Ateisme negara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
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== Sumber == |
== Sumber == |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Davies1996" |reference=Davies, Norman. 1996. ''Europe: a history.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Davies1996" |reference=Davies, Norman. 1996. ''Europe: a history.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Elsie2000" |reference=Elsie, Robert. 2000. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture]''. C. Hurst & Co. {{ISBN|978-1-85065-570-1}}.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Elsie2000" |reference=Elsie, Robert. 2000. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture]''. C. Hurst & Co. {{ISBN|978-1-85065-570-1}}.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Elsie2001" |reference=Elsie, Robert. 2001. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture]''. New York: NYU Press. {{ISBN|0-8147-2214-8}}.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Elsie2001" |reference=Elsie, Robert. 2001. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture]''. New York: NYU Press. {{ISBN|0-8147-2214-8}}.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref=Freemont-Barnes2007 |reference=Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. 2007. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6_2wkP4j-EsC&dq Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815]''. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33445-0}}.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref=Freemont-Barnes2007 |reference=Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. 2007. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6_2wkP4j-EsC&dq Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815]''. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33445-0}}.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Greeley2003" |reference=Greeley, Andrew M. 2003. ''Religion in Europe at the end of the second millennium: a sociological profile''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Greeley2003" |reference=Greeley, Andrew M. 2003. ''Religion in Europe at the end of the second millennium: a sociological profile''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref=Jacques1995 |reference=Jacques, Edwin E. 1995. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ2s9sQ9bGkC The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present]''. McFarland. {{ISBN|978-0-89950-932-7}}.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref=Jacques1995 |reference=Jacques, Edwin E. 1995. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ2s9sQ9bGkC The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present]''. McFarland. {{ISBN|978-0-89950-932-7}}.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Marx1844" |reference=[[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]]. February, 1844. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]''. Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Marx1844" |reference=[[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]]. February, 1844. ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]''. Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref=JonassohnBjeornson1998 |reference=Jonassohn, Kurt and Karin Solveig Bjeornson. 1998. ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations''. [[Transaction Publishers]]. {{ISBN|0-7658-0417-4}}.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref=JonassohnBjeornson1998 |reference=Jonassohn, Kurt and Karin Solveig Bjeornson. 1998. ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations''. [[Transaction Publishers]]. {{ISBN|0-7658-0417-4}}.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref=McCann1997 |reference=McCann, David R. 1997. ''Korea briefing: toward reunification'', Volume 4 of Korea briefing, Asia Society Briefings Series, Asia Society Country Briefing, Briefings of the Asia Society. M.E. Sharpe. {{ISBN|978-1-56324-885-6}}}} |
* {{wikicite |ref=McCann1997 |reference=McCann, David R. 1997. ''Korea briefing: toward reunification'', Volume 4 of Korea briefing, Asia Society Briefings Series, Asia Society Country Briefing, Briefings of the Asia Society. M.E. Sharpe. {{ISBN|978-1-56324-885-6}}}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Miner2003" |reference=Miner, Steven Merritt. 2003. ''Stalin's holy war religion, nationalism, and alliance politics, 1941–1945''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Miner2003" |reference=Miner, Steven Merritt. 2003. ''Stalin's holy war religion, nationalism, and alliance politics, 1941–1945''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Pospielovsky1998" |reference=Pospielovsky, Dimitry. 1935. ''The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia'' Published 1998. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 413 pages, {{ISBN|0-88141-179-5}}.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Pospielovsky1998" |reference=Pospielovsky, Dimitry. 1935. ''The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia'' Published 1998. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 413 pages, {{ISBN|0-88141-179-5}}.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref=Spielvogel2005 |reference=Spielvogel, Jackson. 2005. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ni4PSpOxb6MC&dq Western Civilization: Combined Volume]''. Thomson Wadsworth.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref=Spielvogel2005 |reference=Spielvogel, Jackson. 2005. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ni4PSpOxb6MC&dq Western Civilization: Combined Volume]''. Thomson Wadsworth.}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref=Tallet1991 |reference=Tallet, Frank. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC&dq Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789]''. Continuum International Publishing}} |
* {{wikicite |ref=Tallet1991 |reference=Tallet, Frank. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC&dq Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789]''. Continuum International Publishing}} |
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*{{wikicite |ref="Wolak2004" |reference=Wolak, Arthur J. 2004. ''Forced out: the fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland''. Tucson, Ariz: Fenestra Books.}} |
* {{wikicite |ref="Wolak2004" |reference=Wolak, Arthur J. 2004. ''Forced out: the fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland''. Tucson, Ariz: Fenestra Books.}} |
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{{Tanpa agama}} |
{{Tanpa agama}} |
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Revisi per 31 Januari 2018 09.18
| Bagian dari seri |
| Ateisme |
|---|
Ateisme negara adalah dukungan resmi pemerintah terhadap ateisme, biasanya melalui penekanan kebebasan dan praktik beragama.[1]
Ateisme negara dapat meliputi perlawanan aktif terhadap agama, dan penekanan terhadap institusi, pemimpin, dan umat suatu agama.
Dukungan negara terhadap ateisme pertama kali dilakukan untuk waktu yang singkat pada masa Revolusi Perancis. Selanjutnya, hanya negara-negara sosialis yang melakukan praktik ini. Uni Soviet merupakan salah satu contoh negara ateis.[2] Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania di bawah Enver Hoxha bahkan melarang praktik agama apapun.[3]
Referensi
- ^ Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences, David Kowalewski, Russian Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 426-441, Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review
- ^ Greeley (2003).
- ^ Elsie (2000):18.
Sumber
- Davies, Norman. 1996. Europe: a history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Elsie, Robert. 2000. A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-570-1.
- Elsie, Robert. 2001. A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-2214-8.
- Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. 2007. Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33445-0.
- Greeley, Andrew M. 2003. Religion in Europe at the end of the second millennium: a sociological profile. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
- Jacques, Edwin E. 1995. The Albanians: an ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-89950-932-7.
- Marx, Karl. February, 1844. A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.
- Jonassohn, Kurt and Karin Solveig Bjeornson. 1998. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0417-4.
- McCann, David R. 1997. Korea briefing: toward reunification, Volume 4 of Korea briefing, Asia Society Briefings Series, Asia Society Country Briefing, Briefings of the Asia Society. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-885-6
- Miner, Steven Merritt. 2003. Stalin's holy war religion, nationalism, and alliance politics, 1941–1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Pospielovsky, Dimitry. 1935. The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia Published 1998. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 413 pages, ISBN 0-88141-179-5.
- Spielvogel, Jackson. 2005. Western Civilization: Combined Volume. Thomson Wadsworth.
- Tallet, Frank. 1991. Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789. Continuum International Publishing
- Wolak, Arthur J. 2004. Forced out: the fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland. Tucson, Ariz: Fenestra Books.
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