Abwehr
Abwehr (pelafalan [ˈapveːɐ̯]) adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945.[1] Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen, Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, menamainya Abwehr.[2] Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing—peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat.[3] Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher, satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan, dan pada tahun 1929, dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan, yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr.
Setiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik-distrik militer, dan perwakilan dibuka di negara-negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang.[4] Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935, diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler, yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW. OKW menjadi bagian dari "staf pekerja" pribadi Führer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris.[5] Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, berdekatan dengan kantor OKW.
Kepala
[sunting | sunting sumber]| № | Kepala Abwehr | Mulai jabatan | Akhir jabatan | Lama menjabat | Dinas/cabang militer | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kolonel Friedrich Gempp (1873–1947) | 1 Januari 1921 | Juni 1927 | 6 tahun, 5 bulan |  Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar | |
| 2 | Meior Günther Schwantes (1881–1942) | Juni 1927 | Februari 1929 | 1 tahun, 8 bulan | Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar | |
| 3 | Letnan Kolonel Ferdinand von Bredow (1884–1934) | Februari 1929 | 2 Juni 1932 | 3 tahun, 4 bulan | Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar | |
| 4 | Laksamana Muda Conrad Patzig (1888–1975) | 6 Juni 1932 | 1 Januari 1935 | 2 tahun, 209 hari |  Kriegsmarine | |
| 5 | Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945) | 1 Januari 1935 | 12 Februari 1944 | 9 tahun, 42 hari | Kriegsmarine | |
| 6 | Kolonel Georg Hansen (1904–1944) | 13 Februari 1944 | 1 Juni 1944 | 109 hari | Angkatan Darat Jerman | |
| 7 | SS-Brigadeführer Walter Schellenberg (1910–1952) | 1 Juni 1944 | 4 Mei 1945 | 337 hari |  Schutzstaffel | |
| 8 | SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny (1908–1975) | 5 Mei 1945 | 8 Mei 1945 | 3 hari | Schutzstaffel |
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Plot 20 Juli
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- Perlawanan Jerman terhadap Nazisme
- Operasi Salaam
- Oskar Schindler, agen Abwehr
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Holmes 2009, hlm. 2.
- ^ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, hlm. 2.
- ^ Dear & Foot 1995, hlm. 1.
- ^ Taylor & Shaw 1997, hlm. 11.
- ^ Taylor 1995, hlm. 165.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Andrew, Christopher (2018). The Secret World: A History of Intelligence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30023-844-0.
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- Trevor-Roper (1992). The Last Days of Hitler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.
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- Waller, John H. "The double life of Admiral Canaris." International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence (1996) 9#3 pp: 271-289.
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Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- German Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2 at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
- Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013
