M101 howitzer

M101/M101A1 105 mm Howitzer
M101/M101A1 105 mm Howitzer
	; Marinir amerika menembakan 105 mm Howitzer pada peringatan 60 tahun pertempuran Iwo Jima pada 26 Maret 2005
Jenis	Howitzer
Negara asal	USA
Sejarah pemakaian
Digunakan oleh	Amerika Serikat; Bahamas; Kanada; Chili; Colombia; Croatia; Ecuador; France; Guatemala; Indonesia; Japan - Japan Ground Self-Defense Force; Mexico; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay; State of Vietnam; Serbia; Cambodia; Yugoslavia; Australia; Thailand; Myanmar; Republik Tiongkok - Republic of China Marine Corps; many others
Pada perang	World War II; Korean War; First Indochina War; Vietnam War;
Sejarah produksi
Produsen	Rock Island Arsenal
Diproduksi	1941-?
Spesifikasi
Berat	2,260 kg (4 980 lb)
Panjang	5.94 m (19.5 kaki)
Panjang laras	22 calibre: 2.31 m (7.58 kaki)
Lebar	2.21 m (7.25 kaki)
Tinggi	1.73 m (5.66 kaki)
Selongsong peluru	105x372R
Kaliber	105 mm (4.13 inchi)
Popor	horizontal block
Tolak balik	hydropneumatic, konstan, 42 inchi
Rangka pembawa	trail terpisah
Elevasi	-5° sampai +66°
Sudut putar	46°
Kecepatan peluru	472 m/detik (1,548 kaki/detik)
Jarak jangkauan	11,270 m (6.9 mil)

105 mm Howitzer M2A1(M101) adalah howitser menengah standar USA pada perang dunia II, dipergunakan pada perang di Eropa maupun di Pasifik. Mulai diproduksi tahun 1941, dan langsung diturunkan untuk melawan Tentara kerajaan Jepang di Pasifik, pada perang ini senjata ini mendapatkan reputasinya untuk keakuratan dan daya pukul yang bagus. M101 menembakan amunisi daya ledak tinggi semi-fixed 105 mm dan berjarak jangkau 11,200 m, membuatnya cocok untuk mendukung infantri. Artileri total dipakai oleh 67 negara, walaupun saat ini sudah dipensiun dari kedinasan militer USA, tetapi masih digunakan di negara lain, salah satunya Indonesia.

Variants[sunting | sunting sumber]

Varian senjata:

M1920 - prototipe.^[1]
M1925E - prototipe.^[1]
T2, distandardkan sebagai M1.^[1]
M2 (1934) - perubahan minor pada chamber untuk memungkinkan penggunaan amunisi tetap (fixed ammunition).^[1]
M2A1 (1940) - cincin breech dimodifikasi.^[2]
M3 - howitzer ringan, barrel diperpendek 27 inchi.
T8, distandardkan sebagai M4 - varian yang dipasang pada kendaraan dengan breech yang dimodifikasi dan permukaan rekoil silindris.^[3]
M101 - penamaan pasca perang dari M2A1 pada kereta M2A1.
M101A1 - penamaan pasca perang dari M2A1 pada kereta M2A2.

Varian kereta:

M1920E - prototipe, trail terpisah.^[1]
M1921E - prototipe, trail kotak.^[1]
M1925E - prototipe, trail kotak.^[1]
T2, distandardkan sebagai M1 - trail terpisah, roda kayu.^[1]
M1A1 - kereta M1 dibangun kembali dengan roda baru, rem dan bagian lain.^[2]
T3 - prototipe.^[1]
T4 - prototipe.^[1]
T5, distandardkan sebagai M2 (1940) - trail terpisah, roda besi dengan ban pneumatik.^[1]
M2A1 - rem elektrik dilepas.^[4]
M2A2 - perisai yg dimodifikasi.^[4]

Pemasangan gerak mandiri[sunting | sunting sumber]

Medium Tank M4A4E1 - M2A1 pada T70.^[5]
Medium Tank M4(105), M4A3(105) - M4 pada M52.^[5]
Medium/Heavy Tank M45 - M4 pada M71.^[6]
Pemasangan Eksperimental pada traktor Holt - M1920.^[7]
Chasis Eksperimental didesain oleh J Walter Christie - M1920.^[7]
105mm Howitzer Kereta Motor T9 (based on Cletrac MG-2 tractor).^[8]
105mm Howitzer Kereta Motor T19 (based on M3 halftrack) - M2A1.^[9]
105mm Howitzer Kereta Motor T32 / M7 - M2A1.^[5]
105mm Howitzer Kereta Motor T76 / M37 (Light Tank M24 chassis) - M4 in mount M5.^[8]
105mm Howitzer Kereta Motor T88 (76mm GMC M18 chassis) - M4 in mount M20.^[10]

Ammunisi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Senjata ini menembakan amunisi semi-fixed, dengan 105mm Bungkus Cartridge M14.^[11]

HEAT M67 sebenernya didesain sebagai fixed round, dengan Bungkus Cartridge M14 tipe II. kemudian diganti jadi tipe semi-fixed dengan cartridge standar, tp dengan propelling charge yang tidak bisa disesuaikan. Untuk Amunisi kosong,digunakan Bungkus Cartridge M15 dengan bubuk hitam.^[11]

Amunisi yang tersedia^[9]^[11]^[12]
Tipe	Model	Berat, kg (peluru/proyectil)	Pengisi	Kec.laras, m/d	Jarak, m
HE	HE M1 Shell	19.08 / 14.97	TNT atau 50/50 amatol, 2.18 kg	472	11,160
HEAT-T	HEAT M67 Shell	16.71 / 13.25		381	7,854
Smoke	HC BE M84 Shell	19.02 / 14.91	Zinc chloride (HC)	472	11,160
Smoke, colored	BE M84 Shell	17.86-18.04 /	Smoke mixture
Smoke	WP M60 Shell	19.85 / 15.56	White Phosphorus (WP), 1.84 kg	472	11,110
Smoke	FS M60 Shell	20.09 /	Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid, 2.09 kg
Chemical	H M60 Shell	19.43 /	Mustard gas, 1.44 kg
Practice	Empty M1 Shell			472	11,160
Drill	Cartridge latihan M14			-	-
Blank				-	-

Penetrasi Lapis Baja, mm^[9]
Amunisi \ Jarak, m	0	457	914	1,828
HEAT M67 Shell (meet angle 0°)	102
Penetrasi Beton, mm^[9]
HE M1 Shell (sudut temu 0°)	457	427	396	335
Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. Therefore, direct comparison is often impossible.

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Hogg - Allied Artillery of World War Two, hal 42-49.
^ ^a ^b Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons.
^ Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 210.
^ ^a ^b Technical Manual TM 9-1325, 105mm Howitzers M2 and M2A1; Carriages M2A1 and M2A2; and Combat Vehicle Mounts M3 and M4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 568.
^ Hunnicutt - Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p 233.
^ ^a ^b Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 317.
^ ^a ^b Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 329.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hunnicutt - Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles, p 236.
^ Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 334.
^ ^a ^b ^c Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 167-178.
^ Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, p 471-484.

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Hogg, Ian V. (1998). Allied Artillery of World War Two. Crowood Press, Ramsbury. ISBN 1-86126-165-9.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (1971). Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series. Feist Publications.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992). Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-462-2.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (1994). Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-080-5.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (2001). Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-742-7.
Technical Manual TM 9-1325, 105mm Howitzers M2 and M2A1; Carriages M2A1 and M2A2; and Combat Vehicle Mounts M3 and M4. War Department, 1944.
Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition. War Department, 1944.
Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide. War Department, 1944.
Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons. War Department, 1942.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

[HOGG-42-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Hogg - Allied Artillery of World War Two, hal 42-49.

[TM-9-2005-2] Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons.

[HUNNICUTT-SHERMAN-210-3] Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 210.

[TM-9-1325-4] Technical Manual TM 9-1325, 105mm Howitzers M2 and M2A1; Carriages M2A1 and M2A2; and Combat Vehicle Mounts M3 and M4.

[HUNNICUTT-SHERMAN-568-5] Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 568.

[HUNNICUTT-PERSHING-233"-6] Hunnicutt - Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p 233.

[HUNNICUTT-STUART-317-7] Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 317.

[HUNNICUTT-STUART-329-8] Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 329.

[HUNNICUTT-HALFTRACK-236-9] Hunnicutt - Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles, p 236.

[HUNNICUTT-STUART-334-10] Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 334.

[TM-9-1901-11] Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 167-178.

[TM-9-1904-12] Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, p 471-484.

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