Kukang: Perbedaan antara revisi

Kukang
Kukang ;
Nycticebus
	; Kukang sunda Nycticebus coucang
Status konservasi
Taksonomi
Kerajaan	Animalia
Filum	Chordata
Kelas	Mammalia
Ordo	Primates
Famili	Lorisidae
Genus	Nycticebus ; Geoffroy, 1812
Tata nama
Sinonim takson	Tardigradus Boddaert 1784: (preoccupied); Loris É. Geoffroy 1796; Lori Lacépède 1799; Stenops Illiger 1811; Bradycebus É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier 1820: (nomen nudum); Bradylemur de Blainville 1839; Referensi:
Spesies
	N. bancanus (Lyon, 1906); N. bengalensis (Lacépède, 1800); N. borneanus (Lyon, 1906); N. coucang (Boddaert, 1785); †? N. linglom Mein & Ginsburg, 1997; N. javanicus É. Geoffroy, 1812; N. kayan Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2012; N. menagensis (Lydekker, 1893); N. pygmaeus Bonhote, 1907;
Distribusi
	; Persebaran Nycticebus merah = N. pygmaeus; biru = N. bengalensis; cokelat = N. bancanus, N. borneanus, N. coucang, N. javanicus, N. kayan & N. menagensis
	l; b; s;

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Revisi per 31 Desember 2015 05.43

Kukang—kadang-kadang disebut pula malu-malu—adalah jenis primata yang bergerak lambat. Warna rambutnya beragam, dari kelabu keputihan, kecoklatan, hingga kehitam-hitaman. Pada punggung terdapat garis coklat melintang dari belakang hingga dahi, lalu bercabang ke dasar telinga dan mata. Berat tubuh 0,375-0,9 kg, panjang tubuh dewasa 19-30 cm.

Di Indonesia, satwa ini dapat ditemukan di Sumatera, Jawa dan Kalimantan. Kukang (Nycticebus coucang) adalah jenis primata yang lucu dan menggemaskan sehingga tidak heran banyak masyarakat umum yang menjadikan primata ini menjadi incaran untuk dijadikan hewan peliharaan. Kukang telah dilindungi oleh hukum Indonesia, sehingga perdagangannya adalah illegal dan kriminal.

Sebaran

Keluarga kukang atau sering disebut-sebut malu-malu, terdiri dari 8 marga (genus) dan terbagi lagi dalam 14 jenis. Penyebarannya cukup luas, mulai dari Afrika sebelah selatan Gurun Sahara, India, Srilanka, Asia Selatan, Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara. Dari 8 Marga yang ada, di Indonesia hanya ditemui 1 marga, yaitu Nycticebus.

Marga Nycticebus terdiri atas 5 jenis, yaitu:

Nycticebus coucang yang tersebar di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatera dan kepulauan sekitarnya.
Nycticebus pygmaeus tersebar di Indocina, Laos dan Kamboja.
Nycticebus bengalensis, tersebar di India hingga Thailand.
Nycticebus javanicus, hanya tersebar di Jawa.
Nycticebus menagensis, hanya tersebar di Kalimantan serta kepulauan sekitarnya.

Kukang merupakan primata yang hidup di hutan tropis Indonesia, menyukai hutan primer dan sekunder, semak belukar dan rumpun-rumpun bambu. Kukang tersebar di Asia Tenggara. Di Indonesia kukang ditemukan di Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Jawa. Akan tetapi sampai saat ini belum ada data yang pasti dan akurat tentang jumlah populasi kukang di alam. Akan tetapi jika dilihat dari berkurangnya habitat kukang serta maraknya perburuan dan perdagangan illegal bisa dijadikan indikator bahwa keberadaan kukang di alam mengalami penurunan.

Perlindungan kukang

Di Indonesia kukang sudah dilindungi sejak tahun 1973 dengan Keputusan Menteri Pertanian tanggal 14 Pebruari 1973 No. 66/ Kpts /Um/2/1973. Perlindungan ini dipertegas lagi dengan Peraturan Pemerintah(PP) Nomor 7 tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa, yang memasukan kukang dalam lampiran jenis-jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi.

Menurut Undang-Undang RI Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya pasal 21 ayat 2, perdagangan dan pemeliharaan satwa dilindungi termasuk kukang adalah dilarang. Pelanggar dari ketentuan ini dapat dikenakan hukuman pidana penjara 5 tahun dan denda Rp 100 juta.

Dengan adanya peraturan tersebut, maka semua jenis kukang yang ada di Indonesia telah dilindungi. Sementara itu badan konservasi dunia IUCN, memasukan kukang dalam kategori Vulnerable (rentan), yang artinya memiliki peluang untuk punah 10% dalam waktu 100 tahun. Sedangkan CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora) memasukan kukang ke dalam apendix I. Status CITES: Sebelumnya kukang masuk dalam appendix II CITES yang berarti perdagangan internasionalnya diperbolehkan, termasuk penangkapan kukang dari alam.

Dengan masuknya kukang dalam appendix I CITES pada tahun 2007, maka perdagangan internasional kukang semakin diperketat. Perdagangan kukang tidak boleh lagi hasil penangkapan dari alam, tapi harus hasil penangkaran. “Masuknya kukang dalam appendix I CITES ini akan memberi perlindungan yang lebih maksimal bagi kukang, sehingga kukang di alam akan lebih terjamin kelestariannya”.

Usulan kukang untuk naik menjadi appendix I ini dibawa oleh Kamboja dalam sidang CITES yang berlangsung tanggal 3 – 15 Juni 2007 di Hague, Belanda yang dihadiri lebih dari 150 negara, termasuk Indonesia. Indonesia sendiri telah merativikasi konvensi CITES ini sejak tahun 1978.

Usulan Kamboja untuk menaikan appendix kukang tersebut kemudian mendapat dukungan dari negara-negara Uni Eropa, India, Indonesia, Jepang, Laos, Thailand dan USA. ProFauna Indonesia yang juga menghadiri sidang CITES tersebut juga turut mendukung usulan Kamboja tersebut. Selain ProFauna, organisasi lain yang juga mendukung penaikan appendix I kukang tersebut adalah Species Survival Network (SSN), dan Asian Conservation Alliance Task Force. status IUCN: Rentan (Vulnerable) A2cd ver 3.1 /Tahun 2008.

Penangkapan kukang di alam

Survey yang dilakukan ProFauna sejak tahun 2000 hingga 2006 menunjukan bahwa kukang yang diperdagangkan bebas di beberapa pasar burung adalah hasil tangkapan dari alam, bukan hasil penangkaran.

Beberapa tempat di Indonesia yang menjadi daerah penangkapan kukang adalah

Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat

Salah satu lokasi penangkapan kukang di Jawa Barat adalah di Kabupaten Sumedang, yaitu di Hutan Kareumbi. Di daerah ini metode penangkapan dilakukan dengan cara tradisional yaitu dengan menangkap kukang langsung diatas pohon bambu. Penangkapan kukang secara intensif ini dilakukan sejak tahun 1985.

Dalam satu hari penangkap bisa menangkap 6 – 7 ekor kukang. Kukang hasil tangkapan ini langsung dibawa ke pengepul yang kemudian oleh pengepul akan dikirim ke pasar burung yang ada di Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang bahkan Surabaya.

Sukabumi, Jawa Barat

Saat ini semakin sulit menangkap kukang di daerah Sukabumi, padahal sebelum tahun 2000 Sukabumi adalah salah satu pemasok perdagangan kukang di Indonesia. Kemunkinan besar populasinya di alam jauh berkurang, sehingga semakin sulit untuk ditangkap.

Bengkulu, Sumatera

Sedikitnya ada 40 ekor kukang yang ditangkap dan diperdagangkan secara illegal di Bengkulu. Sebagian besar Kukang tersebut ditangkap dari kawasan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat.

Di tingkat pengepul satu ekor kukang dihargai Rp 10 ribu sampai Rp 15 ribu. Oleh pengepul kukang tersebut akan dijual di pasar burung dengan harga berkisar antara Rp. 100.000 sampai Rp 150.000 per ekor.

Gigi kukang dipotong

Untuk menampilkan kesan bahwa kukang itu satwa yang jinak, lucu dan tidak menggigit, maka oleh pedagang gigi kukang tersebut dicabut dengan menggunakan tang (pengait) yang biasa dipakai oleh tukang listrik. Dalam proses pencabutan tersebut gigi kukang sering patah atau remuk dan menimbulkan luka di mulut.

Kemudian kukang tersebut dipegang kakinya dengan posisi kepalanya di bawah. Selanjutnya kukang tersebut diputar-putar dengan alasan untuk menghentikan pendarahan. Banyak kasus kukang yang habis dipotong giginya mengalami infeksi yang bisa berdampak pada kematian.

Perdagangan kukang

Berdasarkan pemantauan ProFauna di 9 pasar burung di Pulau Jawa dan Bali, kukang merupakan salah satu jenis satwa yang diminati pembeli dan ditemukan hampir di semua pasar satwa/pasar burung.

Berdasarkan pemantauan ProFauna pada tahun 2002 saja sedikitnya ada 5000 ekor kukang diselundupkan dari Sumatera ke Pulau Jawa untuk diperdagangkan melalui Lampung. Ini sangat mengkhawatirkan keberadaan kukang di hutan alami Pulau Sumatera.

Perdagangan kukang tidak hanya terjadi di Pulau Jawa saja melainkan juga di kota-kota besar lain di luar Pulau Jawa.Tanggal 9 Juni 2004 juga diperdagangkan 12 kukang yang ditawarkan 150.000 di pasar burung Bintang Medan yang mana pelaku perdagangan di pasar burung ini adalah pemain lama yang empat tahun silam juga terlibat dalam perdagangan serupa. Perdagangan kukang juga terjadi di Banjarmasin tepatnya di Pasar Ahad Jl A Yani Km 7,5 serta di Pasar Sudi Mampir (depan Plasa Metro City).

Sementara itu di kota Palembang Sumatera Selatan perdagangan kukang terjadi dalam jumlah besar di pasar Enambelas Ilir. Di Palembang setiap bulannya jumlah kukang yang dijual secara bebas berjumlah antara 40 – 60 ekor dengan harga antara Rp. 100.000 sampai Rp.200.000 /ekor.

Di Jakarta banyak juga dijual di pasar hewan Jatinegara.

Perdagangan kukang ini tidak hanya terjadi di pasar burung melainkan juga di mall-mall. Pada tanggal 3 Juli 2004 di depan Dunkin Donut di jual 2 ekor kukang yang ditawarkan dengan harga 175.000 rupiah per-ekor. Padahal di mall ini dulunya belum pernah ada catatan tentang perdagangan kukang.

Di Bandung Indah Plaza (BIP) setiap harinya biasa dipajang dengan bebas 3 sampai 5 ekor kukang. Kukang tersebut ditawarkan seharga Rp 150.000 hingga Rp200.000 per ekor.

Beberapa hari yang lalu juga tampak di Supermal Karawaci menjual kukang dengan harga kisaran Rp200.000 per ekor.

Untuk obat tradisional

Pemanfaatan kukang selain di perdagangkan untuk hewan peliharaan juga dimanfaatkan untuk media mistis. Tulangnya dipercaya memiliki kekuatan mistis untuk merusak ketentraman dalam rumah tangga, bagi sebagian besar orang di Sumatera dan Jawa, tulang kukang juga bisa dijadikan media yang ampuh untuk melakukan serangan secara mistis yaitu terutama dalam persaingan usaha. Dan kukang yang masih hidup dipercaya tidak baik untuk dipelihara karena dianggap sebagai hewan yang menjadi media/inang bagi mahluk gaib. Hanya sayangnya, kepercayaan ini sering kali sudah tidak dikenal oleh generasi masa kini.

Penyelundupan ke luar negeri

Selain perdagangan di dalam negeri (domestik), kukang juga diselundupkan ke luar negeri. Seperti yang terjadi pada bulan Januari tahun 2003 polisi berhasil menyita 91 ekor kukang dari warga Kuwait di Bandara Soekarno-Hatta Jakarta. Kukang tersebut semula akan diselundupkan ke Kuwait. Sayangnya kasus hukum penyelundupan kukang tersebut tidak jelas kelanjutannya.

Pada tanggal 27 Juni 2004 berhasil digagalkan upaya penyelundupan 3 ekor kukang lewat Bandara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta Jakarta. Kukang tersebut semua akan diselundupkan ke Jepang dan Korea.

Penegakan hukum

Kukang telah dilindungi oleh hukum Indonesia, sehingga perdagangannya adalah illegal dan kriminal. Meski telah dilindungi, faktanya perdagangan kukang masih banyak terjadi. Meski demikian Polisi Kehutanan juga telah melakukan beberapa kali upaya penertiban dan penyitaan kukang yang diperdagangkan. Menurut catatan ProFauna Indonesia, pada tahun 2003 saja ProFauna telah membantu polisi kehutanan dalam menyita 49 ekor kukang di Kota Jakarta dan sekitarnya.

Sementara itu Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa (PPS) yang ada di Jawa Timur dan Yogyakarta mencatat telah menerima 15 ekor kukang hasil penyitaan yang dilakukan oleh polisi kehutanan.

Pada tanggal 3 Juli 2004 BKSDA DKI berhasil menyita seekor bayi kukang di Pasar Burung Barito Jakarta. Selain kukang juga berhasil disita lutung dan kucing hutan.

Pada tanggal 25 Juni 2003 tertangkap seorang nenek yang hendak menyelundupkan berbagai jenis satwa termasuk kukang di Bandar Lampung, Sumatera. Nenek tersebut menjadi kurir untuk membawa satwa dari Sumatera ke Jakarta. Sayangnya kasus ini juga tidak diproses secara hukum, dengan pertimbangan pelakunya sudah terlalu tua.

Hasil positif terjadi di Pasar Burung Malang, Jawa Timur. Berdasarkan hasil monitoring Profauna Indonesia di pasar burung tersebut pada tahun 1999 tercatat diperdagangkan 38 ekor kukang. Namun pada tahun 2004 sudah tidak ditemukan lagi adanya perdagangan kukang di Pasar Burung Malang. Tidak adanya perdagangan kukang di Pasar Burung Malang tersebut disebabkan karena BKSDA Jatim II sering melakukan operasi penertiban di pasar burung tersebut sehingga pedagang menjadi jera untuk menjual satwa dilindungi.

Selai itu berdasarkan hasil monitoring Profauna Indonesia di pasar burung [[Mantingan] Ngawi tahun 2009 tercatat diperdagangkan 45 ekor kukang. Hasil survey ini ditindak lanjuti oleh Reskrim Polda Jatim. Pada tanggal 5 November 2009 Tertangkap mafia perdagangan kukang di pasar burung Mantingan Ngawi Jawa Timur, oleh Reskrim Polda Jatim, kukang tersebut rencananya akan diperdagangan di Wilayah Jawa Timur. Penangkapan bandar yang telah diintai oleh Petugas kepolisian Polda Jatim ini, membuahkan hasil dengan diselamatkan 21 ekor kukang dari tersangka. Tersangka di proses secara hukum di Pengadilan Negeri Ngawi Jawa timur.

Kukang terancam punah

Berdasarkan survey dan monitoring yang dilakukan ProFauna Indonesia sejak tahun 2000 hingga 2006, diperkirakan setiap tahunnya ada sekitar 6000 hingga 7000 ekor kukang yang ditangkap dari alam di wilayah Indonesia untuk diperdagangkan. Ini menjadi serius bagi kelestarian kukang di alam, mengingat perkembangbiakan kukang cukup lambat yaitu hanya bisa melahirkan seekor anak dalam satu tahun setengah.

Menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 tahun 1999 (pasal 5), suatu jenis satwa wajib ditetapkan dalam golongan dilindungi apabila telah mempunyai kriteria;

Mempuyai populasi kecil
Adanya penurunan yang tajam pada jumlah individu di alam.
Daerah penyebaran yang terbatas (endemik).

Permasalahan lain adalah belum adanya data ilmiah yang pasti mengenai populasi liar kukang di alam. Kukang yang aktif di malam hari dengan pergerakannya yang lambat membuat sangat sulit untuk menemui kukang di alam. Anehnya para penangkap kukang dengan mudah bisa menemukan kukang di alam. Dikhawatirkan tanpa disadari populasi kukang di alam akan turun drastis akibat penangkapan untuk diperdagangkan.

Meski kukang telah dilindungi, namun upaya penegakan hukumnya mesti ditingkatkan. Perlindungan di tingkat internasional yang lebih ketat dengan memasukan kukang ke dalam apendix I CITES akan membantu kukang untuk tetap lestari. Karena kukang telah dilindungi oleh undang-udnang Republik Indonesia, maka sudah sepatutnya Pemerintah Indonesia juga mendukung upaya menaikan status kukang untuk masuk dalam Apendix I CITES. Dengan demikian perdagangan internasional kukang tidak akan boleh lagi hasil penangkapan dari alam.

Referensi

^ "Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations" (PDF). Loris and potto conservation database. www.loris-conservation.org. 4 February 2003. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2013.
^ "Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)". Encyclopedia of Life. eol.org. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2013.
^ Groves 2005, hlm. 122–123.
^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2015.
^ A review of colour and markings in Nycticebus species and subspecies. loris-conservation.org

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[Table2b-1] "Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations" (PDF). Loris and potto conservation database. www.loris-conservation.org. 4 February 2003. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2013.

[2] "Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)". Encyclopedia of Life. eol.org. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2013.

[FOOTNOTEGroves2005122–123-3] Groves 2005, hlm. 122–123.

[CITES_Apps-4] "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2015.

[colortable-5] A review of colour and markings in Nycticebus species and subspecies. loris-conservation.org

[1]

[2]

[5]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
+{{Automatic taxobox
-{{Taxobox
-| color = pink
 | name = Kukang
-| status = VU
+| taxon = Nycticebus
+| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}}
-| status_system = iucn3.1
+| image = Nycticebus coucang 002.jpg
-| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U.|year=2008|id=39759|title=Nycticebus coucang|downloaded=1 January 2009}}</ref>
-| image = Nycticebus coucang 004.jpg
+| image_caption = [[Kukang sunda]]{{-}}''Nycticebus coucang''
-| image_width = 250px
+| status = CITES_A1
+| status_system = CITES
-| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| status_ref = <ref name=CITES_Apps/>
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| type_species = ''[[Kukang bengal|Lori bengalensis]]''
-| classis = [[Binatang menyusui|Mammalia]]
+| type_species_authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800
-| ordo = [[Primata]]
-| familia = [[Lorisidae]]
+| subdivision_ranks = [[Spesies]]
+| subdivision = {{plainlist|
-| genus = '''''Nycticebus'''''
+* ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906)</small>
-| genus_authority = [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785
+* ''[[Kukang bengal|N. bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)</small>
-| species = '''''N. coucang'''''
+* ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906)</small>
-| binomial = ''Nycticebus coucang''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)
+* ''[[Kukang sunda|N. coucang]]'' <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)</small>
+* {{extinct}}[[? Nycticebus linglom|?&nbsp;''N. linglom'']] <small>Mein & Ginsburg, 1997</small>
+* ''[[Kukang jawa|N. javanicus]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812</small>
+* ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' <small>Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2012</small>
+* ''[[Kukang kalimantan|N. menagensis]]'' <small>([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893)</small>
+* ''[[Kukang pigmi|N. pygmaeus]]'' <small>[[J. Lewis Bonhote|Bonhote]], 1907</small>}}
+| range_map = Slow loris area.png
+| range_map_alt = Range map showing ranges of several  species: the Sunda slow loris complex (''N. coucang'') in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia; the Bengal slow loris (''N. bengalensis'') in east India, China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia; and the pygmy slow loris ('''N. pygmaeus'') in Vietnam and Laos.
+| range_map_caption=Persebaran ''Nycticebus''{{-}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|merah}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;pygmaeus'';{{-}}'''{{color|#377eb8|biru}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'';{{-}}'''{{color|#a65628|cokelat}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bancanus'', ''N.&nbsp;borneanus'', ''N.&nbsp;coucang'', ''N.&nbsp;javanicus'', ''N.&nbsp;''kayan & ''N.&nbsp;menagensis''
+| synonyms =
+* ''Tardigradus'' <small>[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])</small>
+* ''Loris'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796</small>
+* ''Lori'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799</small>
+* ''Stenops'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811</small>
+* ''Bradycebus'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''</small>
+* ''Bradylemur'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839</small>
+Referensi: <ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|work=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|accessdate=30 April 2013|page=3|format=PDF|date=4 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|work=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref>
 }}
 '''Kukang'''—kadang-kadang disebut pula '''malu-malu'''—adalah jenis primata yang bergerak lambat. Warna rambutnya beragam, dari kelabu keputihan, kecoklatan, hingga kehitam-hitaman. Pada punggung terdapat garis coklat melintang dari belakang hingga dahi, lalu bercabang ke dasar telinga dan mata. Berat tubuh 0,375-0,9 kg, panjang tubuh dewasa 19-30 cm.
@@ Baris 133: / Baris 148: @@
 == Referensi ==
+{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=
-{{reflist}}
+<ref name=MUNews>{{cite web | last1 = Wall | first1 = T. | title = Three new species of venomous primate identified by MU researcher | url = http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/ | publisher = Missouri University News Bureau | accessdate = 19 December 2012 | date = 13 December 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6DAEjIOmw | archivedate = 24 December 2012 | deadurl = no}}</ref>
+<ref name=2012BBC>{{cite news | last1 = Walker | first1 = M. | title = Primate species: new slow loris found in Borneo | publisher = BBC News | date = 13 December 2012 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172 | accessdate = 13 December 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6DAEoNVc5 | archivedate = 24 December 2012 | deadurl = no}}</ref>
-== Pranala luar ==
-* {{id}} [http://www.profauna.org/ Situs web resmi ProFauna Indonesia]
+<ref name=CITES_Apps>{{cite web | url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus | title = Checklist of CITES Species | website = CITES | publisher = UNEP-WCMC | accessdate = 18 March 2015}}</ref>
-* {{en}} [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39759/0/ IUCN Red List]
-* {{en}} [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/informati/Nycticebus_coucang.html/ animaldiversity]
+<ref name=2006CITES>{{cite conference | author = Management Authority of Cambodia | conference=CITES Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties; The Hague (Netherlands) 3–15 June 2007 | title = Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II | date =6 October 2006  | publisher = CITES | page = 31 | url = http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf | format = PDF | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vacXUYZJ | archivedate = 8 January 2011}}</ref>
-* {{id}} [http://www.profauna.org/content/id/berita/2007/kukang_masuk_appendix_I_cites.html/ kukang masuk appendix I]
-* {{en}} [http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml/ cites]
+<ref name=2009Adam>{{cite news | last = Adam | first = D. | title = The eyes may be cute but the elbows are lethal | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 9 July 2009 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vb9EUVYe | archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
-* {{id}} [http://www.profauna.org/suarasatwa/id/2007/01/kukang_nycticebus_coucang_terancam_punah.html/ Kukang Terancam Punah]
-* {{en}} [http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/identification_key/Nycticebus_table.html A review of colour and markings in Nycticebus species and subspecies].
+<ref name=2007Black>{{cite news | last = Black | first = R. | title = Too cute for comfort  | newspaper = BBC News | date = 8 June 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vcAx6E8j | archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis>{{IUCN | id = 39758 | taxon = ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' | assessors = Streicher, U., Singh, M., Timmins, R.J. & Brockelman, W. | assessment_year = 2008 | version = 2010.4 | accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang>{{IUCN | id = 39759 | taxon = ''Nycticebus coucang'' | assessors = Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U. | assessment_year = 2008 | version = 2010.4 | accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus>{{IUCN | id = 39761 | taxon = ''Nycticebus javanicus'' | assessors = Nekaris, A. & Shekelle, M. | assessment_year = 2008 | version = 2010.4 | accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis>{{IUCN | id = 39760 | taxon = ''Nycticebus menagensis'' | assessors = Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U. | assessment_year = 2008 | version = 2010.4 | accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=IUCN_N._pygmaeus>{{IUCN | id = 14941 | taxon = ''Nycticebus pygmaeus'' | assessors = Streicher, U., Ngoc Thanh,V., Nadler,T., Timmins, R.J. & Nekaris, A. | assessment_year = 2008 | version = 2010.4 | accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch>{{cite web | last = Braun | first = D. | title = Love potions threaten survival of lorises | publisher = National Geographic | year = 2010 | url = http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vb6w7hxs | archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=2007Sakamoto>{{cite web | last = Sakamoto | first = Masayuki | title = Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan | year = 2007 | publisher = Japan Wildlife Conservation Society | url = http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf | format = PDF | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5w15o41GF | archivedate = 26 January 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=Hance2011>{{cite web | last = Hance | first = Jeremy | title = 'Cute' umbrella video of slow loris threatens primate | year = 2011 | publisher = mongabay.com | url = http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html | accessdate = 16 March 2011 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5xElHShy2 | archivedate = 16 March 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=Sherwin2011>{{cite news | last = Sherwin | first = Adam | title = YouTube sensation fuelling trade in an endangered species | work = [[The Independent]] | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5xNpE0eAD | archivedate = 22 March 2011 | location=London | date=22 March 2011}}</ref>
+<ref name=nutrition>{{cite web | last = Schulze | first = H. | title = Nutrition of lorises and pottos | url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html | publisher = Loris and potto conservation database | date = 11 July 2008 | accessdate = 3 January 2011}}</ref>
+}}
+===Karya yang dikutip===
+{{Refbegin}}
+* <!-- Alterman|1995 -->{{cite book | last = Alterman | first = L. | year = 1995 | contribution = Toxins and toothcombs: potential allospecific chemical defenses in ''Nycticebus'' and ''Perodicticus'' | editor1-last = Alterman | editor1-first = L. | editor2-last = Doyle | editor2-first = G.A. | editor3-last = Izard | editor3-first = M.K | title = Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians | location = New York, New York | publisher = Plenum Press | pages = 413–424 | oclc = 33441731 | isbn = 978-0-306-45183-6 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Ankel-Simons|2007 -->{{cite book | last = Ankel-Simons | first = F. | title = Primate Anatomy | edition = 3rd | publisher = Academic Press | location = San Diego, California | year = 2007 |isbn = 0-12-372576-3 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Bearder|1987 -->{{cite book | last = Bearder | first = Simon K. | title = Primate Societies | chapter = Lorises, Bushbabies, and Tarsiers: Diverse Societies in Solitary Foragers | editor1-last = Smuts | editor1-first = Barbara B. | editor2-last = Cheney | editor2-first = Dorothy L. | editor3-last = Seyfarth | editor3-first = Robert M. | editor4-last = Wrangham | editor4-first = Richard W. | editor5-last = Struhsaker | editor5-first = Thomas T. | year = 1987 | location = Chicago, Illinois | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | isbn = 0-226-76716-7 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Boddaert|1785 -->{{cite book | last = Boddaert | first = Pieter | year = 1785 | title = Elenchus animalium | publisher = Hake | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=fXc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA67 | oclc = 557474013 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = J. -H.| last2 = Pan | first2 = D.| last3 = Groves | first3 = C. P.| last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. -X.| last5 = Narushima | first5 = E.| last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H.| last7 = Crow | first7 = P.| last8 = Thanh | first8 = V. N.| last9 = Ryder | first9 = O.| last10 = Zhang | first10 = H. -W.| last11 = Fu | first11 = Y.| last12 = Zhang | first12 = Y.| title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Nycticebus'' inferred from mitochondrial genes | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 1187–1200 | year = 2006 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Chen|Zhang|Shi|Liu|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Y. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. | last4 = Liu | first4 = R. | last5 = Wang | first5 = Y. | title = Studies on the chromosomes of genus ''Nycticebus'' | doi = 10.1007/BF02381279 | journal = Primates | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 47–53 | year = 1993 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Choudhury|1988 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | title = Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates | doi = 10.1017/S0030605300027551 | journal = Oryx | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–94 | year = 1988 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Choudhury|1992 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | year = 1992 | title = The slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') in North-East India | journal = Primate Report | volume = 34 | pages = 77–83 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Elliot|1913 -->{{cite book | last = Elliot | first = Daniel Giraud | authorlink1 = Daniel Giraud Elliot | title = A Review of the Primates | year = 1913 |location = New York, New York | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | series = Monograph series, no. 1 | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10287437#page/175/mode/1up | oclc = 1282520 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Schulze|Streicher|2003 -->{{cite book | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = Helena | last2 = Schulze | first2 = Helga | last3 = Streicher | first3 = Ulrike | chapter = Enclosure design for captive slow and pygmy lorises  | editor-last = Shekelle, Myron; Maryanto, Ibnu; Groves, Colin; Schulze, Helga; Fitch-Snyder, Helena | year = 2003 | publisher = LIPI Press | location = Cibinong, Indonesia | isbn = 978-979-799-263-7 | title = Primates of the Oriental Night. Proceedings of the Indonesian Workshop: Taxonomy, husbandry, and conservation of tarsiers and lorises. Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–25 February 2003 | url = http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/gursky-doyen/publications/Gursky%202008b.pdf | pages = 123–135 | format = PDF | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = H. | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = K. | title = Lorises: The Surprise Primate | journal = ZooNooz | year = 2008 | publisher = San Diego Zoo | issn = 0044-5282 | pages = 10–14 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Flynn|Morgan|2005 -->{{cite book | last1 = Flynn | first1 = L.J. | last2 = Morgan | first2 = M.E. | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | isbn = 978-0-391-04247-6 | year = 2005 | pages = 81–101 | chapter = New lower primates from the Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan | title = Interpreting the past: Essays on human, primate, and mammal evolution in honor of David Pilbeam | editor1-last = Lieberman | editor1-first = D.E. | editor2-last = Smith | editor2-first = R.J. | editor3-last = Kelley | editor3-first = J | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Forbes|1896 -->{{cite book | last1 = Forbes | first1 = Henry O. | title = A Hand-book to the Primates | year = 1896 | volume = 1 | location = London | publisher = E. Lloyd | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10100678 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812 -->{{cite book | last1 = Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire | first1 = Étienne |journal = Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle | year = 1812 | title = Suite au Tableau des Quadrummanes. Seconde Famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini | volume = 19 | pages = 156–170 | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/annalesdumusum19mus#page/164/mode/2up | language = French | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Groves|2001 -->{{cite book | last = Groves | first = C.P. | title = Primate Taxonomy | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-56098-872-4 | oclc = 44868886 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Groves|2005 -->{{MSW3 Primates|id=12100112}}
+* <!-- Groves|1971 -->{{cite book | contribution = Systematics of the genus ''Nycticebus'' | last1 = Groves | first1 = Colin P. | year = 1971 | title = Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Primatology | volume = 1 | location = Zürich, Switzerland | pages = 44–53 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Groves|Maryanto|2008 -->{{cite book | last1 = Groves | first1 = C. | last2 = Maryanto | first2 = I. | year = 2008 | publisher = Indonesian Institute of Sciences | location = Cibinong, Indonesia | pages = 115–122 | chapter = Craniometry of slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') of insular Southeast Asia | title = Primates of the Oriental Night | editor1-last = Shekelle | editor1-first = M. | editor2-last = Maryanto | editor2-first = I. | editor3-last = Groves | editor3-first = C. | editor4-last = Schulze |editor4-first= H. |editor5-last=Fitch-Snyder |editor5-first=H. | ref = harv |displayeditors=5}}
+* <!-- Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007 -->{{Cite book | last1 = Hagey | first1 = L.R. | last2 = Fry | first2 = B.G. | last3 = Fitch-Snyder | first3 = H. | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12 | title = Primate Anti-Predator Strategies| editor1-last = Gursky | editor1-first = S.L. | editor2-last = Nekaris | editor2-first = K.A.I. | chapter = Chapter 12: Talking Defensively, a Dual Use for the Brachial Gland Exudate of Slow and Pygmy Lorises | pages = 253–272 | year = 2007 | publisher = Springer| location = New York| isbn = 0-387-34807-7| url = http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf| format = PDF| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5ve55eWIW| archivedate = 10 January 2011| pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Husson|Holthuis|1953 -->{{cite journal|last1=Husson|first1=A.M.|last2=Holthuis|first2=L.B.|year=1953|title=On the early editions of Lacépède's "Tableaux des mammifères et des oiseaux", with remarks on two hitherto overlooked species: ''Lori bengalensis'' Lacépède, 1800, and ''Ornithorhynchus novae hollandiae'' Lacépède, 1800|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|volume=32|issue=19|pages=211–219|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318622|ref=harv}}
+* <!-- Krane|Itagaki|Nakanishi|Weldon|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Krane     | first1 = S. | last2 = Itagaki   | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nakanishi | first3 = K. | last4 = Weldon    | first4 = P. J. | title = "Venom" of the slow loris: sequence similarity of prosimian skin gland protein and Fel d 1 cat allergen | doi = 10.1007/s00114-002-0394-z| journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 60–62 | year = 2003 | pmid =  12590298| pmc = | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/nakanishi/publication/720-Venom%20of%20the%20Slow%20Loris-%20Sequence%20Similarity%20of%20Prosimian%20Skin%20Gland%20Protein%20and%20Fel%20d%201%20Cat%20Allergen.pdf| format = PDF| ref = harv|bibcode = 2003NW.....90...60K }}
+* <!-- Lacépède|1800 -->{{cite journal | last = Lacépède | first = B.G.E. de la Ville comte de | year = 1800 | location = Paris | publisher = imprimerie du cercle-social | journal = Séances des écoles normales, recueillies par des sténographes, et revues par les professeurs | title = Classification des oiseaux et des mammifères | volume = 9 | issue = appendix |pages = 1–86 | language = French | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0u4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA68 | ref = harv}}<!-- See Husson and Holthuis (1953) for fuller discussion of this work.-->
+* <!-- Lydekker|1893 -->{{cite journal | last = Lydekker | first = R. | title = Mammalia | journal = Zoological Record | year = 1893 | volume = 29 | pages = 55&nbsp;pp | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=rrLlB6mBQOYC&pg=RA1-PA25 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Martin|1979 -->{{cite book | last = Martin | first = R.D. | year =1979 | chapter = Phylogenetic aspects of prosimian behavior | editor = Doyle, G.A.; Martin, R.D | title = The Study of Prosimian Behavior | publisher = Academic Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-12-222150-7 | oclc = 3912930 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- McGreal|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = McGreal | first = S. | title = Vet Describes the Plight of Indonesia's Primates | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | pages = 7–8 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/103_v35_nl_2008-05.pdf#page=7 | format = PDF | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Mein|Ginsburg|1997 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Mein | first1 = P. | last2 = Ginsburg | first2 = L. | year = 1997 | title = Les mammifères du gisement miocène inférieur de Li Mae Long, Thaïlande : systématique, biostratigraphie et paléoenvironnement | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 783–844 | issn = 1280-9659 | ref = harv}} [http://www.webcitation.org/5vwR2fDm8 Abstract in French and English].
+* <!-- Menon|2009 -->{{cite book | title = Mammals of India | last = Menon | first = Vivek | year = 2009 | location = Princeton, New Jersey | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-14067-4 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Munds | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Ford | first3 = S. M. | title = Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species ''Nycticebus kayan'' (Primates, Lorisidae)| doi = 10.1002/ajp.22071 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–56 | year = 2013| origyear=2012 online| url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf | format = PDF| pmid =  23255350| pmc = | ref = harv }}
+* <!-- Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Navarro-Montes | first1 = Angelina | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = Anna | last3 = Parish | first3 = Tricia J. | title = Trade in Asian slow lorises (''Nycticebus''): using education workshops to counter an increase in illegal trade | journal = Living Forests | year = 2009 | issue = 15 | url = http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5w1Asy2fc | archivedate = 26 January 2011 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Sfn|Nekaris|2014 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | title = Extreme primates: Ecology and evolution of Asian lorises | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | year = 2014 | volume = 23 | pages = 177–187 | url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/evan.21425.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv | doi=10.1002/evan.21425}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2010 -->{{cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Bearder | first2 = S.K. | chapter = Chapter 4: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness | year = 2010 | pages = 34–54 | title = Primates in Perspective | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = C.A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. | editor4-last = Bearder | editor4-first = S. | editor5-last = Stumpf | editor5-first = R. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Munds|2010 -->{{Cite book| editor1-last = Gursky-Doyen | editor1-first = S.| editor2-last = Supriatna | editor2-first = J| last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Munds | first2 = R.| title = Indonesian Primates | chapter = Chapter 22: Using facial markings to unmask diversity: the slow lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'' spp.) of Indonesia | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22 | pages = 383–396| year = 2010 | publisher = Springer| location = New York| isbn = 978-1-4419-1559-7| pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Shepherd | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Starr | first3 = C. R. | last4 = Nijman | first4 = V. | title = Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (''Loris'' and ''Nycticebus'') in South and Southeast Asia | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20842 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72 | issue = 10 | pages = 877–886| year = 2010 | pmid = 20806336| pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Starr|Collins|2010 -->{{Cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Starr | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Collins | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Wilson | first4 = A. | chapter = Comparative ecology of exudate feeding by lorises (''Nycticebus'', ''Loris'') and pottos (''Perodicticus'', ''Arctocebus'') | editor1-last = Burrows | editor1-first = A. M.| editor2-last = Nash | editor2-first = L. T| title = Evolution of Exudativory in Primates | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2_8 | pages = 155–168 | year = 2010 | pmid =  | pmc = | publisher = Springer| location = New York| isbn = 978-1-4419-6660-5| ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2007 -->{{cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Bearder | first2 = S.K. | chapter = Chapter 3: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness | year = 2007 | pages = 28–33 | title = Primates in Perspective | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = C.A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. | editor4-last = Panger | editor4-first = M. | editor5-last = Stumpf | editor5-first = R. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-19-517133-4 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Jaffe|2007 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Jaffe | first2 = S. | title = Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (''Nycticebus spp.'') within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy | journal = Contributions to Zoology | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | year = 2007 | pages = 187–196 | url = http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz | format = PDF | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vc6Jc13z | archivedate = 9 January 2011 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nekaris|Nijman|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | doi = 10.1159/000102316 | title = CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'') | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 78 | pages = 211–214 | year = 2007 | url = http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf| format = PDF| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5ve9g2CbZ| archivedate = 11 January 2011| deadurl = no | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Nowak|1999 -->{{cite book | last = Nowak | first = R.M. | year = 1999 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | edition = 6th | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=unODoWa7CM4C&printsec=frontcover |location = Baltimore, Maryland | isbn = 0-8018-5789-9 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Osman Hill|1953a -->{{cite book | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | year = 1953a | title = Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | series = Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3 | oclc = 500576914 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Osman Hill|1953b -->{{cite journal | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00153.x | title = Early records of the slender loris and its allies | journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume = 123 | issue = 1| pages = 43–47| year = 1953b | pmid =
+| pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Palmer|1904 -->{{cite book | last = Palmer | first = T.S. | title = Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals | year = 1904 | publisher = Washington: G.P.O | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27792212 | oclc = 1912921 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Pan | first1 = D. | last2 = Chen | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Groves | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang |first4 = Y. X. | last5 = Narushima | first5 = E. | last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H. | last7 = Crow | first7 = P. | last8 = Jinggong | first8 = X. | last9 = Thanh | first9 = V. N. | last10 = Ryder | first10 = O. | last11 = Chemnick | first11 = L. | last12 = Zhang | first12 = H. W. | last13 = Fu | first13 = Y. X. | last14 = Zhang | first14 = Y. P. | title = Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' | doi = 10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 791–799 | year = 2007 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv| display-authors = 8}}
+* <!-- Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011 -->{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342 | last1 = Perelman | first1 = P. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Roos | first3 = C. | last4 = Seuánez | first4 = H. N. | last5 = Horvath | first5 = J. E. | last6 = Moreira | first6 = M. A. M. | pmc = 3060065 | last7 = Kessing | first7 = B. | last8 = Pontius | first8 = J. | last9 = Roelke | first9 = M. | last10 = Rumpler | first10 = Y. | last11 = Schneider | first11 = M. P. | last12 = Silva | first12 = A. | last13 = O'Brien | first13 = S. J. | last14 = Pecon-Slattery | first14 = J. | editor1-last = Brosius | editor1-first = Jürgen | title = A molecular phylogeny of living primates | journal = PLoS Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001342 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21436896| ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Phillips|Walker|2002 -->{{cite book | last1 = Phillips | first1 = E.M. | last2 = Walker | first2 = A. | year = 2002 | chapter = Chapter 6: Fossil lorisoids | editor1-last = Hartwig | editor1-first = W.C | title = The Primate Fossil Record | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, New York | isbn = 978-0-521-66315-1 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Pocock|1939 -->{{cite book | last1 = Pocock | first1 = R.I. | publisher = Taylor and Francis |location=London | year = 1939 | title = The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia, vol. 1|ref=harv}}
+* <!-- Rowe|1996 -->{{cite book | last = Rowe | first = Noel | title = The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates | year = 1996 | publisher = Pogonias Press | location = East Hampton, New York | isbn = 0-9648825-0-7 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Sanchez|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = Sanchez | first = K.L. | title = Indonesia's Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | page = 10 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf#page=10 | format = PDF | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Seiffert|Simons|Attia|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E.R. | last2 = Simons | first2 = E.L. | last3 = Attia | first3 = Y. | doi = 10.1038/nature01489 | title = Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos | journal = Nature | volume = 422| issue = 6930 | pages = 421–424| year = 2003 | pmid = 12660781| pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E.R. | last2 = Simons | first2 = E.L. | last3 = Ryan | first3 = T.M. | last4 = Attia | first4 = Y. | title = Additional remains of ''Wadilemur elegans'', a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0505310102 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 102 | issue = 32 | pages = 11396–11401 | year = 2005 | pmid =  | pmc = | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/102/32/11396.full.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Starr | first1 = C. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Streicher | first3 = U. | last4 = Leung | first4 = L. | title = Traditional use of slow lorises ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation | doi = 10.3354/esr00285 | journal = Endangered Species Research | year = 2010 | volume = 12| issue = 1| pages = 17–23| url = http://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/12/n012p017.pdf| format = PDF| pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Stone|Rehn|1902 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Stone | first1 = Witmer | last2 = Rehn | first2 = James A.G. | year = 1902 | title = A collection of mammals from Sumatra, with a review of genera ''Nycticebus'' and ''Tragulus'' | journal = Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | volume = 54 | pages = 127–142 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GPkbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Sussman|2003| -->{{cite book | last = Sussman | first = R.W. | title= Primate Ecology and Social Structure | volume = Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs, and Tarsiers | edition = Revised First | publisher = Pearson Custom Publishing | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-536-74363-3 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Tan|Drake|2001 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Tan | first1 = C. L. | last2 = Drake | first2 = J. H. | doi = 10.1159/000049918 | title = Evidence of tree gouging and exudate eating in pygmy slow lorises (''Nycticebus pygmaeus'')| journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 72| issue = 1| pages = 37–39 | year = 2001 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Thomas|1922 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = Oldfield | authorlink1 = Oldfield Thomas | year = 1922 | title = Note on the nomenclature of the Northern Slow-loris | journal = The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 28 | page = 433 | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30113007#page/565/mode/1up | ref=harv}}
+* <!-- Thorn|Nijman|Smith|Nekaris|2009 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Thorn | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | last3 = Smith | first3 = D. | last4 = Nekaris | first4 = K.A.I. | title = Ecological niche modelling as a technique for assessing threats and setting conservation priorities for Asian slow lorises (Primates:''Nycticebus'') | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00535.x | journal = Diversity and Distributions | volume = 15 | pages = 289–298| year = 2009 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Swapna|Radhakrishna|Gupta|Kumar|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Radhakrishna | first2 = S. | last3 = Gupta | first3 = A.K. | last4 = Kumar | first4 = A. | title = Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (''Nycticebus bengalensis'') in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20760 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72| issue = 2| pages = 113–121| year = 2010 | pmid = 19937974| pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Swapna|Gupta|Radhakrishna|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Gupta | first2 = Atul | last3 = Radhakrishna | first3 = Sindhu | title = Distribution survey of Bengal Slow Loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' in Tripura, northeastern India | journal = Asian Primates Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–40 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Utami|Van Hooff|1997 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Utami | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Van Hooff | first2 = J. A. R. A. M. | year = 1997| title = Meat-eating by adult female Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo pygmæus abelii'') | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:2<159::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-W| pmid = 9327098| pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Wang|Su|Lan|Liu|1996 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Wen  | last2 = Su | first2 = Bing | last3 = Lan | first3 = Hong | last4 = Liu | first4 = Ruiqing | last5 = Zhu | first5 = Chunling | last6 = Nie | first6 = Wenhui | last7 = Chen | first7 = Yuze | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Yaping | title = Interspecific differentiation of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') inferred from ribosomal DNA restriction maps | journal = Zoological Research | year = 1996 | volume = 17 | pages = 89–93 | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Wiens|2002 -->{{Cite thesis | degree = Ph.D. | title = Behavior and ecology of wild slow lorises (''Nycticebus coucang''): social organization, infant care system, and diet | url = http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | last = Wiens | first = Frank | year = 2002 |publisher = Bayreuth University | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Wiens|Zitzmann|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank| last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette| doi = 10.1017/S0952836903003947 | title = Social structure of the solitary slow loris ''Nycticebus coucang'' (Lorisidae) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 261| issue = 1| pages = 35–46 | year = 2003 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Wiens|Zitzmann|Hussein|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank | last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette | last3 = Hussein | first3 = Nor Azman | doi = 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-007R1.1 | title = Fast food for slow lorises: is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high-energy plant diet? | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 790–798 | year = 2006 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv}}
+* <!-- Wilde|1972 -->{{Cite journal
+| last1 = Wilde
+| first1 = H.
+| title = Anaphylactic shock following bite by a 'slow loris', ''Nycticebus coucang''
+| journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
+| volume = 21
+| issue = 5
+| pages = 592–594
+| year = 1972
+| pmid = 5075669
+| issn = 00029637
+| ref = harv
+}}
+* <!-- Worcester|Bourns|1905 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Worcester | first1 = D.C. | last2 = Bourns | first2 = F.S. | year = 1905 | title = Letters from the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands | journal = Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences | volume = 4 | pages = 131–172 | ref = harv | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FI0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131}}
+* <!-- Zhang|Cheng|Shi|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Y. -P. | last2 = Chen | first2 = Z. -P. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. -M. | doi = 10.1007/BF02196510 | title = Phylogeny of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus''): an approach using mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–175 | year = 1993 | pmid =  | pmc = | ref = harv }}
+{{Refend}}
+==Pranala luar==
+* [http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/4/3/loris-trade-not-so-slow.html TRAFFIC: Loris trade not so slow]
+* [http://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/projects/25/Saving+the+slow+loris.html International Animal Rescue: Saving the slow loris]
+* [http://nocturama.org/ Dr. Anna Nekaris' research and conservation]
+* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/slow_loris Primate Fact Sheets: Slow loris (''Nycticebus'')]
+* [http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium Slow loris skeleton]
+* [http://www.loris-conservation.org/ Asian loris and African pottos conservation website directory]
+{{Subject bar | book = Slow loris | portal1 = Primates | portal2 = Asia | commons = y | commons-search = Nycticebus | species = y | species-search = Nycticebus}}
+{{Lorisidae nav}}
 [[Kategori:Fauna Indonesia]]