Istana Damaskus: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Glorious Engine (bicara | kontrib)
←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox military structure |name=Istana Damaskus |nativename-a= {{lang|ar|قلعة دمشق}} |location=Damascus, Suriah |image=[[Berkas:Damaskus4.jpg|300px]...'
 
HsfBot (bicara | kontrib)
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika
Baris 27: Baris 27:
Lokasi istana saat ininya pertama kali dibentengi pada 1076 oleh panglima perang [[orang Turkmen|Turkman]] [[Atsiz bin Uvaq|Atsiz bin Uvak]], meskipun diyakini sebuah istana telah berdiri di tempat tersebut pada zaman [[peradaban Hellenistik|Hellenistik]] dan [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]].
Lokasi istana saat ininya pertama kali dibentengi pada 1076 oleh panglima perang [[orang Turkmen|Turkman]] [[Atsiz bin Uvaq|Atsiz bin Uvak]], meskipun diyakini sebuah istana telah berdiri di tempat tersebut pada zaman [[peradaban Hellenistik|Hellenistik]] dan [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]].


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|3}}
{{Reflist|3}}


==Daftar pustaka==
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation |last1=Adorni |first1=Elisa |last2=Venturelli |first2=Giampiero |year=2010 |title=Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria) |journal=International Journal of Architectural Heritage |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=337–350 |doi=10.1080/15583050903121851 }}
* {{citation |last1=Adorni |first1=Elisa |last2=Venturelli |first2=Giampiero |year=2010 |title=Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria) |journal=International Journal of Architectural Heritage |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=337–350 |doi=10.1080/15583050903121851 }}
*{{Citation |last1=Allen|first1=Terry |year=1999 |title=Ayyubid Architecture |publisher=Solipsist Press|location= Occidental|isbn=0-944940-02-1 |url=http://sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/ayyarch/}}
* {{Citation |last1=Allen|first1=Terry |year=1999 |title=Ayyubid Architecture |publisher=Solipsist Press|location= Occidental|isbn=0-944940-02-1 |url=http://sonic.net/~tallen/palmtree/ayyarch/}}
*{{Citation|last1=Berthier |first1=Sophie |editor1-first=Hugh |editor1-last=Kennedy |title=Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period |series=History of Warfare |volume=35 |year=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-14713-6 |pages=151–164 |chapter=La Citadelle de Damas: les apports d'une étude archéologique |language= French }}
* {{Citation|last1=Berthier |first1=Sophie |editor1-first=Hugh |editor1-last=Kennedy |title=Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period |series=History of Warfare |volume=35 |year=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-14713-6 |pages=151–164 |chapter=La Citadelle de Damas: les apports d'une étude archéologique |language= French }}
*{{Citation |title=Damascus: A History |last=Burns |first=Ross |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park |isbn=0-415-27105-3 }}
* {{Citation |title=Damascus: A History |last=Burns |first=Ross |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park |isbn=0-415-27105-3 }}
*{{Citation |title=The Citadel of Damascus |last=Chevedden |first=Paul |year=1986 |publisher=U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service |location=Ann Arbor |oclc=640193186}}
* {{Citation |title=The Citadel of Damascus |last=Chevedden |first=Paul |year=1986 |publisher=U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service |location=Ann Arbor |oclc=640193186}}
*{{Citation |title=Arab Historians of the Crusades |last=Gabrieli |first=Francesco |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-05224-6 }}
* {{Citation |title=Arab Historians of the Crusades |last=Gabrieli |first=Francesco |year=1984 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-05224-6 }}
*{{citation |title=Die ayyūbidischen Toranlangen der Zitadelle von Damaskus. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des mittelalterlichen Festungsbauwesen in Syrien |last=Hanisch |first=Hanspeter |year=1996 |publisher=Ludwig Reichert |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-88226-886-7 |language= German }}
* {{citation |title=Die ayyūbidischen Toranlangen der Zitadelle von Damaskus. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des mittelalterlichen Festungsbauwesen in Syrien |last=Hanisch |first=Hanspeter |year=1996 |publisher=Ludwig Reichert |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-88226-886-7 |language= German }}
*{{Citation |title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |authorlink=Carole Hillenbrand |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-92914-1 }}
* {{Citation |title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |authorlink=Carole Hillenbrand |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-92914-1 }}
*{{Citation |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |authorlink=Carole Hillenbrand |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor1-last=Phillips |editor2-first=Martin |editor2-last=Hoch |title=The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences |year=2001 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-5711-3 |pages=111–132 |chapter=The Career of Zengi }}
* {{Citation |last=Hillenbrand |first=Carole |authorlink=Carole Hillenbrand |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor1-last=Phillips |editor2-first=Martin |editor2-last=Hoch |title=The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences |year=2001 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-5711-3 |pages=111–132 |chapter=The Career of Zengi }}
*{{Citation |title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |year=1977 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-87395-263-7 }}
* {{Citation |title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |year=1977 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-87395-263-7 }}
*{{Citation |last=Kedourie |first=Elie |authorlink=Elie Kedourie |year=1964 |title=The Capture of Damascus, 1 October 1918 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–83 |doi=10.1080/00263206408700005 }}
* {{Citation |last=Kedourie |first=Elie |authorlink=Elie Kedourie |year=1964 |title=The Capture of Damascus, 1 October 1918 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–83 |doi=10.1080/00263206408700005 }}
*{{Citation |title=A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Lane-Poole |year=1901 |publisher=Charles Scribner's |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kipLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |oclc=455336208}}
* {{Citation |title=A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Lane-Poole |year=1901 |publisher=Charles Scribner's |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kipLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |oclc=455336208}}
*{{Citation |title=Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Lane-Poole |year=1906 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pIVpjuyw0C |oclc=448994737}}
* {{Citation |title=Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |last=Lane-Poole |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Lane-Poole |year=1906 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7pIVpjuyw0C |oclc=448994737}}
*{{Citation |title=The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster Outside Damascus |last=Nicolle |first=David |year=2009 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84603-354-4 }}
* {{Citation |title=The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster Outside Damascus |last=Nicolle |first=David |year=2009 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84603-354-4 }}
*{{Citation |last=Phillips |first=Jonathan |editor-first=Jonathan |editor-last=Riley-Smith |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-285428-5 |pages=112–140 |chapter=The Latin East 1098–1291 }}
* {{Citation |last=Phillips |first=Jonathan |editor-first=Jonathan |editor-last=Riley-Smith |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-285428-5 |pages=112–140 |chapter=The Latin East 1098–1291 }}
*{{Citation |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the later Crusades |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-34772-3 }}
* {{Citation |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the later Crusades |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-34772-3 }}
*{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Quincy |year=1926 |title=The Bombardment of Damascus |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=263–280 |doi=10.2307/2188917 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Quincy |year=1926 |title=The Bombardment of Damascus |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=263–280 |doi=10.2307/2188917 }}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==Bacaan tambahan==
== Bacaan tambahan ==
*{{Citation |last1=Bessac |first1=Jean-Claude |last2=Boqvist |first2=Marianne |year=2005 |title=Les chantiers de construction de la citadelle de Damas: méthodologie et résultats préliminaires |journal=Arquelogía de la Arquitectura |volume=4 |pages=237–249 |issn=1989-5313 |url=http://arqarqt.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arqarqt/article/view/85/82 |language=French }}
* {{Citation |last1=Bessac |first1=Jean-Claude |last2=Boqvist |first2=Marianne |year=2005 |title=Les chantiers de construction de la citadelle de Damas: méthodologie et résultats préliminaires |journal=Arquelogía de la Arquitectura |volume=4 |pages=237–249 |issn=1989-5313 |url=http://arqarqt.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arqarqt/article/view/85/82 |language=French }}
*{{Citation |last1=Sauvaget |first1=Jean |authorlink=Jean Sauvaget|year=1930 |title=La citadelle de Damas |journal=Syria |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=59–90 |doi=10.3406/syria.1930.3486 |language=French }}
* {{Citation |last1=Sauvaget |first1=Jean |authorlink=Jean Sauvaget|year=1930 |title=La citadelle de Damas |journal=Syria |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=59–90 |doi=10.3406/syria.1930.3486 |language=French }}


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Damascus Citadel|Citadel of Damascus}}
{{Commons category|Damascus Citadel|Citadel of Damascus}}
*[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/entrees-thematiques_830/echanges-scientifiques-recherche-archeologie_20149/archeologie-sciences-humaines-sociales_1058/les-carnets-archeologie_5064/orient-ancien_5067/syrie-citadelle-damas_19031/publications-parues-sur-citadelle-damas_64199.html List of publications on the citadel]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in French)
* [http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/entrees-thematiques_830/echanges-scientifiques-recherche-archeologie_20149/archeologie-sciences-humaines-sociales_1058/les-carnets-archeologie_5064/orient-ancien_5067/syrie-citadelle-damas_19031/publications-parues-sur-citadelle-damas_64199.html List of publications on the citadel]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in French)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024201005/http://www.nmdcsyria.org/photo_gallery/photo_gallery.htm Additional pictures from the restoration project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024201005/http://www.nmdcsyria.org/photo_gallery/photo_gallery.htm Additional pictures from the restoration project]



Revisi per 25 November 2017 05.05

Istana Damaskus
Damascus, Suriah

Halaman dan tembok selatan Istana Damaskus
Lua error in Modul:Location_map at line 403: Nilai "{{{longitude}}}" yang disediakan untuk longitude tidak sah.
Jenis Castle
Koordinat 33°30′42″N 36°18′07″E / 33.511667°N 36.301944°E / 33.511667; 36.301944
Dibangun 1076–1078 dan 1203–1216
Pembangun Atsiz bin Uvak dan Al-Adil I
Bahan
bangunan
Batu karbonat, basalt
Digunakan Sampai 1986
Kondisi
saat ini
Sebagian runtuh
Pemilik
saat ini
Direktorat-Jenderal Antikuitas dan Museum (DGAM)
Dibuka
untuk umum
Ya
Pengawas Atsiz bin Uvak (1076–1078)
Dinasti Seljuk (1078–1104)
Dinasti Burid (1104–1154)
Dinasti Zengid (1154–1174)
Dinasti Ayyubiyyah (1174–1260)
Kesultanan Mamluk (1260–1516)
Kekaisaran Ottoman (1516–1918)
Suriah Mandat Perancis (1920–1946)
Republik Suriah (1946–1958)
Republik Arab Bersatu (1958-1961)
Republik Arab Suriah (1958–)
Pertempuran/Perang Pengepungan Damaskus (1148)
Pengepungan oleh Kitbuqa (1260)
Pengepungan oleh Timur (1401)

Istana Damascus (Arab: قلعة دمشق, translit. Qalʿat Dimašq) adalah sebuah istana abad pertengahan berbenteng besar di Damaskus, Suriah. Ini merupakan bagian dari Kota Kuno Damaskus, yang masuk Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada 1979.

Lokasi istana saat ininya pertama kali dibentengi pada 1076 oleh panglima perang Turkman Atsiz bin Uvak, meskipun diyakini sebuah istana telah berdiri di tempat tersebut pada zaman Hellenistik dan Romawi.

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

  • Adorni, Elisa; Venturelli, Giampiero (2010), "Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria)", International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 4 (4): 337–350, doi:10.1080/15583050903121851 
  • Allen, Terry (1999), Ayyubid Architecture, Occidental: Solipsist Press, ISBN 0-944940-02-1 
  • Berthier, Sophie (2006), "La Citadelle de Damas: les apports d'une étude archéologique", dalam Kennedy, Hugh, Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period, History of Warfare (dalam bahasa French), 35, Leiden: Brill, hlm. 151–164, ISBN 90-04-14713-6 
  • Burns, Ross (2005), Damascus: A History, Milton Park: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-27105-3 
  • Chevedden, Paul (1986), The Citadel of Damascus, Ann Arbor: U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service, OCLC 640193186 
  • Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-05224-6 
  • Hanisch, Hanspeter (1996), Die ayyūbidischen Toranlangen der Zitadelle von Damaskus. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des mittelalterlichen Festungsbauwesen in Syrien (dalam bahasa German), Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, ISBN 3-88226-886-7 
  • Hillenbrand, Carole (2000), The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-92914-1 
  • Hillenbrand, Carole (2001), "The Career of Zengi", dalam Phillips, Jonathan; Hoch, Martin, The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, Manchester: Manchester University Press, hlm. 111–132, ISBN 978-0-7190-5711-3 
  • Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977), From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, Albany: SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7 
  • Kedourie, Elie (1964), "The Capture of Damascus, 1 October 1918", Middle Eastern Studies, 1 (1): 66–83, doi:10.1080/00263206408700005 
  • Lane-Poole, Stanley (1901), A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages, New York: Charles Scribner's, OCLC 455336208 
  • Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906), Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, London: G.P. Putnam's, OCLC 448994737 
  • Nicolle, David (2009), The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster Outside Damascus, Oxford: Osprey, ISBN 978-1-84603-354-4 
  • Phillips, Jonathan (2001), "The Latin East 1098–1291", dalam Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, Oxford: Oxford University Press, hlm. 112–140, ISBN 978-0-19-285428-5 
  • Runciman, Steven (1987), A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the later Crusades, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-34772-3 
  • Wright, Quincy (1926), "The Bombardment of Damascus", American Journal of International Law, 20 (2): 263–280, doi:10.2307/2188917 

Bacaan tambahan

Pranala luar

Templat:Damaskus