Weiner, Miriam B. "World's Most Visited Cities". U.S. News & World Report. Diakses tanggal 21 May 2012. 
  11. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Loughborough University. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2012. 
  12. ^ "OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey" (PDF). Policy Briefs. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. March 2008. Diakses tanggal 20 August 2012. 
  13. ^ "IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games". The International Olympic Committee. 24 May 2012. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2012. 

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Pranala luar

Koordinat: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E / 41.01361; 28.95500

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