Daftar masalah matematika yang belum terpecahkan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Dedhert.Jr (bicara | kontrib)
Hanya menambahkan informasi dari versi bahasa Inggris ke Indonesia. Namun, informasi yang diambil tidak cukup dikarenakan waktu yang terbatas sehingga ada beberapa bagian artikel yang belum diterjemahkan
Tag: menambah tag nowiki VisualEditor
Dedhert.Jr (bicara | kontrib)
Hanya menerjemahkan halaman, namun belum sepenuhnya
Tag: menambah tag nowiki VisualEditor
Baris 251: Baris 251:
| pages=1047–1053| s2cid = 15732134
| pages=1047–1053| s2cid = 15732134
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Mencari batasan atas dan bawah yang cocok untuk [[Himpunan-k (geometri)|himpunan-''k'']] dan membagi garis<ref>{{citation
* Mencari pemadanan batas atas dan bawah untuk [[Himpunan-k (geometri)|himpunan-''k'']] dan membagi garis<ref>{{citation
| last = Dey | first = Tamal K. | author-link = Tamal Dey
| last = Dey | first = Tamal K. | author-link = Tamal Dey
| doi = 10.1007/PL00009354
| doi = 10.1007/PL00009354
Baris 352: Baris 352:


=== [[Teori graf]] ===
=== [[Teori graf]] ===
==== Paths and cycles in graphs ====
==== Lintasan dan siklus dalam graf ====
* [[Barnette's conjecture]] that every cubic bipartite three-connected planar graph has a Hamiltonian cycle<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur Barnette]] bahwa setiap graf planar tiga terhubung dwipihak kubik memiliki sebuah siklus Hamilton<ref>{{citation
| last = Florek | first = Jan
| last = Florek | first = Jan
| doi = 10.1016/j.disc.2010.01.018
| doi = 10.1016/j.disc.2010.01.018
Baris 363: Baris 363:
| volume = 310
| volume = 310
| year = 2010}}.</ref>
| year = 2010}}.</ref>
* [[Kekerasan graf|Konjektur kekerasan Chvátal]], bahwa terdapat sebuah bilangan <math>t</math> sehingga setiap graf keras-<math>t</math> adalah Hamilton<ref>{{citation
* [[Graph toughness|Chvátal's toughness conjecture]], that there is a number {{mvar|t}} such that every {{mvar|t}}-tough graph is Hamiltonian<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Broersma | first1 = Hajo
| last1 = Broersma | first1 = Hajo
| last2 = Patel | first2 = Viresh
| last2 = Patel | first2 = Viresh
Baris 375: Baris 375:
| volume = 75
| volume = 75
| year = 2014}}</ref>
| year = 2014}}</ref>
* The [[cycle double cover conjecture]] that every bridgeless graph has a family of cycles that includes each edge twice<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur peliputan ganda siklus]] bahwa setiap yang tak memiliki jembatan, memiliki sebuah keluarga siklus yang termasuk setiap tepi dua kali<ref>{{citation
| last = Jaeger | first = F.
| last = Jaeger | first = F.
| contribution = A survey of the cycle double cover conjecture
| contribution = A survey of the cycle double cover conjecture
Baris 385: Baris 385:
| year = 1985| isbn = 9780444878038
| year = 1985| isbn = 9780444878038
}}.</ref>
}}.</ref>
* The [[Erdős–Gyárfás conjecture]] on cycles with power-of-two lengths in cubic graphs<ref>{{citation|title=Erdös-Gyárfás conjecture for cubic planar graphs|first1=Christopher Carl|last1=Heckman|first2=Roi|last2=Krakovski|volume=20|issue=2|year=2013|at=P7|journal=Electronic Journal of Combinatorics|doi-access=free|doi=10.37236/3252}}.</ref>
* [[Konjektur Erdős–Gyárfás]] pada siklus dengan panjang pangkat dari dua dalam graf kubik<ref>{{citation|title=Erdös-Gyárfás conjecture for cubic planar graphs|first1=Christopher Carl|last1=Heckman|first2=Roi|last2=Krakovski|volume=20|issue=2|year=2013|at=P7|journal=Electronic Journal of Combinatorics|doi-access=free|doi=10.37236/3252}}.</ref>
* The [[linear arboricity]] conjecture on decomposing graphs into disjoint unions of paths according to their maximum degree<ref>{{citation
* Konjektur [[arborisitas linear]] pada penguraian graf menjadi gabungan lepas lintasan menurut derajat maksimumnya<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Akiyama | first1 = Jin | author1-link = Jin Akiyama
| last1 = Akiyama | first1 = Jin | author1-link = Jin Akiyama
| last2 = Exoo | first2 = Geoffrey
| last2 = Exoo | first2 = Geoffrey
Baris 398: Baris 398:
| volume = 11
| volume = 11
| year = 1981}}.</ref>
| year = 1981}}.</ref>
* The [[Lovász conjecture]] on Hamiltonian paths in symmetric graphs<ref>[[László Babai|L. Babai]], [http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/research/publications/techreports/TR-94-10 Automorphism groups, isomorphism, reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613201449/http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/research/publications/techreports/TR-94-10 |date=2007-06-13 }}, in ''Handbook of Combinatorics'', Vol. 2, Elsevier, 1996, 1447–1540.</ref>
* [[Konjektur Lovász]] pada lintasan Hamilton dalam graf simetrik<ref>[[László Babai|L. Babai]], [http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/research/publications/techreports/TR-94-10 Automorphism groups, isomorphism, reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613201449/http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/research/publications/techreports/TR-94-10 |date=2007-06-13 }}, in ''Handbook of Combinatorics'', Vol. 2, Elsevier, 1996, 1447–1540.</ref>
* The [[Oberwolfach problem]] on which 2-regular graphs have the property that a complete graph on the same number of vertices can be decomposed into edge-disjoint copies of the given graph.<ref>{{citation
* [[Masalah Oberwolfach]] di mana 2 graf beraturan memilik sifat bahwa sebuah graf sempurna pada jumlah puncak yang sama dapat diuraikan menjadi salinan tepi-lepas dari graf yang diberikan.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Lenz | first1 = Hanfried
| last1 = Lenz | first1 = Hanfried
| last2 = Ringel | first2 = Gerhard
| last2 = Ringel | first2 = Gerhard
Baris 410: Baris 410:
| volume = 97
| volume = 97
| year = 1991}}</ref>
| year = 1991}}</ref>
* [[Szymanski's conjecture]]
* [[Konjektur Szymanski]]


==== Graph coloring and labeling ====
==== Pewarnaan and pelabelan graf ====
[[Image:Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|An instance of the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture: a graph formed from four cliques of four vertices each, any two of which intersect in a single vertex, can be four-colored.]]
[[Image:Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|An instance of the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture: a graph formed from four cliques of four vertices each, any two of which intersect in a single vertex, can be four-colored.]]
* [[Cereceda's conjecture]] on the diameter of the space of colorings of degenerate graphs<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur Cereceda]] pada diameter dari ruang pewarnaan graf merosot<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Bousquet | first1 = Nicolas
| last1 = Bousquet | first1 = Nicolas
| last2 = Bartier | first2 = Valentin
| last2 = Bartier | first2 = Valentin
Baris 429: Baris 429:
| year = 2019| s2cid = 195791634
| year = 2019| s2cid = 195791634
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* The [[Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture]] on coloring unions of cliques<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur Erdős–Faber–Lovász]] pada gabungan pewarnaan klik<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Chung | first1 = Fan | author-link1 = Fan Chung
| last1 = Chung | first1 = Fan | author-link1 = Fan Chung
| last2 = Graham | first2 = Ron | author-link2 = Ronald Graham
| last2 = Graham | first2 = Ron | author-link2 = Ronald Graham
Baris 436: Baris 436:
| publisher = A K Peters
| publisher = A K Peters
| pages = 97–99}}.</ref>
| pages = 97–99}}.</ref>
* [[Konjektur Gyárfás–Sumner]] pada keterbatasan <math>\chi</math> dari graf dengan sebuah pohon terimbas yang dliarang<ref>{{citation
* The [[Gyárfás–Sumner conjecture]] on χ-boundedness of graphs with a forbidden induced tree<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Chudnovsky | first1 = Maria | author1-link = Maria Chudnovsky
| last1 = Chudnovsky | first1 = Maria | author1-link = Maria Chudnovsky
| last2 = Seymour | first2 = Paul | author2-link = Paul Seymour (mathematician)
| last2 = Seymour | first2 = Paul | author2-link = Paul Seymour (mathematician)
Baris 448: Baris 448:
| year = 2014| doi-access = free
| year = 2014| doi-access = free
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* The [[Hadwiger conjecture (graph theory)|Hadwiger conjecture]] relating coloring to clique minors<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur Hadwiger (teori graf)|Konjektur Hadwiger]] mengaitkan pewarnaan untuk minor klik<ref>{{citation
| last = Toft | first = Bjarne
| last = Toft | first = Bjarne
| journal = Congressus Numerantium
| journal = Congressus Numerantium
Baris 456: Baris 456:
| volume = 115
| volume = 115
| year = 1996}}.</ref>
| year = 1996}}.</ref>
* The [[Hadwiger–Nelson problem]] on the chromatic number of unit distance graphs<ref>{{citation
* [[Masalah Hadwiger–Nelson]] pada bilangan kromatik dari graf jarak satuan<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Croft | first1 = Hallard T.
| last1 = Croft | first1 = Hallard T.
| last2 = Falconer | first2 = Kenneth J.
| last2 = Falconer | first2 = Kenneth J.
Baris 463: Baris 463:
| publisher = Springer-Verlag
| publisher = Springer-Verlag
| year = 1991}}, Problem G10.</ref>
| year = 1991}}, Problem G10.</ref>
* [[Petersen graph#Petersen coloring conjecture|Jaeger's Petersen-coloring conjecture]] that every bridgeless cubic graph has a cycle-continuous mapping to the Petersen graph<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur pewarnaan Jaeger's Petersen]] bahwa setiap grafik kubik takberjembantan memiliki sebuah pemetaan siklus-kontinu ke graf Petersen<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Hägglund
| last1 = Hägglund
| first1 = Jonas
| first1 = Jonas
Baris 483: Baris 483:
| doi-access = free
| doi-access = free
}}.</ref>
}}.</ref>
* The [[list coloring conjecture]] that, for every graph, the list chromatic index equals the chromatic index<ref>{{citation|last1=Jensen|first1=Tommy R.|last2=Toft|first2=Bjarne|year=1995|title=Graph Coloring Problems|location=New York|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|isbn=978-0-471-02865-9|chapter=12.20 List-Edge-Chromatic Numbers|pages=201–202}}.</ref>
* [[Daftar pewarnaan konjektur]] bahwa, untuk setiap grad, daftar kromatik indeks sama dengan indeks kromatik<ref>{{citation|last1=Jensen|first1=Tommy R.|last2=Toft|first2=Bjarne|year=1995|title=Graph Coloring Problems|location=New York|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|isbn=978-0-471-02865-9|chapter=12.20 List-Edge-Chromatic Numbers|pages=201–202}}.</ref>
* The [[total coloring conjecture]] of Behzad and Vizing that the total chromatic number is at most two plus the maximum degree<ref>{{citation
* [[Konjektur pewarnaan total]] Behzad dan Vizing bahwa bilangan kromatik total paling banyak dua ditambah derajat maksimum<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Molloy | first1 = Michael
| last1 = Molloy | first1 = Michael
| last2 = Reed | first2 = Bruce | author1-link = Bruce Reed (mathematician)
| last2 = Reed | first2 = Bruce | author1-link = Bruce Reed (mathematician)
Baris 507: Baris 507:
* [[Turán's brick factory problem]] – Is there a drawing of any complete bipartite graph with fewer crossings than the number given by Zarankiewicz?<ref>{{citation | last1 = Pach | first1 = János | author1-link = János Pach | last2 = Sharir | first2 = Micha | author2-link = Micha Sharir | contribution = 5.1 Crossings—the Brick Factory Problem | pages = 126–127 | publisher = [[American Mathematical Society]] | series = Mathematical Surveys and Monographs | title = Combinatorial Geometry and Its Algorithmic Applications: The Alcalá Lectures | volume = 152 | year = 2009}}.</ref>
* [[Turán's brick factory problem]] – Is there a drawing of any complete bipartite graph with fewer crossings than the number given by Zarankiewicz?<ref>{{citation | last1 = Pach | first1 = János | author1-link = János Pach | last2 = Sharir | first2 = Micha | author2-link = Micha Sharir | contribution = 5.1 Crossings—the Brick Factory Problem | pages = 126–127 | publisher = [[American Mathematical Society]] | series = Mathematical Surveys and Monographs | title = Combinatorial Geometry and Its Algorithmic Applications: The Alcalá Lectures | volume = 152 | year = 2009}}.</ref>
* [[Universal point set]]s of subquadratic size for planar graphs<ref>{{citation | last1 = Demaine | first1 = E. | author1-link = Erik Demaine | last2 = O'Rourke | first2 = J. | author2-link = Joseph O'Rourke (professor) | contribution = Problem 45: Smallest Universal Set of Points for Planar Graphs | title = The Open Problems Project | url = http://cs.smith.edu/~orourke/TOPP/P45.html | year = 2002–2012 | access-date = 2013-03-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120814154255/http://cs.smith.edu/~orourke/TOPP/P45.html | archive-date = 2012-08-14 | url-status = live }}.</ref>
* [[Universal point set]]s of subquadratic size for planar graphs<ref>{{citation | last1 = Demaine | first1 = E. | author1-link = Erik Demaine | last2 = O'Rourke | first2 = J. | author2-link = Joseph O'Rourke (professor) | contribution = Problem 45: Smallest Universal Set of Points for Planar Graphs | title = The Open Problems Project | url = http://cs.smith.edu/~orourke/TOPP/P45.html | year = 2002–2012 | access-date = 2013-03-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120814154255/http://cs.smith.edu/~orourke/TOPP/P45.html | archive-date = 2012-08-14 | url-status = live }}.</ref>
==== Word-representation of graphs ====
*Characterise (non-)[[Word-representable graph|word-representable]] [[planar graph]]s <ref name="KL15">[https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783319258577 S. Kitaev and V. Lozin. Words and Graphs, Springer, 2015.]</ref><ref name="K17">[[arxiv:1705.05924|S. Kitaev. A comprehensive introduction to the theory of word-representable graphs. In: É. Charlier, J. Leroy, M. Rigo (eds), Developments in Language Theory. DLT 2017. Lecture Notes Comp. Sci. 10396, Springer, 36−67.]] </ref><ref name="KP18">[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1990478918020084 S. Kitaev and A. Pyatkin. Word-representable graphs: a Survey, Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12(2) (2018) 278−296.]</ref><ref name="KP18-2">[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=da&paperid=894&option_lang=rus С. В. Китаев, А. В. Пяткин. Графы, представимые в виде слов. Обзор результатов, Дискретн. анализ и исслед. опер., 2018, том 25,номер 2, 19−53]</ref>
*Characterise [[Word-representable graph|word-representable]] near-triangulations containing the complete graph ''K''<sub>4</sub> (such a characterisation is known for ''K''<sub>4</sub>-free planar graphs <ref name="Glen2019">{{cite arxiv |eprint=1605.01688|author1=Marc Elliot Glen|title=Colourability and word-representability of near-triangulations|class=math.CO|year=2016}}</ref>)
*Classify graphs with representation number 3, that is, graphs that can be [[Word-representable graph|represented]] using 3 copies of each letter, but cannot be represented using 2 copies of each letter <ref name="Kit2013-3-repr">[[arxiv:1403.1616|S. Kitaev. On graphs with representation number 3, J. Autom., Lang. and Combin. 18 (2013), 97−112.]]</ref>
*Is the [[line graph]] of a non-[[Word-representable graph|word-representable]] graph always non-[[Word-representable graph|word-representable]]? <ref name="KL15">[https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783319258577 S. Kitaev and V. Lozin. Words and Graphs, Springer, 2015.]</ref><ref name="K17">[[arxiv:1705.05924|S. Kitaev. A comprehensive introduction to the theory of word-representable graphs. In: É. Charlier, J. Leroy, M. Rigo (eds), Developments in Language Theory. DLT 2017. Lecture Notes Comp. Sci. 10396, Springer, 36−67.]] </ref><ref name="KP18">[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1990478918020084 S. Kitaev and A. Pyatkin. Word-representable graphs: a Survey, Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12(2) (2018) 278−296.]</ref><ref name="KP18-2">[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=da&paperid=894&option_lang=rus С. В. Китаев, А. В. Пяткин. Графы, представимые в виде слов. Обзор результатов, Дискретн. анализ и исслед. опер., 2018, том 25,номер 2, 19−53]</ref>
*Are there any graphs on ''n'' vertices whose [[Word-representable graph|representation]] requires more than floor(''n''/2) copies of each letter? <ref name="KL15">[https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783319258577 S. Kitaev and V. Lozin. Words and Graphs, Springer, 2015.]</ref><ref name="K17">[[arxiv:1705.05924|S. Kitaev. A comprehensive introduction to the theory of word-representable graphs. In: É. Charlier, J. Leroy, M. Rigo (eds), Developments in Language Theory. DLT 2017. Lecture Notes Comp. Sci. 10396, Springer, 36−67.]] </ref><ref name="KP18">[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1990478918020084 S. Kitaev and A. Pyatkin. Word-representable graphs: a Survey, Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12(2) (2018) 278−296.]</ref><ref name="KP18-2">[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=da&paperid=894&option_lang=rus С. В. Китаев, А. В. Пяткин. Графы, представимые в виде слов. Обзор результатов, Дискретн. анализ и исслед. опер., 2018, том 25,номер 2, 19−53]</ref>
*Is it true that out of all [[bipartite graph]]s [[crown graph]]s require longest word-representants? <ref name="GKP18">{{cite journal|url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X18301045 | doi=10.1016/j.dam.2018.03.013 | volume=244 | title=On the representation number of a crown graph | year=2018 | journal=Discrete Applied Mathematics | pages=89–93 | last1 = Glen | first1 = Marc | last2 = Kitaev | first2 = Sergey | last3 = Pyatkin | first3 = Artem| s2cid=46925617 }}</ref>
*Characterise [[word-representable graph]]s in terms of (induced) forbidden subgraphs. <ref name="KL15">[https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783319258577 S. Kitaev and V. Lozin. Words and Graphs, Springer, 2015.]</ref><ref name="K17">[[arxiv:1705.05924|S. Kitaev. A comprehensive introduction to the theory of word-representable graphs. In: É. Charlier, J. Leroy, M. Rigo (eds), Developments in Language Theory. DLT 2017. Lecture Notes Comp. Sci. 10396, Springer, 36−67.]] </ref><ref name="KP18">[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1990478918020084 S. Kitaev and A. Pyatkin. Word-representable graphs: a Survey, Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12(2) (2018) 278−296.]</ref><ref name="KP18-2">[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=da&paperid=894&option_lang=rus С. В. Китаев, А. В. Пяткин. Графы, представимые в виде слов. Обзор результатов, Дискретн. анализ и исслед. опер., 2018, том 25,номер 2, 19−53]</ref>
*Which (hard) problems on graphs can be translated to words [[Word-representable graph|representing]] them and solved on words (efficiently)? <ref name="KL15">[https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783319258577 S. Kitaev and V. Lozin. Words and Graphs, Springer, 2015.]</ref><ref name="K17">[[arxiv:1705.05924|S. Kitaev. A comprehensive introduction to the theory of word-representable graphs. In: É. Charlier, J. Leroy, M. Rigo (eds), Developments in Language Theory. DLT 2017. Lecture Notes Comp. Sci. 10396, Springer, 36−67.]] </ref><ref name="KP18">[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1990478918020084 S. Kitaev and A. Pyatkin. Word-representable graphs: a Survey, Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12(2) (2018) 278−296.]</ref><ref name="KP18-2">[http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=da&paperid=894&option_lang=rus С. В. Китаев, А. В. Пяткин. Графы, представимые в виде слов. Обзор результатов, Дискретн. анализ и исслед. опер., 2018, том 25,номер 2, 19−53]</ref>

==== Miscellaneous graph theory ====
* [[Conway's 99-graph problem]]: does there exist a [[strongly regular graph]] with parameters (99,14,1,2)?<ref>{{citation
| last = Conway
| first = John H.
| author-link = John Horton Conway
| access-date = 2019-02-12
| publisher = Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
| title = Five $1,000 Problems (Update 2017)
| url = https://oeis.org/A248380/a248380.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123825/https://oeis.org/A248380/a248380.pdf
| archive-date = 2019-02-13
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
* The [[Erdős–Hajnal conjecture]] on large cliques or independent sets in graphs with a forbidden induced subgraph<ref>{{citation
| last = Chudnovsky
| first = Maria
| author-link = Maria Chudnovsky
| arxiv = 1606.08827
| doi = 10.1002/jgt.21730
| issue = 2
| journal = Journal of Graph Theory
| mr = 3150572
| zbl = 1280.05086
| pages = 178–190
| title = The Erdös–Hajnal conjecture—a survey
| url = http://www.columbia.edu/~mc2775/EHsurvey.pdf
| volume = 75
| year = 2014
| s2cid = 985458
| access-date = 2016-09-22
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102611/http://www.columbia.edu/~mc2775/EHsurvey.pdf
| archive-date = 2016-03-04
| url-status = live
}}.</ref>
* The [[GNRS conjecture]] on whether minor-closed graph families have <math>\ell_1</math> embeddings with bounded distortion<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Gupta | first1 = Anupam
| last2 = Newman | first2 = Ilan
| last3 = Rabinovich | first3 = Yuri
| last4 = Sinclair | first4 = Alistair | author4-link = Alistair Sinclair
| doi = 10.1007/s00493-004-0015-x
| issue = 2
| journal = [[Combinatorica]]
| mr = 2071334
| pages = 233–269
| title = Cuts, trees and <math>\ell_1</math>-embeddings of graphs
| volume = 24
| year = 2004| citeseerx = 10.1.1.698.8978
| s2cid = 46133408
}}</ref>
* [[Graham's pebbling conjecture]] on the pebbling number of Cartesian products of graphs<ref>{{citation
| last = Pleanmani | first = Nopparat
| doi = 10.1142/s179383091950068x
| issue = 6
| journal = Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications
| mr = 4044549
| page = 1950068, 7
| title = Graham's pebbling conjecture holds for the product of a graph and a sufficiently large complete bipartite graph
| volume = 11
| year = 2019}}</ref>
* The [[implicit graph conjecture]] on the existence of implicit representations for slowly-growing [[Hereditary property#In graph theory|hereditary families of graphs]]<ref>{{citation|first=Jeremy P.|last=Spinrad|title=Efficient Graph Representations|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8218-2815-1|chapter=2. Implicit graph representation|pages=17–30|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrtXSKMAmWgC&pg=PA17}}.</ref>
* Jørgensen's conjecture that every 6-vertex-connected ''K''<sub>6</sub>-minor-free graph is an [[apex graph]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.openproblemgarden.org/op/jorgensens_conjecture|title=Jorgensen's Conjecture|work=Open Problem Garden|access-date=2016-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232136/http://www.openproblemgarden.org/op/jorgensens_conjecture|archive-date=2016-11-14|url-status=live}}.</ref>
* Meyniel's conjecture that [[cop number]] is <math>O(\sqrt n)</math><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Baird | first1 = William
| last2 = Bonato | first2 = Anthony
| arxiv = 1308.3385
| doi = 10.4310/JOC.2012.v3.n2.a6
| issue = 2
| journal = Journal of Combinatorics
| mr = 2980752
| pages = 225–238
| title = Meyniel's conjecture on the cop number: a survey
| volume = 3
| year = 2012| s2cid = 18942362
}}</ref>
* Does a [[Moore graph]] with girth 5 and degree 57 exist?<ref>{{citation|last=Ducey|first=Joshua E.|doi=10.1016/j.disc.2016.10.001|issue=5|journal=[[Discrete Mathematics (journal)|Discrete Mathematics]]|mr=3612450|pages=1104–1109|title=On the critical group of the missing Moore graph|volume=340|year=2017|arxiv=1509.00327|s2cid=28297244}}</ref>
* What is the largest possible [[pathwidth]] of an {{mvar|n}}-vertex [[cubic graph]]?<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Fomin | first1 = Fedor V.
| last2 = Høie | first2 = Kjartan
| doi = 10.1016/j.ipl.2005.10.012
| issue = 5
| journal = Information Processing Letters
| mr = 2195217
| pages = 191–196
| title = Pathwidth of cubic graphs and exact algorithms
| volume = 97
| year = 2006}}</ref>
* The [[reconstruction conjecture]] and [[new digraph reconstruction conjecture]] on whether a graph is uniquely determined by its vertex-deleted subgraphs.<ref>{{citation|first=Allen|last=Schwenk|title=Some History on the Reconstruction Conjecture|year=2012|url=http://faculty.nps.edu/rgera/conjectures/jmm2012/Schwenk,%20%20Some%20History%20on%20the%20RC.pdf|work=Joint Mathematics Meetings|access-date=2018-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409233306/http://faculty.nps.edu/rgera/Conjectures/jmm2012/Schwenk,%20%20Some%20History%20on%20the%20RC.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last = Ramachandran | first = S.
| doi = 10.1016/S0095-8956(81)80019-6
| issue = 2
| journal = Journal of Combinatorial Theory
| mr = 630977
| pages = 143–149
| series = Series B
| title = On a new digraph reconstruction conjecture
| volume = 31
| year = 1981| doi-access = free
}}</ref>
* The [[second neighborhood problem]]: does every oriented graph contain a vertex for which there are at least as many other vertices at distance two as at distance one?<ref>[https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~west/openp/2ndnbhd.html Seymour's 2nd Neighborhood Conjecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175310/https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~west/openp/2ndnbhd.html |date=2019-01-11 }}, Open Problems in Graph Theory and Combinatorics, [[Douglas West (mathematician)|Douglas B. West]].</ref>
* Do there exist infinitely many [[strongly regular graph|strongly regular]] [[geodetic graph]]s, or any strongly regular geodetic graphs that are not Moore graphs?<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Blokhuis | first1 = A.
| last2 = Brouwer | first2 = A. E. | author-link = Andries Brouwer
| doi = 10.1007/BF00191941
| issue = 1–3
| journal = [[Geometriae Dedicata]]
| mr = 925851
| pages = 527–533
| title = Geodetic graphs of diameter two
| volume = 25
| year = 1988| s2cid = 189890651
}}</ref>
* [[Sumner's conjecture]]: does every <math>(2n-2)</math>-vertex tournament contain as a subgraph every <math>n</math>-vertex oriented tree?<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Kühn | first1 = Daniela | author1-link = Daniela Kühn
| last2 = Mycroft | first2 = Richard
| last3 = Osthus | first3 = Deryk
| arxiv = 1010.4430
| doi = 10.1112/plms/pdq035
| issue = 4
| journal = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = Third Series
| mr = 2793448 | zbl=1218.05034
| pages = 731–766
| title = A proof of Sumner's universal tournament conjecture for large tournaments
| volume = 102
| year = 2011| s2cid = 119169562 }}.</ref>
* Tutte's conjectures that every bridgeless graph has a [[nowhere-zero flows|nowhere-zero 5-flow]] and every [[Petersen graph|Petersen]]-[[Graph minor|minor]]-free bridgeless graph has a nowhere-zero 4-flow<ref>[http://www.openproblemgarden.org/op/4_flow_conjecture 4-flow conjecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134908/http://www.openproblemgarden.org/op/4_flow_conjecture |date=2018-11-26 }} and [http://www.openproblemgarden.org/op/5_flow_conjecture 5-flow conjecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134833/http://www.openproblemgarden.org/op/5_flow_conjecture |date=2018-11-26 }}, Open Problem Garden</ref>
* [[Vizing's conjecture]] on the [[domination number]] of [[cartesian product of graphs|cartesian products of graphs]]<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Brešar | first1 = Boštjan
| last2 = Dorbec | first2 = Paul
| last3 = Goddard | first3 = Wayne
| last4 = Hartnell | first4 = Bert L.
| last5 = Henning | first5 = Michael A.
| last6 = Klavžar | first6 = Sandi
| last7 = Rall | first7 = Douglas F.
| doi = 10.1002/jgt.20565
| issue = 1
| journal = Journal of Graph Theory
| mr = 2864622
| pages = 46–76
| title = Vizing's conjecture: a survey and recent results
| volume = 69
| year = 2012| citeseerx = 10.1.1.159.7029
}}.</ref>
* [[Zarankiewicz problem]]

=== [[Teori grup]] ===
[[File:FreeBurnsideGroupExp3Gens2.png|thumb|350px|right|The [[free Burnside group]] <math>B(2,3)</math> is finite; in its [[Cayley graph]], shown here, each of its 27 elements is represented by a vertex. The question of which other groups <math>B(m,n)</math> are finite remains open.]]
* Is every [[finitely presented group|finitely presented]] [[periodic group]] finite?
* The [[inverse Galois problem]]: is every finite group the Galois group of a Galois extension of the rationals?
* For which positive integers ''m'', ''n'' is the [[free Burnside group]] {{nowrap|B(''m'',''n'')}} finite? In particular, is {{nowrap|B(2, 5)}} finite?
* Is every group [[surjunctive group|surjunctive]]?
* [[Andrews–Curtis conjecture]]
* [[Herzog–Schönheim conjecture]]
* Does [[Monstrous moonshine#Generalized moonshine|generalized moonshine]] exist?
* Are there an infinite number of [[Leinster group]]s?
* [[Guralnick–Thompson conjecture]]<ref>{{citation |last=Aschbacher |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Aschbacher |title=On Conjectures of Guralnick and Thompson |journal=[[Journal of Algebra]] |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=277–343 |year=1990 |doi=10.1016/0021-8693(90)90292-V}}</ref>
* [[Problems in loop theory and quasigroup theory]] consider generalizations of groups
* The [[Kourovka Notebook]] is a collection of unsolved problems in group theory, first published in 1965 and updated many times since.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Khukhro | first1 = Evgeny I.
| last2 = Mazurov | first2 = Victor D. |author-link2 = Victor Mazurov
| arxiv = 1401.0300v16
| title = Unsolved Problems in Group Theory. The Kourovka Notebook
| year = 2019}}</ref>

=== [[Teori model]] and [[bahasa formal]] ===
* [[Vaught's conjecture]]
* The [[Stable group|Cherlin–Zilber conjecture]]: A simple group whose first-order theory is [[Stable theory|stable]] in <math>\aleph_0</math> is a simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field.
* The Main Gap conjecture, e.g. for uncountable [[First order theory|first order theories]], for [[Abstract elementary class|AECs]], and for <math>\aleph_1</math>-saturated models of a countable theory.<ref name=":0">Shelah S, ''Classification Theory'', North-Holland, 1990</ref>
* Determine the structure of Keisler's order<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Keisler | first1 = HJ | year = 1967 | title = Ultraproducts which are not saturated | journal = J. Symb. Log. | volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 23–46 | doi=10.2307/2271240| jstor = 2271240 }}</ref><ref>[[Maryanthe Malliaris|Malliaris M]], [[Saharon Shelah|Shelah S]], "A dividing line in simple unstable theories." https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.2140 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802171447/https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.2140 |date=2017-08-02 }}</ref>
* The stable field conjecture: every infinite field with a [[Stable theory|stable]] first-order theory is separably closed.
* Is the theory of the field of Laurent series over <math>\mathbb{Z}_p</math> [[Decidability (logic)|decidable]]? of the field of polynomials over <math>\mathbb{C}</math>?
* (BMTO) Is the Borel monadic theory of the real order decidable? (MTWO) Is the monadic theory of well-ordering consistently decidable?<ref>Gurevich, Yuri, "Monadic Second-Order Theories," in [[Jon Barwise|J. Barwise]], [[Solomon Feferman|S. Feferman]], eds., ''Model-Theoretic Logics'' (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 479–506.</ref>
* The Stable Forking Conjecture for simple theories<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Peretz | first1 = Assaf | year = 2006 | title = Geometry of forking in simple theories | journal = Journal of Symbolic Logic| volume = 71 | issue = 1| pages = 347–359 | doi=10.2178/jsl/1140641179| arxiv = math/0412356| s2cid = 9380215 }}</ref>
* For which number fields does [[Hilbert's tenth problem]] hold?
* Assume K is the class of models of a countable first order theory omitting countably many [[Type (model theory)|types]]. If K has a model of cardinality <math>\aleph_{\omega_1}</math> does it have a model of cardinality continuum?<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shelah |first=Saharon |author-link=Saharon Shelah |date=1999 |title=Borel sets with large squares |journal=[[Fundamenta Mathematicae]] |arxiv=math/9802134 |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=1–50|bibcode=1998math......2134S |doi=10.4064/fm-159-1-1-50 |s2cid=8846429 }}</ref>
* Shelah's eventual categoricity conjecture: For every cardinal <math>\lambda</math> there exists a cardinal <math>\mu(\lambda)</math> such that If an [[Abstract elementary class|AEC]] K with LS(K)<= <math>\lambda</math> is categorical in a cardinal above <math>\mu(\lambda)</math> then it is categorical in all cardinals above <math>\mu(\lambda)</math>.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book
| title = Classification theory for abstract elementary classes
| last = Shelah
| first = Saharon
| publisher = College Publications
| year = 2009
| isbn = 978-1-904987-71-0
}}</ref>
* Shelah's categoricity conjecture for <math>L_{\omega_1,\omega}</math>: If a sentence is categorical above the Hanf number then it is categorical in all cardinals above the Hanf number.<ref name=":0" />
* Is there a logic L which satisfies both the Beth property and Δ-interpolation, is compact but does not satisfy the interpolation property?<ref>Makowsky J, "Compactness, embeddings and definability," in ''Model-Theoretic Logics'', eds Barwise and Feferman, Springer 1985 pps. 645–715.</ref>
* If the class of atomic models of a complete first order theory is [[Categorical (model theory)|categorical]] in the <math>\aleph_n</math>, is it categorical in every cardinal?<ref>{{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=John T. |date=July 24, 2009 |title=Categoricity |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |isbn=978-0-8218-4893-7 |url=http://www.math.uic.edu/~jbaldwin/pub/AEClec.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729073738/http://www.math.uic.edu/%7Ejbaldwin/pub/AEClec.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shelah |first=Saharon |title=Introduction to classification theory for abstract elementary classes |url=http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/0903.3428|bibcode=2009arXiv0903.3428S |year=2009 |arxiv=0903.3428 }}</ref>
* Is every infinite, minimal field of characteristic zero [[algebraically closed field|algebraically closed]]? (Here, "minimal" means that every definable subset of the structure is finite or co-finite.)
* Kueker's conjecture<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hrushovski | first1 = Ehud | year = 1989 | title = Kueker's conjecture for stable theories | journal = Journal of Symbolic Logic | volume = 54 | issue = 1| pages = 207–220 | doi=10.2307/2275025| jstor = 2275025 }}</ref>
* Does there exist an [[o-minimal]] first order theory with a trans-exponential (rapid growth) function?
* Does a finitely presented homogeneous structure for a finite relational language have finitely many [[reduct]]s?
* Do the [[Henson graph]]s have the [[finite model property]]?
* The universality problem for C-free graphs: For which finite sets C of graphs does the class of C-free countable graphs have a universal member under strong embeddings?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cherlin |first1=G. |last2=Shelah |first2=S. |date=May 2007 |title=Universal graphs with a forbidden subtree |journal=[[Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B]] |arxiv=math/0512218 |doi=10.1016/j.jctb.2006.05.008 |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=293–333|s2cid=10425739 }}</ref>
* The universality spectrum problem: Is there a first-order theory whose universality spectrum is minimum?<ref>Džamonja, Mirna, "Club guessing and the universal models." ''On PCF'', ed. M. Foreman, (Banff, Alberta, 2004).</ref>
* [[Generalized star height problem]]
* [[Tarski's exponential function problem]]

=== [[Teori bilangan]] ===

==== Umum ====
[[File:Perfect number Cuisenaire rods 6.png|thumb|6 is a [[perfect number]] because it is the sum of its proper positive divisors, 1, 2 and 3. It is not known how many perfect numbers there are, nor if any of them are odd.]]
*[[Grand Riemann hypothesis]]
**[[Generalized Riemann hypothesis]]
***[[Riemann hypothesis]]
* [[n conjecture|''n'' conjecture]]
** [[abc conjecture|''abc'' conjecture]]
** [[Szpiro's conjecture]]
* [[Hilbert's ninth problem]]
* [[Hilbert's eleventh problem]]
* [[Hilbert's twelfth problem]]
* [[Carmichael's totient function conjecture]]
* [[Erdős–Straus conjecture]]
* [[Erdős–Ulam problem]]
* [[Pillai's conjecture]]
* [[Hall's conjecture]]
* [[Lindelöf hypothesis]] and its consequence, the [[density hypothesis]] for zeroes of the Riemann zeta function (see [[Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem]])
* [[Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture]]
* [[Hilbert–Pólya conjecture]]
* [[Grimm's conjecture]]
* [[Leopoldt's conjecture]]
* [[Scholz conjecture]]
* Do any [[odd perfect number]]s exist?
* Are there infinitely many [[perfect numbers]]?
* Do [[quasiperfect number]]s exist?
* Do any odd [[weird number]]s exist?
* Do any [[Lychrel number]]s exist?
* Is 10 a [[solitary number]]?
* [[aliquot sequence#Catalan-Dickson_conjecture|Catalan–Dickson conjecture on aliquot sequences]]
* Do any [[Generalized taxicab number|Taxicab(5, 2, n)]] exist for ''n''&nbsp;>&nbsp;1?
* [[Brocard's problem]]: existence of integers, (''n'',''m''), such that ''n''!&nbsp;+&nbsp;1&nbsp;=&nbsp;''m''<sup>2</sup> other than ''n''&nbsp;=&nbsp;4,&nbsp;5,&nbsp;7
* [[Beilinson conjecture]]
* [[Littlewood conjecture]]
* [[Vojta's conjecture]]
* [[Goormaghtigh conjecture]]
* [[Congruent number problem]] (a corollary to [[Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture]], per [[Tunnell's theorem]])
* [[Lehmer's totient problem]]: if φ(''n'') divides ''n''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1, must ''n'' be prime?
* Are there infinitely many [[amicable numbers]]?
* Are there any pairs of [[amicable numbers]] which have opposite parity?
* Are there any pairs of [[relatively prime]] [[amicable numbers]]?
* Are there infinitely many [[betrothed numbers]]?
* Are there any pairs of [[betrothed numbers]] which have same parity?
* The [[Gauss circle problem]] – how far can the number of integer points in a circle centered at the origin be from the area of the circle?
* [[Divisor summatory function#Piltz divisor problem|Piltz divisor problem]], especially [[Dirichlet's divisor problem]]
* [[Van der Corput's method#Exponent pairs|Exponent pair conjecture]]
* Is π a [[normal number]] (its digits are "random")?<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/pi-random.html|title=Are the Digits of Pi Random? Berkeley Lab Researcher May Hold Key|access-date=2016-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327035021/http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/pi-random.html|archive-date=2016-03-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Casas-Alvero conjecture]]
* [[Sato–Tate conjecture]]
* Find value of [[De Bruijn–Newman constant]]
* Which integers can be written as the [[Sums of three cubes|sum of three perfect cubes]]?<ref>{{Cite arxiv |eprint = 1604.07746v1|last1 = Bruhn|first1 = Henning|title = Newer sums of three cubes|last2 = Schaudt|first2 = Oliver|class = math.NT|year = 2016}}</ref>
* Erdős–Moser problem: is 1<sup>1</sup> + 2<sup>1</sup> = 3<sup>1</sup> the only solution to the [[Erdős–Moser equation]]?
* Is there a [[covering system]] with odd distinct moduli?<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Guo | first1 = Song
| last2 = Sun | first2 = Zhi-Wei
| doi = 10.1016/j.aam.2005.01.004
| issue = 2
| journal = Advances in Applied Mathematics
| mr = 2152886
| pages = 182–187
| title = On odd covering systems with distinct moduli
| volume = 35
| year = 2005| arxiv = math/0412217
| s2cid = 835158
}}</ref>
* [[Singmaster's conjecture]]: is there a finite upper bound on the multiplicities of the entries greater than 1 in [[Pascal's triangle]]?<ref>{{citation
| last = Singmaster | first = D. | author-link = David Singmaster
| doi = 10.2307/2316907
| mr = 1536288
| issue = 4
| journal = [[American Mathematical Monthly]]
| pages = 385–386
| title = Research Problems: How often does an integer occur as a binomial coefficient?
| volume = 78
| year = 1971
| jstor = 2316907}}.</ref>
* The [[Markov number#Other properties|uniqueness conjecture for Markov numbers]]<ref>{{citation
| last = Aigner | first = Martin
| doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-00888-2
| isbn = 978-3-319-00887-5
| location = Cham
| mr = 3098784
| publisher = Springer
| title = Markov's theorem and 100 years of the uniqueness conjecture
| year = 2013}}</ref>
* [[Keating–Snaith conjecture]] concerning the asymptotics of an integral involving the Riemann zeta function<ref>{{citation
|last=Conrey |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Conrey
|doi=10.1090/bull/1525
|title=Lectures on the Riemann zeta function (book review)
|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]]
|volume=53 |number=3 |pages=507–512 |year=2016|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Newman's conjecture]]

==== [[Teori bilangan aditif]] ====
{{See also|Masalah yang melibatkan barisan arimetik}}
* [[Konjektur Beal]]
* [[Konjektur Fermat–Catalan]]
* [[Konjektur Goldbach]]
* [[Konjektur Lemoine]]
* Nilai <math>g(k)</math> dan <math>G(k)</math> dalam [[masalah Waring]]
* [[Konjektur Lander, Parkin, dan Selfridge]]
* [[Konjektur Gilbreath]]
* [[Konjektur Erdős pada barisan aritmetik]]
* [[Konjektur Erdős–Turán pada dasar aditif]]
* [[Konjektur bilangan oktahedral Pollock]]
* [[Masalah Skolem]]
* Menentukan laju pertumbuhan <math>r_k(N)</math> (lihat [[teorema Szemerédi]])
* [[Masalah bertindih minimum]]
* Apakah [[bilangan Ulam]] memiliki sebuah kerapatan positif?

==== [[Teori bilangan aljabar]] ====
* Apakah terdapat banyaknya [[Masalah bilangan kelas#Medan kuadrat real|medan bilangan kuadrat]] dengan [[faktorisasi tunggal]] ([[Masalah bilangan kelas]])?
* Mencirikan semua medan bilangna aljabar yang memiliki suatu basis pangkatCharacterize all algebraic number fields that have some [[Algebraic number field#Bases for number fields|power basis]].
* [[Konjektur Stark]] (termasuk [[konjektur Brumer–Stark]])
* [[Konjektur Kummer–Vandiver]]
* [[Konjektur Greenberg]]
* [[Masalah Hermite]]

====[[Teori bilangan komputasi]]====
* [[Faktorisasi bilangan bulat]]: Dapatkah faktorisasi bilangan bulat diselesaikan dalam waktu polinomial?

==== [[Bilangan prima]] ====
{{Konjektur bilangan prima}}
[[Image:Goldbach partitions of the even integers from 4 to 50 rev4b.svg|thumb=Goldbach_partitions_of_the_even_integers_from_4_to_28_300px.png|300px|[[Goldbach's conjecture]] states that all even integers greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. Here this is illustrated for the even integers from 4 to 28.]]
* [[Konjektur Goldbach]]
* [[Konjektur prima kembar]]
* [[Konjektur Polignac]]
* [[Konjektur Brocard]]
* [[Konjektur Mersenne Catalan]]
* [[Konjektur Agoh–Giuga]]
* [[Konjektur Dubner]]
* Masalah [[parit Gauss]]: apakah mungkin untuk menemukan sebuah barisan takhingga dari [[bilangan prima Gauss]] yang berbeda sehingga beda di antara bilangan berurutan dalam barisan adalah terbatas?
*[[Konjektur Mersenne#Konjektur Mersenne terbaru|Konjektur Mersenne terbaru]]
* [[Konjektur Erdős–Mollin–Walsh]]
* [[Konjektur Bunyakovsky]]
* [[Konjektur Dickson]]
* [[H hipotesis Schinzel]]
* Apakah terdapat [[kembar empat bilangan prima]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima sepupu]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima seksi]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Mersenne]] ([[konjektur Lenstra–Pomerance–Wagstaff]]); dengan setara, [[bilangan sempurna]] genap banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Wagstaff]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Sophie Germain]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Pierpont]]?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima beraturan]], dan jika begitu kerapatan nisbi <math>e^{-1/2}</math>?
* Untuk suatu bilangan bulat <math>b</math> yang bukan sebuah pangkat sempurna dan bukan dari bentuk <math>-4k^4</math> untuk bilangan bulat <math>k</math>, apakah terdapat bilangan prima [[satuan berulang]] banyak untuk basis <math>b</math>?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Cullen]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Woodall]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Carol]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Kynea]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangna prima pandromik]] banyak setiap basis?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Fibonacci]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Lucas]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Pell]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Newman–Shanks–Williams]] banyak?
* Apakah semua [[bilangan prima Mersenne]] dari [[Bilangan bulat kuadrat bebas|kuadrat bebas]] indeks?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Weiferich]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat suatu bilangan Wieferich dalam basis 47?
* Apakah terdapat suatu bilangan komposit <math>c</math> memenuhi <math>2^{c - 1} \equiv 1 \pmod {c^2}</math>?
* Untuk diberikan suatu bilangan bulat <math>a>0</math>, apakah terdapat bilangan prima <math>p</math> banyak sehingga <math>a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod {p^2}</math>?<ref>{{cite book |last=Ribenboim |first=P. |author-link=Paulo Ribenboim |date=2006 |title=Die Welt der Primzahlen |edition=2nd |language=de |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18079-8 |isbn=978-3-642-18078-1 |pages=242–243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMyzh-2SClUC&q=die+folgenden+probleme+sind+ungel%C3%B6st&pg=PA242|series=Springer-Lehrbuch }}</ref>
* Dapatkah sebuah bilangan prima <math>p</math> memenuhi <math>2^{p - 1} \equiv 1 \pmod {p^2}</math> dan <math>3^{p - 1} \equiv 1 \pmod {p^2}</math> secara serentak?<ref>{{cite arxiv |last=Dobson |first= J. B. |date=1 April 2017 |title=On Lerch's formula for the Fermat quotient |eprint=1103.3907v6|page=23|mode=cs2|class= math.NT }}</ref>
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Wilson]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Wolstenholme]] banyak?
* Apakah terdapat suatu [[bilangan prima Wall–Sun–Sun]]?
* Untuk diberikan suatu bilangan bulat <math>a>0</math>, apakah terdapat [[bilangan prima Lucas–Wieferich]] banyak terkait dengan pasangan <math>(a, -1)</math>? (Khususnya, ketika <math>a=1</math>, ini merupakan bilangan prima Fibonacci–Wieferich, dan ketika <math>a=2</math>, ini merupakan bilangan prima Pell–Wieferich)
* Apakah setiap [[bilangan Fermat]] <math>2^{2^n}+1</math> komposit untuk <math>n > 4</math>?
* Apakah semua bilangan Fermat [[Bilangan bulat kuadrat bebas|kuadrat bebas]]?
* Untuk suatu bilangan bulat <math>a</math> diberikan yang bukan sebuah kuadrat dan tidak sama dengan <math>-1</math>, apakah terdapat bilangan prima banyak dengan <math>a</math> sebagai sebuah akar primitif?
* [[Konjektur Artin pada akar primitf]]
* Apakah 78,557 merupakan [[bilangan Sierpiński]] terendah (disebut [[konjektur Selfridge]])?
* Apakah 509,203 merupakan [[bilangan Riesel]] terendah?
* Untuk sebuah bilangan bulat <math>k\ge 1</math>, <math>b \ge 2</math>, <math>c \ne 0</math> yang diberikan, dengan <math>\gcd(k,c) = 1</math> dan <math>\gcd(b,c) = 1</math>, apakah terdapat bilangan prima banyak dari bentuk <math display="inline">\frac{k \cdot b^n + c}{\gcd(k+c,b-1)}</math> dengan bilangan bulat <math>n \ge 1</math>?
* Konjektur Fortune (bahwa tidak ada [[bilangan Fortunate]] yang merupakan komposit)
* [[Masalah Landau]]
* [[Konjektur Feit–Thompson]]
* Apakah setiap bilangan prima muncul di [[barisan Euclid–Mullin]]?
* Apakah [[Teorema Wolstenholme#Sebalik sebagai sebuah dugaan|sebalik teorema Wolstenholme]] berlaku untuk semua bilangan asli?
* [[Konjektur Elliott–Halberstam]]
* Masalah yang terkait dengan [[teorema Linnik]]
* Mencari [[bilangan Skewes]] terkecil

=== [[Teori himpunan]] ===
* Masalah mencari [[model teras]], salah satunya yang berisi semua [[Sifat kardinal besar|kardinal besar]].
* Jika <math>\aleph_\omega</math> merupakan sebuah kardinal limit kuat, maka <math>2^{\aleph_\omega} < \aleph_{\omega_1}</math> (lihat [[Hipotesis kardinal tunggal]]). Batas terbaik, <math>\aleph_{\omega_4}</math>, diperoleh oleh [[saharon Shelah|Shelah]] menggunakan [[teori kofinalitas mungkin]]<nowiki/>nya.
* [[Logika-Ω|Hipotesis-Ω]] [[W. Hugh Woodin|Woodin]].
* Apakah [[kekonsistenan]] dari keberadaan [[kardinal kompak kuat]] menyiratkan keberadaan konsisten dari sebuah [[kardinal superkompak]]?
* ([[W. Hugh Woodin|Woodin]]) Apakah [[Hipotesis Kontinum Rampat]] di bawah sebuah [[kardinal kompak kuat]] menyiratkan [[Hipotesis Kontinum Rampat]] di mana-mana?
* Apakah ada sebuah [[Kardinal Jónsson|aljabar Jónsson]] pada <math>\aleph_\omega</math>?
* Tanpa mengasumsi [[aksioma pemilihan]], dapatkah sebuah [[Kardinal Reinhardt|pembenaman elementer taktrivial]] <math>V \to V</math> ada?
* Apakah [[Hipotesis Kontinum Rampat]] memerlukan [[Diamondsuit|<math>{\diamondsuit(E^{\lambda^+}_{\operatorname{cf}(\lambda)}})</math>]] untuk setiap [[kardinal tunggal]] <math>\lambda</math>?
* Apakah [[Hipotesis Kontinum Rampat]] menyiratkan keberadaan [[Pohon Suslin|pohon Suslin-ℵ<sub>2</sub>]]?
*Aapakah [[aksioma pewarnaan buka]] konsisten dengan <math>2^{\aleph_{0}}>\aleph_{2}</math>?

===[[Topologi]]===
[[Image:Ochiai_unknot.svg|right|thumb|250px|The [[unknotting problem]] asks whether there is an efficient algorithm to identify when the shape presented in a [[knot diagram]] is actually the [[unknot]].]]

*[[Konjektur Baum–Connes]]
*[[Konjektur Bing–Borsuk]]
* [[Konjektur Borel]]
* [[Konjektur Hilbert–Smith]]
* [[Konjektur Mazur]]<ref>{{citation|last=Mazur|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Mazur|title=The topology of rational points|journal=[[Experimental Mathematics (journal)|Experimental Mathematics]]|volume=1|number=1|year=1992|pages=35–45|doi=10.1080/10586458.1992.10504244|url=https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.em/1048709114|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407161124/https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.em/1048709114|archive-date=2019-04-07|url-status=live|doi-broken-date=2021-01-14}}</ref>
* [[Konjektur Novikov]]
*[[Konjektur Ravenel|Konjektur teropong]]
* [[Masalah takbuhulan]]
* [[Konjektur volume]]
* [[Konjektur Whitehead]]
* [[Konjektur Zeeman]]

=== Teori Grup ===
=== Teori Grup ===


Baris 515: Baris 929:
=== Teori Himpunan ===
=== Teori Himpunan ===


=== Topologi ===
=== Topolog ===

* Konjektur Baum-Connes
* Konjektur Borel
* Konjektur Hilbert-Smith
* Konjektur Mazur
* Konjektur Novikov
* Masalah ketidakterikatan(unknotting)
* Konjektur Volume
* Konjektur Whitehead
* Konjektur Zeeman


== Persoalan yang sudah dipecahkan sejak 1995 ==
== Persoalan yang sudah dipecahkan sejak 1995 ==

Revisi per 11 Maret 2021 10.58

Fungsi zeta Riemann, subjek dari masalah belum terpecahkan yang dirayakan dan berpengaruh dikenal sebagai hipotesis Riemann

Sejak zaman Renaisans, banyak persoalan matematika dari abad sebelumnya yang dipecahkan abad setelahnya, tetapi sampai sekarang masih banyak persoalan matematika, besar maupun kecil, bermunculan dan belum terpecahkan.[1] Persoalan-persoalan ini seringkali datang dari berbagai bidang, termasuk fisika, ilmu komputer, aljabar, analisis, kombinatorika, geometri aljabar, diferensial, diskret, dan Euklides, teori graf, grup, model, bilangan, himpunan dan Ramsey, sistem dinamikal, persamaan diferensial parsial, dan masih banyak lagi. Beberapa masalah memiliki lebih dari satu mata pelajaran matematika dan dipelajari menggunakan teknik-tennik dari bidang yang berbeda. Hadiahnya seringkali dberikan untuk penyelesaian ke sebuah masalah yang lama, dan daftar-daftatr persoaln yang belum terpecahkan (seperti daftar Masalah Hadiah Millenium) menerima banyak perhatian.

Artikel ini merupakan sebuah gabungan masalah yang belum terpecahkan yang diturunkan dari banyak sumber, termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada daftar-daftar dianggap berwibawa, ini mungkin tidak selalu mutakhir, dan ini termasuk masalah yang dianggap oleh komunitas matematika menjadi sangat bervariasi dalam kesulitan dan sentralitas ilmu pengetahuan secara keseluruhan.

Artikel ini mengumpulkan berbagai persoalan yang didapat dari berbagai sumber. Daftar ini belum tentu lengkap atau terbarukan

Daftar masalah yang belum terpecahkan dalam matematika

Berbagai matematikawan dan organisasi telah menerbitkan dan mendukung daftar persoalan matematika yang belum terpecahkan. Dalam beberapa kasus, daftar tersebut telah berkaitan dengan hadiah-hadiah untuk penemuan-penemuan penyelesaiannya.

Daftar Jumlah masalah Jumlah yang belum terpecahkan atau belum terselesaikan sepenuhnya Diusulkan oleh Diusulkan pada tahun
Masalah Hilbert[2] 23 15 David Hilbert 1900
Masalah Landau[3] 4 4 Edmund Landau 1912
Masalah Tanimaya[4] 36 - Yutaka Taniyama 1955
24 pertanyaan Thurston[5][6] 24 - William Thurston 1982
Masalah Smale 18 14 Stephen Smale 1998
Masalah Hadiah Millenium 7 6[7] Clay Mathematics Institute 2000
Masalah Simon 15 <12[8][9] Barry Simon 2000
Masalah yang Belum Terpecahkan pada Matematika untuk Abad ke-21[10] 22 - Jair Minoro Abe, Shotaro Tanaka 2001
Tantangan matematika DARPA[11][12] 23 - DARPA 2007

Masalah Hadiah Millenium

Dari tujuh Masalah Hadiah Millenium asli diatur oleh Clay Mathematics Institute pada tahun 2000, keenam masalah telah belum dipecahkan pada Juli, 2020.[13]

Masalah ketujuh, konjektur Poincaré, telah dipecahkan,[14] namun, sebuah rampat disebut konjektur Poincaré empat dimensi mulus—yaitu, apakah sebuah bola topologi empat dimensi dapat memiliki dua struktur mulus yang tidak setara atau lebih—masih belum terpecahkan.[15]

Masalah yang belum terpecahkan

Aljabar

Dalam bola Bloch yang mewakili qubit, sebuah SIC-POVM membentuk sebuh tetrahedron beraturan. Zauner menduga bahwa struktur analog ada di ruang Hilbert kompleks dari semua dimensi terhingga.

Analisis

Luas dari daerah berwarna biru konvergen dengan konstanta Euler–Mascheroni, yang dapat atau tidak dapat menjadi sebuah bilangan rasional.

Kombinatorika

Sistem dinamikal

Sebuah detail dari himpunan Mandelbrot. Ini tidak tahu apakah himpunan Mandebrot terhubung lokal atau tidak.

Permainan dan teka-teki

Permainan kombinatorial

Permainan dengan informasi yang tidak sempurna

Geometri

Geometri aljabar

Peliputan dan pengepakan

  • Masalah Borsuk pada batas atas dan bawah untuk bilangan himpunan bagian dimater yang terkecil dibutuhkan menjadi sebuah himpunan dimensi terbatas.
  • Masalah pengepakan Rado: jika gabungan persegi yang bayak memilki luas satuan, seberpa kecil dapat luas terbesaar diliputi oelh sebuah himpunan bagian lepas persegi-persegi?[42]
  • Konjektur Erdős–Oler yang ketika merupakan sebuah bilangan segitiga, pengepakan lingkaran dalam sebuah segitiga sama sisi membutuhkan sebuah segitiga dari ukuran yang sama sebagai pengepakan lingkaran [43]
  • Masalah bilangan ciuman untuk dimensi selain 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 dan 24[44]
  • Konjektur Reinhardt bahwa oktagon yang mulus memiliki keraptan pengepakan maksimum terendah dari semua himpunan bidang simetris pusat[45]
  • Masalahpengepakan bola, termasuk kerapatan dari pengepakan terapat dalam dimensi selain 1, 2, 3, 8, dan 24, dan perilaku asimtotiknya untuk dimensi yang tinggi.
  • Pengepakan persegi dalam sebuah persegi: berapa rata-rata pertumbuhan asimtotik dari ruang yang terbuang?[46]
  • Konjektur pengepakan Ulam mengenai identitas dari padatan cembung pengepakan terburuk[47]

Geometri diferensial

Geometri diskret

IDalam tiga dimensi, bilangan ciumannya adalah 12, karena 12 bola satuan taktumpang tindih dapat ditaruh menjadi kontak dengan sebuah bola satuan pusat. (Disini, pusat-pusat bola luar membentuk puncak ikosahedron regular.) Bilangan ciuman hanya dikenal persis dalam dimensi 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 dan 24.

Geometri Euklides

Teori graf

Lintasan dan siklus dalam graf

Pewarnaan and pelabelan graf

An instance of the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture: a graph formed from four cliques of four vertices each, any two of which intersect in a single vertex, can be four-colored.

Graph drawing

Word-representation of graphs

Miscellaneous graph theory

Teori grup

The free Burnside group is finite; in its Cayley graph, shown here, each of its 27 elements is represented by a vertex. The question of which other groups are finite remains open.

Teori model and bahasa formal

  • Vaught's conjecture
  • The Cherlin–Zilber conjecture: A simple group whose first-order theory is stable in is a simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field.
  • The Main Gap conjecture, e.g. for uncountable first order theories, for AECs, and for -saturated models of a countable theory.[126]
  • Determine the structure of Keisler's order[127][128]
  • The stable field conjecture: every infinite field with a stable first-order theory is separably closed.
  • Is the theory of the field of Laurent series over decidable? of the field of polynomials over ?
  • (BMTO) Is the Borel monadic theory of the real order decidable? (MTWO) Is the monadic theory of well-ordering consistently decidable?[129]
  • The Stable Forking Conjecture for simple theories[130]
  • For which number fields does Hilbert's tenth problem hold?
  • Assume K is the class of models of a countable first order theory omitting countably many types. If K has a model of cardinality does it have a model of cardinality continuum?[131]
  • Shelah's eventual categoricity conjecture: For every cardinal there exists a cardinal such that If an AEC K with LS(K)<= is categorical in a cardinal above then it is categorical in all cardinals above .[126][132]
  • Shelah's categoricity conjecture for : If a sentence is categorical above the Hanf number then it is categorical in all cardinals above the Hanf number.[126]
  • Is there a logic L which satisfies both the Beth property and Δ-interpolation, is compact but does not satisfy the interpolation property?[133]
  • If the class of atomic models of a complete first order theory is categorical in the , is it categorical in every cardinal?[134][135]
  • Is every infinite, minimal field of characteristic zero algebraically closed? (Here, "minimal" means that every definable subset of the structure is finite or co-finite.)
  • Kueker's conjecture[136]
  • Does there exist an o-minimal first order theory with a trans-exponential (rapid growth) function?
  • Does a finitely presented homogeneous structure for a finite relational language have finitely many reducts?
  • Do the Henson graphs have the finite model property?
  • The universality problem for C-free graphs: For which finite sets C of graphs does the class of C-free countable graphs have a universal member under strong embeddings?[137]
  • The universality spectrum problem: Is there a first-order theory whose universality spectrum is minimum?[138]
  • Generalized star height problem
  • Tarski's exponential function problem

Teori bilangan

Umum

6 is a perfect number because it is the sum of its proper positive divisors, 1, 2 and 3. It is not known how many perfect numbers there are, nor if any of them are odd.

Teori bilangan aditif

Teori bilangan aljabar

Teori bilangan komputasi

Bilangan prima

Goldbach's conjecture states that all even integers greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. Here this is illustrated for the even integers from 4 to 28.

Teori himpunan

Topologi

The unknotting problem asks whether there is an efficient algorithm to identify when the shape presented in a knot diagram is actually the unknot.

Teori Grup

Teori Model dan bahasa formal

Teori Nomor

Teori Himpunan

Topolog

Persoalan yang sudah dipecahkan sejak 1995


Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Eves, An Introduction to the History of Mathematics 6th Edition, Thomson, 1990, ISBN 978-0-03-029558-4.
  2. ^ Thiele, Rüdiger (2005), "On Hilbert and his twenty-four problems", dalam Van Brummelen, Glen, Mathematics and the historian's craft. The Kenneth O. May Lectures, CMS Books in Mathematics/Ouvrages de Mathématiques de la SMC, 21, hlm. 243–295, ISBN 978-0-387-25284-1 
  3. ^ Guy, Richard (1994), Unsolved Problems in Number Theory (edisi ke-2nd), Springer, hlm. vii, ISBN 978-1-4899-3585-4, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-23, diakses tanggal 2016-09-22  .
  4. ^ Shimura, G. (1989). "Yutaka Taniyama and his time". Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society. 21 (2): 186–196. doi:10.1112/blms/21.2.186. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-01-25. Diakses tanggal 2015-01-15. 
  5. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-02-08. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-22. 
  6. ^ "THREE DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS, KLEINIAN GROUPS AND HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-09. 
  7. ^ "Millennium Problems". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-06. Diakses tanggal 2015-01-20. 
  8. ^ "Fields Medal awarded to Artur Avila". Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 2014-08-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-07-10. Diakses tanggal 2018-07-07. 
  9. ^ Bellos, Alex (2014-08-13). "Fields Medals 2014: the maths of Avila, Bhargava, Hairer and Mirzakhani explained". The Guardian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-10-21. Diakses tanggal 2018-07-07. 
  10. ^ Abe, Jair Minoro; Tanaka, Shotaro (2001). Unsolved Problems on Mathematics for the 21st Century. IOS Press. ISBN 978-9051994902. 
  11. ^ "DARPA invests in math". CNN. 2008-10-14. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-14. 
  12. ^ "Broad Agency Announcement (BAA 07-68) for Defense Sciences Office (DSO)". DARPA. 2007-09-10. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-01. Diakses tanggal 2013-06-25. 
  13. ^ "Millennium Problems". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-06. Diakses tanggal 2015-01-20. 
  14. ^ "Poincaré Conjecture". Clay Mathematics Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-15. 
  15. ^ "Smooth 4-dimensional Poincare conjecture". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-25. Diakses tanggal 2019-08-06. 
  16. ^ Dnestrovskaya notebook (PDF) (dalam bahasa Rusia), The Russian Academy of Sciences, 1993 "Dneister Notebook: Unsolved Problems in the Theory of Rings and Modules" (PDF), University of Saskatchewan, diakses tanggal 2019-08-15 
  17. ^ Erlagol notebook (PDF) (dalam bahasa Rusia), The Novosibirsk State University, 2018 
  18. ^ Waldschmidt, Michel (2013), Diophantine Approximation on Linear Algebraic Groups: Transcendence Properties of the Exponential Function in Several Variables, Springer, hlm. 14, 16, ISBN 9783662115695 
  19. ^ Smyth, Chris (2008), "The Mahler measure of algebraic numbers: a survey", dalam McKee, James; Smyth, Chris, Number Theory and Polynomials, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 352, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 322–349, ISBN 978-0-521-71467-9 
  20. ^ Berenstein, Carlos A. (2001) [1994], "Pompeiu problem", dalam Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4 
  21. ^ Waldschmidt, Michel (2013), Diophantine Approximation on Linear Algebraic Groups: Transcendence Properties of the Exponential Function in Several Variables, Springer, hlm. 14, 16, ISBN 9783662115695 
  22. ^ For background on the numbers that are the focus of this problem, see articles by Eric W. Weisstein, on pi ( "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2014-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. ), e ( "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2014-11-21. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. ), Khinchin's Constant ( "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. ), irrational numbers ( "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2015-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. ), transcendental numbers ( "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2014-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. ), and irrationality measures ( "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. ) at Wolfram MathWorld, all articles accessed 15 December 2014.
  23. ^ Michel Waldschmidt, 2008, "An introduction to irrationality and transcendence methods," at The University of Arizona The Southwest Center for Arithmetic Geometry 2008 Arizona Winter School, March 15–19, 2008 (Special Functions and Transcendence), see "Salinan arsip" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. , accessed 15 December 2014.
  24. ^ John Albert, posting date unknown, "Some unsolved problems in number theory" [from Victor Klee & Stan Wagon, "Old and New Unsolved Problems in Plane Geometry and Number Theory"], in University of Oklahoma Math 4513 course materials, see "Salinan arsip" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2014-01-17. Diakses tanggal 2021-01-27. , accessed 15 December 2014.
  25. ^ Kung, H. T.; Traub, Joseph Frederick (1974), "Optimal order of one-point and multipoint iteration", Journal of the ACM, 21 (4): 643–651, doi:10.1145/321850.321860 
  26. ^ Bruhn, Henning; Schaudt, Oliver (2015), "The journey of the union-closed sets conjecture" (PDF), Graphs and Combinatorics, 31 (6): 2043–2074, arXiv:1309.3297alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/s00373-014-1515-0, MR 3417215, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-08-08, diakses tanggal 2017-07-18 
  27. ^ Tao, Terence (2017). "Some remarks on the lonely runner conjecture". arΧiv:1701.02048 [math.CO]. 
  28. ^ Liśkiewicz, Maciej; Ogihara, Mitsunori; Toda, Seinosuke (2003-07-28). "The complexity of counting self-avoiding walks in subgraphs of two-dimensional grids and hypercubes". Theoretical Computer Science. 304 (1): 129–156. doi:10.1016/S0304-3975(03)00080-X. 
  29. ^ Brightwell, Graham R.; Felsner, Stefan; Trotter, William T. (1995), "Balancing pairs and the cross product conjecture", Order, 12 (4): 327–349, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.38.7841alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/BF01110378, MR 1368815  .
  30. ^ Murnaghan, F. D. (1938), "The Analysis of the Direct Product of Irreducible Representations of the Symmetric Groups", American Journal of Mathematics, 60 (1): 44–65, doi:10.2307/2371542, JSTOR 2371542, MR 1507301, PMC 1076971alt=Dapat diakses gratis, PMID 16577800 
  31. ^ Dedekind Numbers and Related Sequences
  32. ^ Kari, Jarkko (2009), "Structure of reversible cellular automata", Unconventional Computation: 8th International Conference, UC 2009, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, September 7ÔÇô11, 2009, Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5715, Springer, hlm. 6, Bibcode:2009LNCS.5715....6K, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03745-0_5alt=Dapat diakses gratis, ISBN 978-3-642-03744-3 
  33. ^ Kaloshin, Vadim; Sorrentino, Alfonso (2018). "On the local Birkhoff conjecture for convex billiards". Annals of Mathematics. 188 (1): 315–380. arXiv:1612.09194alt=Dapat diakses gratis. doi:10.4007/annals.2018.188.1.6. 
  34. ^ Sarnak, Peter (2011), "Recent progress on the quantum unique ergodicity conjecture", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 48 (2): 211–228, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-2011-01323-4alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 2774090 
  35. ^ http://english.log-it-ex.com Diarsipkan 2017-11-10 di Wayback Machine. Ten open questions about Sudoku (2012-01-21).
  36. ^ http://english.log-it-ex.com Diarsipkan 2017-11-10 di Wayback Machine. Ten open questions about Sudoku (2012-01-21).
  37. ^ http://english.log-it-ex.com Diarsipkan 2017-11-10 di Wayback Machine. Ten open questions about Sudoku (2012-01-21).
  38. ^ "Higher-Dimensional Tic-Tac-Toe". PBS Infinite Series. YouTube. 2017-09-21. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-11. Diakses tanggal 2018-07-29. 
  39. ^ Barlet, Daniel; Peternell, Thomas; Schneider, Michael (1990). "On two conjectures of Hartshorne's". Mathematische Annalen. 286 (1–3): 13–25. doi:10.1007/BF01453563. 
  40. ^ Maulik, Davesh; Nekrasov, Nikita; Okounov, Andrei; Pandharipande, Rahul (2004-06-05), Gromov–Witten theory and Donaldson–Thomas theory, I, arXiv:math/0312059alt=Dapat diakses gratis, Bibcode:2003math.....12059M 
  41. ^ Zariski, Oscar (1971). "Some open questions in the theory of singularities". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 77 (4): 481–491. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1971-12729-5alt=Dapat diakses gratis. MR 0277533. 
  42. ^ Bereg, Sergey; Dumitrescu, Adrian; Jiang, Minghui (2010), "On covering problems of Rado", Algorithmica, 57 (3): 538–561, doi:10.1007/s00453-009-9298-z, MR 2609053 
  43. ^ Melissen, Hans (1993), "Densest packings of congruent circles in an equilateral triangle", American Mathematical Monthly, 100 (10): 916–925, doi:10.2307/2324212, JSTOR 2324212, MR 1252928 
  44. ^ Conway, John H.; Neil J.A. Sloane (1999), Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups (edisi ke-3rd), New York: Springer-Verlag, hlm. 21–22, ISBN 978-0-387-98585-5 
  45. ^ Hales, Thomas (2017), The Reinhardt conjecture as an optimal control problem, arXiv:1703.01352alt=Dapat diakses gratis 
  46. ^ Brass, Peter; Moser, William; Pach, János (2005), Research Problems in Discrete Geometry, New York: Springer, hlm. 45, ISBN 978-0387-23815-9, MR 2163782 
  47. ^ Gardner, Martin (1995), New Mathematical Diversions (Revised Edition), Washington: Mathematical Association of America, hlm. 251 
  48. ^ Katz, Mikhail G. (2007), Systolic geometry and topology, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 137, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, hlm. 57, doi:10.1090/surv/137, ISBN 978-0-8218-4177-8, MR 2292367 
  49. ^ Rosenberg, Steven (1997), The Laplacian on a Riemannian Manifold: An introduction to analysis on manifolds, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, 31, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 62–63, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511623783, ISBN 978-0-521-46300-3, MR 1462892 
  50. ^ Barros, Manuel (1997), "General Helices and a Theorem of Lancret", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 125 (5): 1503–1509, doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-97-03692-7alt=Dapat diakses gratis, JSTOR 2162098 
  51. ^ Morris, Walter D.; Soltan, Valeriu (2000), "The Erdős-Szekeres problem on points in convex position—a survey", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 37 (4): 437–458, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-00-00877-6alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 1779413 ; Suk, Andrew (2016), "On the Erdős–Szekeres convex polygon problem", J. Amer. Math. Soc., 30 (4): 1047–1053, arXiv:1604.08657alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1090/jams/869 
  52. ^ Dey, Tamal K. (1998), "Improved bounds for planar k-sets and related problems", Discrete Comput. Geom., 19 (3): 373–382, doi:10.1007/PL00009354alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 1608878 ; Tóth, Gábor (2001), "Point sets with many k-sets", Discrete Comput. Geom., 26 (2): 187–194, doi:10.1007/s004540010022alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 1843435 .
  53. ^ Boltjansky, V.; Gohberg, I. (1985), "11. Hadwiger's Conjecture", Results and Problems in Combinatorial Geometry, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 44–46 .
  54. ^ (Inggris) Weisstein, Eric W. "Kobon Triangle". MathWorld. 
  55. ^ Guy, Richard K. (1983), "An olla-podrida of open problems, often oddly posed", American Mathematical Monthly, 90 (3): 196–200, doi:10.2307/2975549, JSTOR 2975549, MR 1540158 
  56. ^ Matoušek, Jiří (2002), Lectures on discrete geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 212, Springer-Verlag, New York, hlm. 206, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0039-7, ISBN 978-0-387-95373-1, MR 1899299 
  57. ^ Aronov, Boris; Dujmović, Vida; Morin, Pat; Ooms, Aurélien; Schultz Xavier da Silveira, Luís Fernando (2019), "More Turán-type theorems for triangles in convex point sets", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 26 (1): P1.8, arXiv:1706.10193alt=Dapat diakses gratis, Bibcode:2017arXiv170610193A, doi:10.37236/7224alt=Dapat diakses gratis, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-18, diakses tanggal 2019-02-18 
  58. ^ Brass, Peter; Moser, William; Pach, János (2005), "5.1 The Maximum Number of Unit Distances in the Plane", Research problems in discrete geometry, Springer, New York, hlm. 183–190, ISBN 978-0-387-23815-9, MR 2163782 
  59. ^ Kalai, Gil (1989), "The number of faces of centrally-symmetric polytopes", Graphs and Combinatorics, 5 (1): 389–391, doi:10.1007/BF01788696, MR 1554357  .
  60. ^ Atiyah, Michael (2001), "Configurations of points", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 359 (1784): 1375–1387, Bibcode:2001RSPTA.359.1375A, doi:10.1098/rsta.2001.0840, ISSN 1364-503X, MR 1853626 
  61. ^ Finch, S. R.; Wetzel, J. E. (2004), "Lost in a forest", American Mathematical Monthly, 11 (8): 645–654, doi:10.2307/4145038, JSTOR 4145038, MR 2091541 
  62. ^ Howards, Hugh Nelson (2013), "Forming the Borromean rings out of arbitrary polygonal unknots", Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications, 22 (14): 1350083, 15, arXiv:1406.3370alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1142/S0218216513500831, MR 3190121 
  63. ^ Solomon, Yaar; Weiss, Barak (2016), "Dense forests and Danzer sets", Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure, 49 (5): 1053–1074, arXiv:1406.3807alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.24033/asens.2303, MR 3581810  ; Conway, John H., Five $1,000 Problems (Update 2017) (PDF), On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-02-13, diakses tanggal 2019-02-12 
  64. ^ Brandts, Jan; Korotov, Sergey; Křížek, Michal; Šolc, Jakub (2009), "On nonobtuse simplicial partitions" (PDF), SIAM Review, 51 (2): 317–335, Bibcode:2009SIAMR..51..317B, doi:10.1137/060669073, MR 2505583, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-11-04, diakses tanggal 2018-11-22  . See in particular Conjecture 23, p. 327.
  65. ^ Socolar, Joshua E. S.; Taylor, Joan M. (2012), "Forcing nonperiodicity with a single tile", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 34 (1): 18–28, arXiv:1009.1419alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/s00283-011-9255-y, MR 2902144 
  66. ^ Arutyunyants, G.; Iosevich, A. (2004), "Falconer conjecture, spherical averages and discrete analogs", dalam Pach, János, Towards a Theory of Geometric Graphs, Contemp. Math., 342, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, hlm. 15–24, doi:10.1090/conm/342/06127alt=Dapat diakses gratis, ISBN 9780821834848, MR 2065249 
  67. ^ Matschke, Benjamin (2014), "A survey on the square peg problem", Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 61 (4): 346–352, doi:10.1090/noti1100alt=Dapat diakses gratis 
  68. ^ Katz, Nets; Tao, Terence (2002), "Recent progress on the Kakeya conjecture", Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations (El Escorial, 2000), Publicacions Matemàtiques (Vol. Extra): 161–179, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.241.5335alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.5565/PUBLMAT_Esco02_07, MR 1964819 
  69. ^ Weaire, Denis, ed. (1997), The Kelvin Problem, CRC Press, hlm. 1, ISBN 9780748406326 
  70. ^ Brass, Peter; Moser, William; Pach, János (2005), Research problems in discrete geometry, New York: Springer, hlm. 457, ISBN 9780387299297, MR 2163782 
  71. ^ Mahler, Kurt (1939). "Ein Minimalproblem für konvexe Polygone". Mathematica (Zutphen) B: 118–127. 
  72. ^ Norwood, Rick; Poole, George; Laidacker, Michael (1992), "The worm problem of Leo Moser", Discrete and Computational Geometry, 7 (2): 153–162, doi:10.1007/BF02187832alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 1139077 
  73. ^ Wagner, Neal R. (1976), "The Sofa Problem" (PDF), The American Mathematical Monthly, 83 (3): 188–189, doi:10.2307/2977022, JSTOR 2977022, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-04-20, diakses tanggal 2014-05-14 
  74. ^ Demaine, Erik D.; O'Rourke, Joseph (2007), "Chapter 22. Edge Unfolding of Polyhedra", Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 306–338 
  75. ^ Ghomi, Mohammad (2018-01-01). "D "urer's Unfolding Problem for Convex Polyhedra". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 65 (1): 25–27. doi:10.1090/noti1609alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 0002-9920. 
  76. ^ Whyte, L. L. (1952), "Unique arrangements of points on a sphere", The American Mathematical Monthly, 59 (9): 606–611, doi:10.2307/2306764, JSTOR 2306764, MR 0050303 
  77. ^ ACW (May 24, 2012), "Convex uniform 5-polytopes", Open Problem Garden, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 5, 2016, diakses tanggal 2016-10-04  .
  78. ^ Florek, Jan (2010), "On Barnette's conjecture", Discrete Mathematics, 310 (10–11): 1531–1535, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2010.01.018, MR 2601261 .
  79. ^ Broersma, Hajo; Patel, Viresh; Pyatkin, Artem (2014), "On toughness and Hamiltonicity of $2K_2$-free graphs", Journal of Graph Theory, 75 (3): 244–255, doi:10.1002/jgt.21734, MR 3153119 
  80. ^ Jaeger, F. (1985), "A survey of the cycle double cover conjecture", Annals of Discrete Mathematics 27 – Cycles in Graphs, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, 27, hlm. 1–12, doi:10.1016/S0304-0208(08)72993-1, ISBN 9780444878038 .
  81. ^ Heckman, Christopher Carl; Krakovski, Roi (2013), "Erdös-Gyárfás conjecture for cubic planar graphs", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 20 (2), P7, doi:10.37236/3252alt=Dapat diakses gratis .
  82. ^ Akiyama, Jin; Exoo, Geoffrey; Harary, Frank (1981), "Covering and packing in graphs. IV. Linear arboricity", Networks, 11 (1): 69–72, doi:10.1002/net.3230110108, MR 0608921 .
  83. ^ L. Babai, Automorphism groups, isomorphism, reconstruction Diarsipkan 2007-06-13 di Wayback Machine., in Handbook of Combinatorics, Vol. 2, Elsevier, 1996, 1447–1540.
  84. ^ Lenz, Hanfried; Ringel, Gerhard (1991), "A brief review on Egmont Köhler's mathematical work", Discrete Mathematics, 97 (1–3): 3–16, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(91)90416-Y, MR 1140782 
  85. ^ Bousquet, Nicolas; Bartier, Valentin (2019), "Linear Transformations Between Colorings in Chordal Graphs", dalam Bender, Michael A.; Svensson, Ola; Herman, Grzegorz, 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, ESA 2019, September 9-11, 2019, Munich/Garching, Germany, LIPIcs, 144, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, hlm. 24:1–24:15, doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.24 
  86. ^ Chung, Fan; Graham, Ron (1998), Erdős on Graphs: His Legacy of Unsolved Problems, A K Peters, hlm. 97–99 .
  87. ^ Chudnovsky, Maria; Seymour, Paul (2014), "Extending the Gyárfás-Sumner conjecture", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 105: 11–16, doi:10.1016/j.jctb.2013.11.002alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 3171779 
  88. ^ Toft, Bjarne (1996), "A survey of Hadwiger's conjecture", Congressus Numerantium, 115: 249–283, MR 1411244 .
  89. ^ Croft, Hallard T.; Falconer, Kenneth J.; Guy, Richard K. (1991), Unsolved Problems in Geometry, Springer-Verlag , Problem G10.
  90. ^ Hägglund, Jonas; Steffen, Eckhard (2014), "Petersen-colorings and some families of snarks", Ars Mathematica Contemporanea, 7 (1): 161–173, doi:10.26493/1855-3974.288.11aalt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 3047618, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-10-03, diakses tanggal 2016-09-30  .
  91. ^ Jensen, Tommy R.; Toft, Bjarne (1995), "12.20 List-Edge-Chromatic Numbers", Graph Coloring Problems, New York: Wiley-Interscience, hlm. 201–202, ISBN 978-0-471-02865-9 .
  92. ^ Molloy, Michael; Reed, Bruce (1998), "A bound on the total chromatic number", Combinatorica, 18 (2): 241–280, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.24.6514alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/PL00009820, MR 1656544  .
  93. ^ Barát, János; Tóth, Géza (2010), "Towards the Albertson Conjecture", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 17 (1): R73, arXiv:0909.0413alt=Dapat diakses gratis, Bibcode:2009arXiv0909.0413B, doi:10.37236/345alt=Dapat diakses gratis .
  94. ^ Wood, David (January 19, 2009), "Book Thickness of Subdivisions", Open Problem Garden, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 16, 2013, diakses tanggal 2013-02-05  .
  95. ^ Fulek, R.; Pach, J. (2011), "A computational approach to Conway's thrackle conjecture", Computational Geometry, 44 (6–7): 345–355, arXiv:1002.3904alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18469-7_21, MR 2785903 .
  96. ^ Hartsfield, Nora; Ringel, Gerhard (2013), Pearls in Graph Theory: A Comprehensive Introduction, Dover Books on Mathematics, Courier Dover Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-0-486-31552-2, MR 2047103 .
  97. ^ Hliněný, Petr (2010), "20 years of Negami's planar cover conjecture" (PDF), Graphs and Combinatorics, 26 (4): 525–536, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.605.4932alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/s00373-010-0934-9, MR 2669457, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04, diakses tanggal 2016-10-04  .
  98. ^ Nöllenburg, Martin; Prutkin, Roman; Rutter, Ignaz (2016), "On self-approaching and increasing-chord drawings of 3-connected planar graphs", Journal of Computational Geometry, 7 (1): 47–69, arXiv:1409.0315alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.20382/jocg.v7i1a3, MR 3463906 
  99. ^ Pach, János; Sharir, Micha (2009), "5.1 Crossings—the Brick Factory Problem", Combinatorial Geometry and Its Algorithmic Applications: The Alcalá Lectures, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 152, American Mathematical Society, hlm. 126–127 .
  100. ^ Demaine, E.; O'Rourke, J. (2002–2012), "Problem 45: Smallest Universal Set of Points for Planar Graphs", The Open Problems Project, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-14, diakses tanggal 2013-03-19  .
  101. ^ a b c d e S. Kitaev and V. Lozin. Words and Graphs, Springer, 2015.
  102. ^ a b c d e S. Kitaev. A comprehensive introduction to the theory of word-representable graphs. In: É. Charlier, J. Leroy, M. Rigo (eds), Developments in Language Theory. DLT 2017. Lecture Notes Comp. Sci. 10396, Springer, 36−67.
  103. ^ a b c d e S. Kitaev and A. Pyatkin. Word-representable graphs: a Survey, Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics 12(2) (2018) 278−296.
  104. ^ a b c d e С. В. Китаев, А. В. Пяткин. Графы, представимые в виде слов. Обзор результатов, Дискретн. анализ и исслед. опер., 2018, том 25,номер 2, 19−53
  105. ^ Marc Elliot Glen (2016). "Colourability and word-representability of near-triangulations". arΧiv:1605.01688 [math.CO]. 
  106. ^ S. Kitaev. On graphs with representation number 3, J. Autom., Lang. and Combin. 18 (2013), 97−112.
  107. ^ Glen, Marc; Kitaev, Sergey; Pyatkin, Artem (2018). "On the representation number of a crown graph". Discrete Applied Mathematics. 244: 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2018.03.013. 
  108. ^ Conway, John H., Five $1,000 Problems (Update 2017) (PDF), Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2019-02-13, diakses tanggal 2019-02-12 
  109. ^ Chudnovsky, Maria (2014), "The Erdös–Hajnal conjecture—a survey" (PDF), Journal of Graph Theory, 75 (2): 178–190, arXiv:1606.08827alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1002/jgt.21730, MR 3150572, Zbl 1280.05086, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04, diakses tanggal 2016-09-22  .
  110. ^ Gupta, Anupam; Newman, Ilan; Rabinovich, Yuri; Sinclair, Alistair (2004), "Cuts, trees and -embeddings of graphs", Combinatorica, 24 (2): 233–269, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.8978alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1007/s00493-004-0015-x, MR 2071334 
  111. ^ Pleanmani, Nopparat (2019), "Graham's pebbling conjecture holds for the product of a graph and a sufficiently large complete bipartite graph", Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications, 11 (6): 1950068, 7, doi:10.1142/s179383091950068x, MR 4044549 
  112. ^ Spinrad, Jeremy P. (2003), "2. Implicit graph representation", Efficient Graph Representations, hlm. 17–30, ISBN 978-0-8218-2815-1 .
  113. ^ "Jorgensen's Conjecture", Open Problem Garden, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-14, diakses tanggal 2016-11-13  .
  114. ^ Baird, William; Bonato, Anthony (2012), "Meyniel's conjecture on the cop number: a survey", Journal of Combinatorics, 3 (2): 225–238, arXiv:1308.3385alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.4310/JOC.2012.v3.n2.a6, MR 2980752 
  115. ^ Ducey, Joshua E. (2017), "On the critical group of the missing Moore graph", Discrete Mathematics, 340 (5): 1104–1109, arXiv:1509.00327alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2016.10.001, MR 3612450 
  116. ^ Fomin, Fedor V.; Høie, Kjartan (2006), "Pathwidth of cubic graphs and exact algorithms", Information Processing Letters, 97 (5): 191–196, doi:10.1016/j.ipl.2005.10.012, MR 2195217 
  117. ^ Schwenk, Allen (2012), "Some History on the Reconstruction Conjecture" (PDF), Joint Mathematics Meetings, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-04-09, diakses tanggal 2018-11-26 
  118. ^ Ramachandran, S. (1981), "On a new digraph reconstruction conjecture", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 31 (2): 143–149, doi:10.1016/S0095-8956(81)80019-6alt=Dapat diakses gratis, MR 0630977 
  119. ^ Seymour's 2nd Neighborhood Conjecture Diarsipkan 2019-01-11 di Wayback Machine., Open Problems in Graph Theory and Combinatorics, Douglas B. West.
  120. ^ Blokhuis, A.; Brouwer, A. E. (1988), "Geodetic graphs of diameter two", Geometriae Dedicata, 25 (1–3): 527–533, doi:10.1007/BF00191941, MR 0925851 
  121. ^ Kühn, Daniela; Mycroft, Richard; Osthus, Deryk (2011), "A proof of Sumner's universal tournament conjecture for large tournaments", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Third Series, 102 (4): 731–766, arXiv:1010.4430alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1112/plms/pdq035, MR 2793448, Zbl 1218.05034  .
  122. ^ 4-flow conjecture Diarsipkan 2018-11-26 di Wayback Machine. and 5-flow conjecture Diarsipkan 2018-11-26 di Wayback Machine., Open Problem Garden
  123. ^ Brešar, Boštjan; Dorbec, Paul; Goddard, Wayne; Hartnell, Bert L.; Henning, Michael A.; Klavžar, Sandi; Rall, Douglas F. (2012), "Vizing's conjecture: a survey and recent results", Journal of Graph Theory, 69 (1): 46–76, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.159.7029alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1002/jgt.20565, MR 2864622 .
  124. ^ Aschbacher, Michael (1990), "On Conjectures of Guralnick and Thompson", Journal of Algebra, 135 (2): 277–343, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(90)90292-V 
  125. ^ Khukhro, Evgeny I.; Mazurov, Victor D. (2019), Unsolved Problems in Group Theory. The Kourovka Notebook, arXiv:1401.0300v16alt=Dapat diakses gratis 
  126. ^ a b c Shelah S, Classification Theory, North-Holland, 1990
  127. ^ Keisler, HJ (1967). "Ultraproducts which are not saturated". J. Symb. Log. 32 (1): 23–46. doi:10.2307/2271240. JSTOR 2271240. 
  128. ^ Malliaris M, Shelah S, "A dividing line in simple unstable theories." https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.2140 Diarsipkan 2017-08-02 di Wayback Machine.
  129. ^ Gurevich, Yuri, "Monadic Second-Order Theories," in J. Barwise, S. Feferman, eds., Model-Theoretic Logics (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 479–506.
  130. ^ Peretz, Assaf (2006). "Geometry of forking in simple theories". Journal of Symbolic Logic. 71 (1): 347–359. arXiv:math/0412356alt=Dapat diakses gratis. doi:10.2178/jsl/1140641179. 
  131. ^ Shelah, Saharon (1999). "Borel sets with large squares". Fundamenta Mathematicae. 159 (1): 1–50. arXiv:math/9802134alt=Dapat diakses gratis. Bibcode:1998math......2134S. doi:10.4064/fm-159-1-1-50. 
  132. ^ Shelah, Saharon (2009). Classification theory for abstract elementary classes. College Publications. ISBN 978-1-904987-71-0. 
  133. ^ Makowsky J, "Compactness, embeddings and definability," in Model-Theoretic Logics, eds Barwise and Feferman, Springer 1985 pps. 645–715.
  134. ^ Baldwin, John T. (July 24, 2009). Categoricity (PDF). American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-4893-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal July 29, 2010. Diakses tanggal February 20, 2014. 
  135. ^ Shelah, Saharon (2009). "Introduction to classification theory for abstract elementary classes". arXiv:0903.3428alt=Dapat diakses gratis. Bibcode:2009arXiv0903.3428S. 
  136. ^ Hrushovski, Ehud (1989). "Kueker's conjecture for stable theories". Journal of Symbolic Logic. 54 (1): 207–220. doi:10.2307/2275025. JSTOR 2275025. 
  137. ^ Cherlin, G.; Shelah, S. (May 2007). "Universal graphs with a forbidden subtree". Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B. 97 (3): 293–333. arXiv:math/0512218alt=Dapat diakses gratis. doi:10.1016/j.jctb.2006.05.008. 
  138. ^ Džamonja, Mirna, "Club guessing and the universal models." On PCF, ed. M. Foreman, (Banff, Alberta, 2004).
  139. ^ "Are the Digits of Pi Random? Berkeley Lab Researcher May Hold Key". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2016-03-18. 
  140. ^ Bruhn, Henning; Schaudt, Oliver (2016). "Newer sums of three cubes". arΧiv:1604.07746v1 [math.NT]. 
  141. ^ Guo, Song; Sun, Zhi-Wei (2005), "On odd covering systems with distinct moduli", Advances in Applied Mathematics, 35 (2): 182–187, arXiv:math/0412217alt=Dapat diakses gratis, doi:10.1016/j.aam.2005.01.004, MR 2152886 
  142. ^ Singmaster, D. (1971), "Research Problems: How often does an integer occur as a binomial coefficient?", American Mathematical Monthly, 78 (4): 385–386, doi:10.2307/2316907, JSTOR 2316907, MR 1536288 .
  143. ^ Aigner, Martin (2013), Markov's theorem and 100 years of the uniqueness conjecture, Cham: Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00888-2, ISBN 978-3-319-00887-5, MR 3098784 
  144. ^ Conrey, Brian (2016), "Lectures on the Riemann zeta function (book review)", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 53 (3): 507–512, doi:10.1090/bull/1525alt=Dapat diakses gratis 
  145. ^ Ribenboim, P. (2006). Die Welt der Primzahlen. Springer-Lehrbuch (dalam bahasa Jerman) (edisi ke-2nd). Springer. hlm. 242–243. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18079-8. ISBN 978-3-642-18078-1. 
  146. ^ Dobson, J. B. (1 April 2017). "On Lerch's formula for the Fermat quotient". p. 23. arΧiv:1103.3907v6 [math.NT]. 
  147. ^ Mazur, Barry (1992), "The topology of rational points", Experimental Mathematics, 1 (1): 35–45, doi:10.1080/10586458.1992.10504244 (tidak aktif 2021-01-14), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-07, diakses tanggal 2019-04-07