Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Tragedi akibat Lamarckisme ==
== Tragedi akibat Lamarckisme ==
Para pendukung [[materialisme dialektika]], pemikiran yang berkembang pesat di akhir abad ke-19, menganggap Lamarckisme sesuai dengan ideologi mereka, dan melahirkan Neo-Lamarckisme. Kaum ini menolak teori evolusi Darwin, mengadopsi Lamarckisme, dan bahkan mempraktikkannya dalam program [[pertanian]] di negara-negara [[komunisme|komunis]]. [[Vernalisasi]] (perlakuan suhu rendah) terhadap [[benih]] [[gandum]] dianggap dapat "melatih" tanaman sehingga tahan menghadapi musim dingin. Pendapat ini dipercaya karena hasil penelitian [[Ivan Mitschurin]], seorang [[pemuliaan tanaman|pemulia tanaman]] [[Rusia]], menunjukkan hal itu. Penentang-penentangnya, di antaranya [[N.I. Vavilov]], ditangkap dan diasingkan ke [[Siberia]]. Eksperimen yang disokong [[Stalin]] ini membawa kehancuran pertanian Rusia, karena tanaman gagal panen.
Para pendukung [[materialisme dialektika]], pemikiran yang berkembang pesat di akhir abad ke-19, menganggap Lamarckisme sesuai dengan ideologi mereka, dan melahirkan Neo-Lamarckisme. Kaum ini menolak teori evolusi Darwin, mengadopsi Lamarckisme, dan bahkan mempraktikkannya dalam program [[pertanian]] di negara-negara [[komunisme|komunis]]. [[Vernalisasi]] (perlakuan suhu rendah) terhadap [[benih]] [[gandum]] dianggap dapat "melatih" tanaman sehingga tahan menghadapi musim dingin. Pendapat ini dipercaya karena hasil penelitian [[Ivan Mitschurin]], seorang [[pemuliaan tanaman|pemulia tanaman]] [[Rusia]], menunjukkan hal itu. Penentang-penentangnya, di antaranya [[N.I. Vavilov]], ditangkap dan diasingkan ke [[Siberia]]. Eksperimen yang disokong [[Stalin]] ini membawa kehancuran pertanian Rusia, karena tanaman gagal panen.

==Karya utama==
*1778 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9461#/summary ''Flore françoise, ou, Description succincte de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France'' ] 1st ed.
** [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75630#/summary 2nd ed. 1795], 3rd 1805 ([[de Candolle]] ed.)
*1809. ''[[Philosophie zoologique|Philosophie zoologique, ou Exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux...]]'', Paris. Translated with introduction and commentary in 1914 by [[Hugh S. R. Elliot]] as [https://archive.org/details/ZoologicalPhilosophy/page/n3/mode/2up Zoological Philosophy]. Arguably the most comprehensive discussion of the topic of Lamarckism and more of Lamarck's views.
* {{cite book|last=Lamarck|first=Jean-Baptiste|author-link=Lamarck|title=Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique|date=1783–1808|publisher=Panckoucke|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/824#/summary|ref=none}} (see [[Encyclopédie méthodique]])
** [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15275 Supplement 1810–1817]
** ''L'Illustration des genres'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=5WlTAAAAcAAJ vol. I: 1791], [https://books.google.com/books?id=EmpTAAAAcAAJ vol. II: 1793], vol. III: 1800, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j85GAQAAMAAJ Supplement by Poiret 1823]

Pada [[Taksonomi (biologi)|klasifikasi]] [[Invertebrata]] :
*1801. ''Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d'après la considération de leurs...'', Paris, Detreville, VIII: 1–432.
*1815–22. ''Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux...'', Tome 1 (1815): 1–462; Tome 2 (1816): 1–568; Tome 3 (1816): 1–586; Tome 4 (1817): 1–603; Tome 5 (1818): 1–612; Tome 6, Pt.1 (1819): 1–343; Tome 6, Pt.2 (1822): 1–252; Tome 7 (1822): 1–711.

{{botanist|Lam.}}

==Lihat pula==
* [[Aklimatisasi]]
* [[Efek Baldwin]]
* [[Determinisme lingkungan]]
* [[Evolusi]]
* [[Teori gen egois]]
* [[Teori evolusi molekuler netral]]
* [[Plastisitas fenotipe]]
* [[Spandrel (biologi)]]

==Catatan==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Referensi==
{{Reflist|22em}}

===Bibliografi===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web |title=Chronologie de la vie de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |publisher=[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique]] |last1=Bange |first1=Raphaël |first2=Pietro |last2=Corsi |url=http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/chronologie/ |access-date=10 July 2007 |language=fr |date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412205419/http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/chronologie/ |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book | last=Bowler | first=Peter | title=Evolution : the history of an idea | publisher=University of California Press | year=1989 | edition=Revised | isbn=978-0-520-06386-0 | oclc=17841313| url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl }}
*{{cite book |last=Bowler |first=Peter J. |author-link=Peter J. Bowler |year=2003 |title=Evolution: the History of an Idea |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=California |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-520-23693-6 |ref=Bowler |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Burkhardt |first=Richard W., Jr. |year=1970 |title=Lamarck, evolution, and the politics of science |journal=[[Journal of the History of Biology]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=275–298 |pmid=11609655 |jstor=4330543 |ref=Burkhardt |doi=10.1007/bf00137355}}
*{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=William L. |title= Biology in the Nineteenth Century: problems of form, function, and transformation|year= 1977 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29293-1 |ref=Coleman}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Curtis |first1=Caitlin |last2=Millar |first2=Craig |last3=Lambert |first3=David |date=September 2018 |title=The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution|journal=PLOS Biology |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=e2005558 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558 |pmid=30260949|pmc=6159855}}
*{{cite journal |last=Cuvier |first= Georges |author-link=Georges Cuvier |date=January 1836 |title=Elegy of Lamarck |journal=[[Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal]] |volume=20 |pages=1–22 |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/science/science_texts/cuvier/cuvier_on_lamarck.htm |ref=Cuvier1836}}
*{{cite book |last=Damkaer |first=David M. |title= The Copepodologist's Cabinet: a Biographical and Bibliographical History |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TgUNAAAAIAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-87169-240-5 |ref=Damkaer}}
*{{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin |year=1861–1882 |title=On the Origin of Species |edition=3rd–6th |chapter=Historical sketch |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |ref=Darwin}}
*{{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin|editor-first=Philip |editor-last=Appleman|title=Darwin: Texts, Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6ZrQgAACAAJ|edition=3rd|series=Norton critical editions in the history of ideas|year=2001|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-95849-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Delange |first=Yves |year=1984 |title=Lamarck, sa vie, son œuvre |isbn=978-2-903098-97-1 |publisher=Actes Sud |location=Arles |ref=Delange}}
*{{cite book|author1=Dudenredaktion|last2=Kleiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Knöbl|first3=Ralf|year=2015|orig-year=First published 1962|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|trans-title=The Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ|language=de|edition=7th|location=Berlin|publisher=Dudenverlag|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4}}
*{{cite web |title=Researcher gives hard thoughts on soft inheritance: above and beyond the gene |url=http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/7408.aspx |year=2006 |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Tony |access-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=[[Washington University in St. Louis]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Gillispie |first=Charles Coulston |author-link=Charles Coulston Gillispie |title=The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas |url=https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit0000gill |url-access=registration |year=1960 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-02350-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |year=1993 |chapter=Foreword |title=Georges Cuvier: an annotated bibliography of his published works |editor=Jean Chandler Smith |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-56098-199-2 |ref=Gould1993 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/georgescuvierann00smit }}
*{{cite book | last=Gould | first=Stephen | title=The lying stones of Marrakech : penultimate reflections in natural history | publisher=Vintage | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-09-928583-0|author-mask=3}}
*{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-mask=3 |title=The Structure of Evolutionary Theory |year=2002 |publisher=Belknap Harvard |location=Harvard |isbn=978-0-674-00613-3 |ref=Gould2002|title-link=The Structure of Evolutionary Theory }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Haig |first1=David |title=Weismann Rules! OK? Epigenetics and the Lamarckian temptation |journal = Biology and Philosophy |date= 2007 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=415–428 |doi=10.1007/s10539-006-9033-y |s2cid=16322990 |url=http://haiggroup.oeb.harvard.edu/publications/weismann-rules-ok-epigenetics-and-lamarckian-temptation}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Jablonka | first1=Eva | last2=Lamb | first2=Marion J. | last3=Avital | first3=Eytan | title='Lamarckian' mechanisms in darwinian evolution | journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume=13 | issue=5 | year=1998 | doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01344-5 | pages=206–210| pmid=21238269}}
*{{cite book |last=Jablonka |first=Eva |author-link=Eva Jablonka |title=Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life |year=2006 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-60069-9 |ref=Jablonka}}
*{{cite book |last=Jordanova |first=Ludmilla |author-link=Ludmilla Jordanova |title=Lamarck, past master |url=https://archive.org/details/LamarckJordanovaEn |year=1984 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-287587-7 |ref=Jordanova}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jurmain |first1=Robert |author2=Lynn Kilgore|author3=Wenda Trevathan |author4=Russell L. Ciochon |year=2011 |title=Introduction to Physical Anthropology |publisher=[[Wadsworth Publishing]] |edition=13th |isbn=978-1-111-29793-0 |ref=Jurmain}}
*{{cite book |last=Lamarck |first=J. B. |year=1914 |title=Zoological Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/b22651433 |location=London |ref=Lamarck1914}}
*{{cite book|last=Larson|first= Edward J|date=May 2004|chapter="A Growing sense of progress|title=Evolution: The remarkable history of a Scientific Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionremarka00lars|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher= Modern Library}}
*{{cite book |last=Mantoy |first=Bernard |title= Lamarck |year= 1968 |publisher=Seghers |location=Paris |volume=36 |series=Savants du monde entier |ref=Mantoy}}
*{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |year=1964 |chapter=Introduction |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |title=On the Origin of Species: a Facsimile of the First Edition |orig-year=1859 |editor=Charles Darwin |editor-link=Charles Darwin |isbn=978-0-674-63752-8 |ref=Mayr|title-link=On the Origin of Species }}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Evolution|first=Peter Chalmers |last=Mitchell|volume=10}}
*{{cite book|author-link=James Moore (biographer)|first=James R. |last=Moore|date=1981|title=The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870–1900|publisher= Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Henry Fairfield Osborn|first=Henry Fairfield |last=Osborn|date=1894|title=From the Greeks to Darwin|url=https://archive.org/details/fromgreekstodar01osbogoog|publisher=Macmillan and Company}}
*{{cite book |last=Osborn |first=Henry Fairfield |author-link=Henry Fairfield Osborn |title= From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea |year=1905 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=New York |edition=2nd |ref=Osborn}}
*{{cite book |last=Packard |first=Alpheus Spring |author-link=Alpheus Spring Packard |title=Lamarck, the founder of Evolution: his life and work with translations of his writing on organic evolution |year=1901 |publisher=Longmans, Green |location=New York |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20556 |ref=Packard}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Alpheus Spring Packard|first=Alpheus Spring |last=Packard |date=2008 | orig-year= 1901|title=Lamarck, The Founder of Evolution|publisher= Wildhern Press}}
*{{cite book|first=Jacques |last=Roger|date=1986|chapter=The Mechanist Conception of Life|editor1-first= David C.|editor1-last= Lindberg|editor2-first= Ronald L. |editor2-last=Numbers|title=God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science|publisher= University of California Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Rudwick |first=Martin J. S. |author-link=Martin J. S. Rudwick |year=1998 |title=Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-73107-0 |ref=Rudwick}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Michael Ruse|first=Michael|last= Ruse|date=1999|title=The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw|url=https://archive.org/details/darwinianrevolut0000ruse_c9r7|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Szyfman |first=Léon |title= Jean-Baptiste Lamarck et son époque|year= 1982 |publisher= Masson |location=Paris|isbn=978-2-225-76087-7 |ref=Szyfman}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Junko A. Arai |author2=Shaomin Li |author3=Dean M. Hartley |author4=Larry A. Feig |year=2009 |title=Transgenerational rescue of a genetic defect in long-term potentiation and memory formation by juvenile enrichment |journal=[[The Journal of Neuroscience]] |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=1496–1502 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009 |pmid=19193896 |pmc=3408235}}
* {{cite book |author=Ross Honeywill |author-link=Ross Honeywill |year=2008 |title= Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy |url=http://lamarcksevolution.com |publisher=Pier 9 |isbn=978-1-921208-60-7}}
*{{cite web |last1=Waggoner |first1=Ben |last2=Speer |first2=B. R. |title=Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html |publisher=UCMP Berkeley |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=2 September 1998}}
*{{cite book |last=Weber |first=A. S. |title=Nineteenth-Century Science: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4SB4BHzFeIC&pg=PA55 |year=2000 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55111-165-0}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{sisterlinks}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080212174536/http://www.textbookleague.org/54marck.htm The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks] by [[Michael Ghiselin]]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Lamarck,+Jean+Baptiste+Pierre+Antoine+de+Monet+de}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jean-Baptiste Lamarck}}
* [https://notes.utk.edu/Bio/greenberg.nsf/0/b360905554fdb7d985256ec5006a7755?OpenDocument Epigenetics: Genome, Meet Your Environment]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180907133548/http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/auditeurs/presentation.php?lang=en Science Revolution Followers of Lamarck]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/824 Encyclopédie Méthodique: Botanique] At: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090714080256/http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/index.php?lang=en Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: works and heritage], online materials about Lamarck (23,000 files of Lamarck's herbarium, 11,000 manuscripts, books, etc.) edited online by Pietro Corsi (Oxford University) and realised by [[CRHST]]-[[CNRS]] in France.
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html Biography of Lamarck] at University of California Museum of Paleontology
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de}}
* [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433011011552;view=1up;seq=25 Memoir of Lamarck] by [[James Duncan (zoologist)|James Duncan]]
* Lamarck's writings are available in facsimile (PDF) and in Word format (in French) at [https://web.archive.org/web/20080505025929/http://www.lamarck.cnrs.fr/?lang=en www.lamarck.cnrs.fr]. The search engine allows full text search.
*[http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/nat_hist/id/49222 ''Recherches sur l'organisation des corps vivans''] (1801) – fully digitized facsimile from [[Linda Hall Library]].
*[http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/25153 ''Hydrogéologie''] (1802) – digitized facsimile from [[Linda Hall Library]]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005495d Lamarck and Natural Selection], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sandy Knapp, [[Steve Jones (biologist)|Steve Jones]] and [[Simon Conway Morris]] (''In Our Time'', 26 December 2003)
{{Evolusi}}


[[Kategori:Ilmuwan Prancis]]
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[[Kategori:Evolusi|Lamarck]]
[[Kategori:Evolusi|Lamarck]]
[[Kategori:Pemakaman Montparnasse]]
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[[Kategori:Katolik Roma Prancis]]

Revisi per 6 Mei 2021 13.51

Gambar potret Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 Agustus 1744 – 18 Desember 1829) adalah biologiwan Prancis yang dikenal karena pendapatnya dalam teori tentang evolusi kehidupan.

Sebagai seorang ilmuwan, jalan hidupnya luar biasa menurut ukuran masa kini. Ia lahir sebagai anak bungsu keluarga miskin dan masih keturunan bangsawan. Pendidikan dasar dan menengah ditempuhnya di suatu sekolah Jesuit di Amiens. Segera setelah ayahnya meninggal di saat ia 17 tahun, ia menjadi tentara dan berpangkat letnan dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun. Pada masa kedinasan militer ini ia mulai belajar botani, yang segera dilanjutkannya dengan belajar Kedokteran dan Botani selama empat semester di Paris. Untuk menunjang hidup ia bekerja sebagai asisten penjualan (marketing). Tahun 1779 terbit buku pertamanya, Flore francoise. Buku ini menarik perhatian pemimpin Jardin du Roi ("Kebun Kerajaan"), Georges-Louis de Buffon yang lalu menariknya menjadi pembantunya di Museum Nasional Paris untuk Sejarah Alam. Sejak 1786 ia menjadi kurator Jardin du Roi dan 1793, setelah Revolusi Prancis, ia menjadi profesor untuk hewan avertebrata. Kehidupannya penuh kesulitan. Ia beberapa kali kawin-cerai, kemiskinan selalu menyertai sepanjang hidupnya, dan bahkan sejak 1818 ia buta total.

Dalam kariernya ia telah menulis buku di bidang yang cukup luas, mulai dari zoologi, botani, meteorologi, dan kimia, namun sebetulnya minat utamanya adalah hubungan antara makhluk hidup dan lingkungannya (ekologi). Ia memberi dasar klasifikasi baru bagi hewan, dengan pertama-tama memisahkan dalam dua kelompok besar: hewan bertulang belakang (Vertebrata) dan tak bertulang belakang (Avertebrata). Hal ini dikemukakannya dalam buku karangannya "Filsafat Zoologi" (1809).

Pemikiran

Lamarck dikenal sebagai penggagas suatu bentuk teori evolusi kehidupan, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Lamarckisme. Ia percaya akan adanya perubahan linear pada makhluk hidup dari bentuk tersederhana menuju bentuk yang lebih canggih. Walaupun demikian, ia mendasarkan pada pendapat yang telah berlaku sejak masa Yunani Kuno yang menyatakan bahwa setiap spesies sudah ada sejak penciptaan kehidupan. Pemikiran ini bertentangan dengan banyak pendapat sarjana Prancis sezamannya, yang lebih condong pada perkembangan spesies: spesies-spesies terbentuk dalam perkembangan proses kehidupan, tidak "langsung jadi" begitu saja. Perubahan terjadi pada spesies sebagai akibat reaksi mereka terhadap lingkungan (adaptasi). Anggota tubuh yang terlatih akan menguat, sementara yang tidak terpakai akan melemah dan tereduksi. Hasil adaptasi ini lalu diwariskan secara turun-temurun kepada anaknya.

Semenjak Charles Darwin dan Alfred Wallace mengemukakan teori mereka, teori Lamarck sering kali disitir untuk menyanggah pendapat Darwinisme tentang seleksi alam. Pertentangan pemikiran ini baru tuntas setelah genetika semakin dikenal orang pada abad ke-20. Konsep-konsep genetika banyak memberi dukungan pada Darwinisme.

Tragedi akibat Lamarckisme

Para pendukung materialisme dialektika, pemikiran yang berkembang pesat di akhir abad ke-19, menganggap Lamarckisme sesuai dengan ideologi mereka, dan melahirkan Neo-Lamarckisme. Kaum ini menolak teori evolusi Darwin, mengadopsi Lamarckisme, dan bahkan mempraktikkannya dalam program pertanian di negara-negara komunis. Vernalisasi (perlakuan suhu rendah) terhadap benih gandum dianggap dapat "melatih" tanaman sehingga tahan menghadapi musim dingin. Pendapat ini dipercaya karena hasil penelitian Ivan Mitschurin, seorang pemulia tanaman Rusia, menunjukkan hal itu. Penentang-penentangnya, di antaranya N.I. Vavilov, ditangkap dan diasingkan ke Siberia. Eksperimen yang disokong Stalin ini membawa kehancuran pertanian Rusia, karena tanaman gagal panen.

Karya utama

Pada klasifikasi Invertebrata :

  • 1801. Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d'après la considération de leurs..., Paris, Detreville, VIII: 1–432.
  • 1815–22. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux..., Tome 1 (1815): 1–462; Tome 2 (1816): 1–568; Tome 3 (1816): 1–586; Tome 4 (1817): 1–603; Tome 5 (1818): 1–612; Tome 6, Pt.1 (1819): 1–343; Tome 6, Pt.2 (1822): 1–252; Tome 7 (1822): 1–711.

Lihat pula

Catatan

Referensi

Bibliografi

Pranala luar