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== Sumber makanan ==
== Sumber makanan ==
Makanan khas pescetarian utamanya adalah menu vegetarian dengan tambahan makanan laut. Beberapa diantara yang sering dikonsumsi adalah [[serealia utuh]] (''whole grains'') dan [[serealia|produk sereal]]; [[kacang-kacangan]] (''legume'') dan olahannya termasuk [[kacang]] (''beans''), [[Lens culinaris|miju-miju]] (''lentils''), [[Tahu|tofu]] dan [[Hummus|humus]]; [[Buah geluk|kacang pohon]] (''nuts''), [[selai kacang]] dan [[kacang tanah]] (''peanuts''); [[Biji|biji-bjian]] (''seeds''), termasuk [[rami]] (''hemp'') [[biji chia]] dan [[flaks]] (''flaxseeds''); [[produk susu]], termasuk [[yoghurt]], [[susu]] dan [[keju]]; [[Buah|buah-buahan]], [[sayur]], [[ikan]] dan [[kerang]], serta [[telur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jennings|first=Kerri-Ann|date=2017-03-10|title=What Is a Pescatarian and What Do They Eat?|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/pescatarian-diet|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> Sementara itu, sumber makanan yang tidak ditemukan pada menu pescetarian adalah [[daging sapi]], [[Daging ayam|ayam]], [[Daging domba|domba]], [[Daging babi|babi]], dan [[Daging kalkun|kalkun]].<ref name=":0" />
Makanan khas pescetarian utamanya adalah menu vegetarian dengan tambahan makanan laut. Beberapa diantara yang sering dikonsumsi adalah [[serealia utuh]] (''whole grains'') dan [[serealia|produk sereal]]; [[kacang-kacangan]] (''legume'') dan olahannya termasuk [[kacang]] (''beans''), [[Lens culinaris|miju-miju]] (''lentils''), [[Tahu|tofu]] dan [[Hummus|humus]]; [[Buah geluk|kacang pohon]] (''nuts''), [[selai kacang]] dan [[kacang tanah]] (''peanuts''); [[Biji|biji-bjian]] (''seeds''), termasuk [[rami]] (''hemp'') [[biji chia]] dan [[flaks]] (''flaxseeds''); [[produk susu]], termasuk [[yoghurt]], [[susu]] dan [[keju]]; [[Buah|buah-buahan]], [[sayur]], [[ikan]] dan [[kerang]], serta [[telur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jennings|first=Kerri-Ann|date=2017-03-10|title=What Is a Pescatarian and What Do They Eat?|url=https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/pescatarian-diet|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> Sementara itu, sumber makanan yang tidak ditemukan pada menu pescetarian adalah [[daging sapi]], [[Daging ayam|ayam]], [[Daging domba|domba]], [[Daging babi|babi]], dan [[Daging kalkun|kalkun]].<ref name=":0" />
==Tren dan demografi==
Pada tahun 2020, pescetarianisme dikelompokkan sebagai pola makan [[nabati]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant-based, Vegetarian & Vegan Diets - Heart Foundation|url=https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/wellbeing/healthy-eating/nutrition-facts/plant-based-vegetarian-vegan-diets|website=www.heartfoundation.org.nz|language=en|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Summerfield|first=Liane M.|date=2012-08-08|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fsMXSMdJVgcC&pg=PA181&redir_esc=y|title=Nutrition, Exercise, and Behavior: An Integrated Approach to Weight Management|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-8400-6924-5|pages=181-182|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Konsumsi ikan secara teratur dan penurunan konsumsi daging merah diakui sebagai praktik diet yang dapat meningkatkan kesehatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Pescetarian Diet|url=https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/040715p32.shtml|website=www.todaysdietitian.com|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>
===Global===
Pada tahun 2018, Ipsos MORI melaporkan 73% orang di seluruh [[dunia]] mengikuti pola makan di mana daging dan produk non-hewani dikonsumsi secara teratur, dengan 14% dianggap sebagai [[fleksitarian]], 5% vegetarian, 3% vegan, dan 3% pescetarian.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-12|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512072037/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/an_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> Fenomena ini mirip dengan hasil yang dikumpulkan oleh [[GlobalData]] setahun sebelumnya; di mana 23% sampel memiliki konsumsi [[daging]] di bawah rata-rata, 5% memiliki pola makan [[vegetarian]], 2% memiliki pola makan [[vegan]], dan 3% memiliki pola makan pescetarian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=Flexitarian diet on trend, says GlobalData {{!}} Fitness Magazine|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214060212/https://www.fitnessmag.co.za/flexitarian-diet-on-trend-says-globaldata/|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> Secara global, diet pescetarian terlihat semakin populer di pertengahan hingga akhir dua puluhan; hanya 40% dari pescetarian yang disurvei telah mengikuti diet selama lebih dari beberapa tahun dan 18% lainnya melaporkan mengikuti diet selama sekitar satu tahun.<ref name=":1" />

===Britania Raya===
Jajak pendapat tahun 2018 terhadap 2.000 orang dewasa di [[Inggris Raya]] menemukan bahwa ≈12% orang dewasa mengikuti pola makan tanpa daging; dengan 2% vegan, 6–7% [[ovo-lakto-vegetarian]], dan 4% pescetarian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tatum2018-04-13T14:31:00+01:00|first=Megan|title=12% of Brits follow meat-free diet, The Grocer research shows|url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/future-of-meat/12-of-brits-follow-meat-free-diet-the-grocer-research-shows/565771.article|website=The Grocer|language=en|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203021457/https://media.ahdb.org.uk/media/Default/Consumer%20and%20Retail%20Insight%20Images/PDF%20articles/ConsumerInsights%20WEB_1653_180725.pdf|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Georgia-Rose|date=2019-01-08|title=How many vegetarians and vegans are in the UK?|url=https://www.finder.com/uk/uk-diet-trends|website=Finder UK|language=en-gb|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> Studi dan survei yang berbeda telah menemukan jumlah yang lebih sederhana atau pantang daging; sebuah survei tahun 2021 menemukan 10% orang Inggris tidak makan daging dengan 3% populasinya adalah pescetarian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What share of people say they are vegetarian, vegan, or flexitarian?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/vegetarian-vegan|website=Our World in Data|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

Di [[Britania Raya|Inggris Raya]] per Januari 2019, wanita berusia antara 18 dan 24 tahun adalah kelompok [[demografi]] yang paling banyak mengikuti diet pescetarian. Secara umum, pria kurang tertarik pada pescetarianisme, dan pria berusia 35 tahun ke atas cenderung tidak mengikuti pola diet pescetarian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adults following pescatarian diet GB 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1062332/adults-following-pescatarian-diet-in-great-britain-by-gender-and-age/|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

===Daerah lain===
Pada tahun 2018, sebuah survei menemukan bahwa orang-orang di [[Afrika]] dan [[Timur Tengah]] melakukan program diet pescetarian yang tinggi (5%) jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah lain di dunia.<ref name=":0" /> Di [[Eropa]], kejadian pescetarianisme bervariasi di setiap negara, menurut survei tahun 2020 yang mendokumentasikan praktik diet penduduk di tujuh negara Eropa: rata-rata, pescetarianisme adalah sekitar 3% dari populasi Uni Eropa, dengan pengaruh yang sedikit lebih tinggi di Jerman dan Belgia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=veganz_webmaster|date=2020-10-30|title=The results of the Veganz nutrition study 2020 are here!|url=https://veganz.com/blog/veganz-nutrition-study-2020/|website=Veganz|language=en-US|access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref>

<!--== Motivations and rationale ==
===Sustainability and environmental concerns

It is common for all kinds of meat-abstainers to participate in the “[[Green politics|green movement]]” and be conscientious about global food sustainability and [[environmentalism]];<ref name="Hoehn 767">{{cite journal|last1=Hoehn|first1=Daniel|last2=Margallo|first2=María|last3=Laso|first3=Jara|last4=García-Herrero|first4=Isabel|last5=Bala|first5=Alba|last6=Fullana-i-Palmer|first6=Pere|last7=Irabien|first7=Angel|last8=Aldaco|first8=Rubén|date=January 2019|title=Energy Embedded in Food Loss Management and in the Production of Uneaten Food: Seeking a Sustainable Pathway|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=767|doi=10.3390/en12040767|doi-access=free}}</ref> switching to a pescetarian dietary pattern can potentially positively affect both.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tilman|first1=David|last2=Clark|first2=Michael|date=November 2014|title=Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=515|issue=7528|pages=518–522|doi=10.1038/nature13959|pmid=25383533|bibcode=2014Natur.515..518T|s2cid=4453972|issn=1476-4687|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216233536/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hoehn 767"/> People may adopt a pescetarian diet out of desire to lower their dietary [[carbon footprint]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Carbon footprint factsheet |url=http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/carbon-footprint-factsheet |publisher=Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan |access-date=19 May 2019 |date=2018 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619041339/http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/carbon-footprint-factsheet |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title= Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK| journal= Climatic Change| volume= 125| issue= 2| pages= 179–192| publisher=Springer | date=11 June 2014| pmc= 4372775| last1= Scarborough| first1= P.| last2= Appleby| first2= P. N.| last3= Mizdrak| first3= A.| last4= Briggs| first4= A. D.| last5= Travis| first5= R. C.| last6= Bradbury| first6= K. E.| last7= Key| first7= T. J.| pmid= 25834298| doi= 10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1| bibcode= 2014ClCh..125..179S}}</ref> A 2014 lifecycle analysis of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] estimated that a pescetarian diet would provide a 45% reduction in emissions compared to an [[Omnivore#Etymology and definitions|omnivorous diet]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Magkos|first1=Faidon|last2=Tetens|first2=Inge|last3=Bügel|first3=Susanne Gjedsted|last4=Felby|first4=Claus|last5=Schacht|first5=Simon Rønnow|last6=Hill|first6=James O|last7=Ravussin|first7=Eric|last8=Astrup|first8=Arne|date=1 January 2020|title=A Perspective on the Transition to Plant-Based Diets: a Diet Change May Attenuate Climate Change, but Can It Also Attenuate Obesity and Chronic Disease Risk?|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1093/advances/nmz090|issn=2161-8313|pmc=7442415|pmid=31504086}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tilman|first1=David|last2=Clark|first2=Michael|date=1 November 2014|title=Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=515|issue=7528|pages=518–522|doi=10.1038/nature13959|pmid=25383533|bibcode=2014Natur.515..518T|s2cid=4453972|issn=1476-4687|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216233536/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959|url-status=live}}</ref> Research on the diets of over 55,000 UK residents found that meat-eaters had dietary greenhouse gas emissions that were about 50% higher than pescetarians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scarborough |first1=Peter |last2=Appleby |first2=Paul N. |last3=Mizdrak |first3=Anja |last4=Briggs |first4=Adam D. M. |last5=Travis |first5=Ruth C. |last6=Bradbury |first6=Kathryn E. |last7=Key |first7=Timothy J. |title=Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK |journal=Climatic Change |date=1 July 2014 |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1 |pmid=25834298 |pmc=4372775 |bibcode=2014ClCh..125..179S |language=en |issn=1573-1480|doi-access=free}}</ref> Compared to an omnivorous diet, pescetarian diets also had 64% less environmental impact overall when the amount greenhouse gas emissions, [[Environmental impact of meat production#Grazing and land use|land use]] and cumulative energy demand were assessed together.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rabès|first1=Anaëlle|last2=Seconda|first2=L.|last3=Langevin|first3=B.|last4=Allès|first4=B.|last5=Touvier|first5=M.|last6=Hercberg|first6=S.|last7=Lairon|first7=D.|last8=Baudry|first8=J.|last9=Pointereau|first9=P.|last10=Kesse-Guyot|first10=E.|date=2020|title=Greenhouse gas emissions, energy demand and land use associated with omnivorous, pesco-vegetarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets accounting for farming practices|journal=Sustainable Production and Consumption|volume=22|pages=138–146|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Greenhouse-gas-emissions,-energy-demand-and-land-Rab%C3%A8s-Seconda/4dcdde9510065885ff4fcf91e98833c02ab05081|doi=10.1016/j.spc.2020.02.010|s2cid=216444801|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902175155/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Greenhouse-gas-emissions,-energy-demand-and-land-Rab%C3%A8s-Seconda/4dcdde9510065885ff4fcf91e98833c02ab05081|url-status=live}}</ref>

A Japanese study in 2018 found that various diet changes could successfully reduce the Japanese food-[[Human impact on the nitrogen cycle|nitrogen footprint]], particularly by adopting a pescetarian diet which may reduce the impact on nitrogen.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oita|first1=Azusa|last2=Nagano|first2=Ichiro|last3=Matsuda|first3=Hiroyuki|date=1 April 2018|title=Food nitrogen footprint reductions related to a balanced Japanese diet|journal=Ambio|volume=47|issue=3|pages=318–326|doi=10.1007/s13280-017-0944-4|issn=0044-7447|pmc=5857260|pmid=28913773}}</ref> Switching from an omnivorous diet to a pescetarian diet also carries high potential in reducing American food loss because fish and shellfish contribute markedly less to [[Food waste in the United States|food waste]] at the primary, retail and consumer levels than both red meat and poultry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beef Research - Food Waste |url=https://www.beefresearch.org/resources/beef-sustainability/fact-sheets/food-waste |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=Beef Research |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, [[water conservation]] may be a motivator; a multinational study found that switching a conventional diet for a balanced pescetarian diet could reduce dietary [[water footprint]] by 33% to 55%.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Change your diet to save both water and your health |journal=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180910142419.htm |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625032254/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180910142419.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Health research ===
A common reason for adoption of pescetarianism may be health-related, such as fish and plant food consumption as part of the [[Mediterranean diet]], which is associated with lowered risk of [[cardiovascular disease]]s.<ref name="okeefe">{{cite journal |last1=O’Keefe |first1=James H. |last2=Torres-Acosta |first2=Noel |last3=O’Keefe |first3=Evan L. |last4=Saeed |first4=Ibrahim M. |last5=Lavie |first5=Carl J. |last6=Smith |first6=Sarah E. |last7=Ros |first7=Emilio |title=A Pesco-Mediterranean diet with intermittent fasting |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=76 |issue=12 |date=22 September 2020 |issn=0735-1097 |pmid=32943166 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049 |pages=1484–1493 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Estruch|first1=Ramon|last2=Sacanella|first2=Emilio|last3=Ros|first3=Emilio|date=4 January 2021|title=Should we all go pesco-vegetarian?|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=42|issue=12|pages=1144–1146|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1088|pmid=33393612|issn=0195-668X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pescetarian diets are under preliminary research for their potential to affect [[diabetes]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Papier|first1=Keren|last2=Appleby|first2=Paul N.|last3=Fensom|first3=Georgina K.|last4=Knuppel|first4=Anika|last5=Perez-Cornago|first5=Aurora|last6=Schmidt|first6=Julie A.|last7=Tong|first7=Tammy Y. N.|last8=Key|first8=Timothy J.|date=25 February 2019|title=Vegetarian diets and risk of hospitalisation or death with diabetes in British adults: results from the EPIC-Oxford study|journal=Nutrition and Diabetes|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|page=7|doi=10.1038/s41387-019-0074-0|pmid=30804320|issn=2044-4052|pmc=6389979}}</ref> [[Diet and obesity|long-term weight gain]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knüppel|first1=A.|last2=Appleby|first2=P. N.|last3=Key|first3=T. J.|date=7 March 2019|title=Weight change over 14 years in meat-eaters, pescatarians, vegetarians and vegans|journal=Proceedings of the Nutrition Society|language=en|volume=78|issue=OCE1|doi=10.1017/S0029665119000417|issn=0029-6651|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[mortality rate|all-cause mortality]].<ref name="Schwing">{{cite journal | last1=Schwingshackl | first1=Lukas | last2=Schwedhelm | first2=Carolina | last3=Hoffmann | first3=Georg | last4=Lampousi | first4=Anna-Maria | last5=Knüppel | first5=Sven | last6=Iqbal | first6=Khalid | last7=Bechthold | first7=Angela | last8=Schlesinger | first8=Sabrina | last9=Boeing | first9=Heiner | title=Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies | journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume=105 | issue=6 | pages=1462–1473 | date=26 April 2017 | issn=0002-9165 | pmid=28446499 | doi=10.3945/ajcn.117.153148 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316523321 | doi-access=free | access-date=19 May 2019 | archive-date=10 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110140506/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316523321_Food_groups_and_risk_of_all-cause_mortality_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis_of_prospective_studies | url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Animal welfare concerns ===
Pescetarianism may be perceived as a more ethical choice because fish and shellfish may not experience fear, pain and suffering as more complex animals like mammals and other [[Tetrapod|tetrapods]] do,<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{cite web|date=8 August 2013|title=Do fish feel pain? Not as humans do, study suggests|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130808123719.htm|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108195330/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130808123719.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rose, J. D. 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=J D|last2=Arlinghaus|first2=R|last3=Cooke|first3=S J|last4=Diggles|first4=B K|last5=Sawynok|first5=W|last6=Stevens|first6=E D|last7=Wynne|first7=C D L|author-link7=Clive Wynne|date=March 2014|title=Can fish really feel pain?|url=https://www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/departments/daoe/gewisola2013/dntw/jp_bfm/publ_html/roseetal-fishfish-online-2012.pdf|journal=Fish and Fisheries|volume=15|issue=1|pages=97–133|doi=10.1111/faf.12010|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103185025/https://www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/de/institut/departments/daoe/gewisola2013/dntw/jp_bfm/publ_html/roseetal-fishfish-online-2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Key |first1=Brian |title=Fish do not feel pain and its implications for understanding phenomenal consciousness |journal=Biology and Philosophy |date=March 2015 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.1007/s10539-014-9469-4 |pmid=25798021 |pmc=4356734}}</ref> an ongoing debate.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Official: Fish Feel Pain|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fish-feel-pain-180967764/|access-date=28 May 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525194139/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fish-feel-pain-180967764/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Scientists say fish feel pain. It could lead to major changes in the fishing industry.|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/food/wp/2018/05/24/scientists-say-fish-feel-pain-it-could-lead-to-major-changes-in-the-fishing-industry/|access-date=28 May 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015082907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/food/wp/2018/05/24/scientists-say-fish-feel-pain-it-could-lead-to-major-changes-in-the-fishing-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some pescetarians may regard their diet as a transition to vegetarianism, while others may consider it an ethical compromise,<ref>Ronald L. Sandler, ''Food Ethics: The Basics'', Routledge, 2014, p. 74.</ref> often as a practical necessity to obtain nutrients that are absent, not easily found, or lowly bioavailable in plants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohrer|first=Finlo|title=The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8341002.stm|access-date=22 July 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 November 2009|archive-date=7 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107181332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8341002.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other considerations===
{{further|Mercury in fish}}
Concerns have been raised about consuming some fish varieties containing toxins such as [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] and [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|polychlorinated biphenyls]] (PCB),<ref>Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, {{cite book| title=Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury| url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9899.html| isbn=978-0-309-07140-6| year=2000| last1=Council| first1=National Research| last2=Studies| first2=Division on Earth Life| last3=Sciences| first3=Commission on Life| last4=Toxicology| first4=Board on Environmental Studies and| last5=Methylmercury| first5=Committee on the Toxicological Effects of| access-date=12 May 2007| archive-date=6 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141917/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9899| url-status=live}}</ref> although it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/02/030210080251.htm|title=Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430124331/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/02/030210080251.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2018 global consumer survey, the majority of pescetarians, vegetarians and vegans (87% prevalence) reported that their food product choices are influenced by ideological factors, like ethical concerns, environmental impact or social responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Survey: Most meat eaters are influenced by ethical concerns |url=https://www.verdictfoodservice.com/comment/survey-must-meat-eaters-are-influenced-by-ethical-concerns/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Verdict Food Service |language=en-US}}</ref> Pescetarians may be motivated by ethical concerns that aren’t related to animal protection or environmental protection, such as humanitarian reason. Viable sources of protein that can be consumed by food-insecure humans are not wasted on [[Filter feeder|filter feeders]] or wild-caught fish.

==Abstinence in religion==

===Christianity===

In both the [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] tradition, pescetarianism is referred to as a form of [[abstinence]]. During fast periods, Eastern Orthodox Christians often abstain from meat, dairy, and fish, but on holidays that occur on fast days (for example, 15 August on a Wednesday or Friday), fish is allowed, while meat and dairy remain forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abbamoses.com/fasting.html|title=The Fasting Rule of the Orthodox Church|website=www.abbamoses.com|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808184207/http://www.abbamoses.com/fasting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anthonians|Anthonian]] fasting<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2013|title=Fasting Rules|url=http://stanthonylc.org/2013/05/fasting-rules/|access-date=4 March 2021|website=St. Anthony|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109142802/http://stanthonylc.org/2013/05/fasting-rules/|url-status=live}}</ref> has been considered a pescetarian-like variant of Orthodox fasting as poultry and red meat are restricted throughout the year but fish, eggs, [[Xerophagy|oils]], dairy and [[Christian views on alcohol|wine]] are allowed most days.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karras |first1=Spyridon |last2=Koufakis |first2=Theocharis |last3=Petróczi |first3=Andrea |last4=Folkerts |first4=Dirk |last5=Kypraiou |first5=Maria |last6=Grammatiki |first6=Maria |last7=Mulrooney |first7=Hilda |last8=Naughton |first8=Declan |last9=Skoutas |first9=Dimitrios |last10=Adamidou |first10=Lilian |last11=Zebekakis |first11=Pantelis |last12=Kotsa |first12=Kalliopi |title=Effects of Orthodox fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors: a comparative evaluation between lay fasters and Athonian monks |journal=Endocrine Abstracts |date=21 August 2020 |volume=70 |doi=10.1530/endoabs.70.EP559 |s2cid=225300273 |url=https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0070/ea0070EP559 |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110140501/https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0070/ea0070EP559 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karras |first1=S N |last2=Persynaki |first2=A |last3=Petróczi |first3=A |last4=Barkans |first4=E |last5=Mulrooney |first5=H |last6=Kypraiou |first6=M |last7=Tzotzas |first7=T |last8=Tziomalos |first8=K |last9=Kotsa |first9=K |last10=Tsioudas |first10=A A |last11=Pichard |first11=C |last12=Naughton |first12=D P |title=Health benefits and consequences of the Eastern Orthodox fasting in monks of Mount Athos: a cross-sectional study |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=June 2017 |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=743–749 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2017.26 |pmid=28327563 |s2cid=4768215 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28327563/ |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110140507/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28327563/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pescetarianism is relatively popular among [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seven-day Adventists]] when compared to the general population; in the 2000s 10% of North American Seven-day Adventists who were surveyed reported adhering to a pescetarian diet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adventist Health Study-2|url=https://adventisthealthstudy.org/studies/AHS-2|access-date=5 January 2021|website=adventisthealthstudy.org}}</ref> The higher popularity is likely due to the church promoting a “health message” to its followers and considering meat-consumption to be unfavorable. Adventists who eat seafood do not eat shellfish because the church expects all followers to only eat [[Kosher foods]] deemed permissible by [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]] 11.<ref name="Shurtleff Aoyagi 2014 p. 1081">{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=W. |last2=Aoyagi |first2=A. |title=History of Seventh-day Adventist Work with Soyfoods, Vegetarianism, Meat Alternatives, Wheat Gluten, Dietary Fiber and Peanut Butter (1863-2013): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |publisher=Soyinfo Center |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-928914-64-8 |url=https://www.soyinfocenter.com/pdf/172/Adve.pdf |access-date=10 April 2018 |page=1081}}</ref>

===Judaism===
Pescetarianism ''(provided the fish is [[Kashrut|kosher]])'' conforms to Jewish dietary laws. Fish and all other seafood animals must have both fins and scales to be considered kosher. Aquatic mammals such as dolphins and whales are not kosher, nor are [[cartilaginous fish]] such as sharks and rays, since they all have [[dermal denticles]] and not [[Ray-finned|bony-fish]] scales. The lack of fins and scales also deems [[crustacean]]s (''ex: shrimp, crab, lobster, etc.'') and [[List of edible molluscs|molluscs]] (''ex; oyster, clam, conch, octopus, squid, etc.'') to be “treif”—non-kosher. [[Roe]], such as caviar, must come from a kosher fish to be permitted.<ref name=chabad.org>Aryeh Citron, [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm "All About Kosher Fish"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084101/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1182104/jewish/All-About-Kosher-Fish.htm |date=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://oukosher.org/faqs/verifying-kosher-fish/ Verifying Kosher Fish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228194015/https://oukosher.org/faqs/verifying-kosher-fish/ |date=28 February 2021}} ''OU Kosher Certification''. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</ref> Pescetarian diets simplify adherence to the Judaic separation of meat and dairy products, as kosher fish is "[[pareve]]"—neither "milk" nor "meat".<ref>{{cite web|author=Menachem Posner|title=May fish be consumed with dairy?|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/815625/jewish/Is-lox-and-cream-cheese-kosher.htm|publisher=Chabad.org|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001060352/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/815625/jewish/Is-lox-and-cream-cheese-kosher.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, members of the Liberal Judaism synagogue in [[Manchester]] founded The Pescetarian Society, citing pescetarianism as originally a Jewish diet, and pescetarianism as a form of vegetarianism.<ref name="thepescetariansociety.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepescetariansociety.org|title=Pescetarian Society Home Page|publisher=The Pescetarian Society|date=2019|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927004052/http://www.thepescetariansociety.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The society has several advocacy interests; public health, promoting healthy eating, praising pescetarianism as “the natural human diet”, supporting better animal welfare, bringing awareness to the climate change crisis and demanding seafood be sustainable & responsibly-caught.<ref name="thepescetariansociety.org" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2022 |title=Popular Pescetarian Meals – Healthy Living|url=https://thepescetariansociety.org/blogs/pescetarianism-the-worlds-fastest-growing-diet/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=thepescetariansociety.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Hinduism===
Some Hindus by choice follow a strict [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet and in India up to 44% of Hindus self-identify as some type of vegetarian.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corichi |first1=Manolo |title=Eight-in-ten Indians limit meat in their diets, and four-in-ten consider themselves vegetarian |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/08/eight-in-ten-indians-limit-meat-in-their-diets-and-four-in-ten-consider-themselves-vegetarian/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=31 January 2022 |date=8 July 2021}}</ref> However, there are Hindus who consume fish. They are from coastal south-western India.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Axelrod|first1=P|last2=Fuerch|first2=MA|title=Portuguese Orientalism and the making of the village communities of Goa|journal=Ethnohistory|date=1998|volume=45|issue=3|doi=10.2307/483320|pages=439|jstor=483320}}</ref> This community regards seafood in general as "vegetables from the sea", and refrains from eating land-based animals. Other Hindus who consume seafood are ones from Bengal and other coastal areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarti|first1=A. K.|title=Regional Preference for Food: Some Aspects of Food Habit Patterns in India |journal=The Canadian Geographer|date=December 1974|volume=18|issue=4|pages=395–410|doi=10.1111/j.1541-0064.1974.tb00212.x}}</ref> In Bengal, Hindus consume fish and are known to cook it daily.<ref>Sinclair-Brull, Wendy. (1997). ''Female Ascetics: Hierarchy and Purity in an Indian Religious Movement''. Curzon Press. p. 158. {{ISBN|0-7007-0422-1}}</ref>

===Rastafari===
The expression of [[Ital]] eating can vary from Rasta to Rasta but a general principle is that food should be natural or pure, and from the earth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meehan |first1=Peter |title=Ital Is Vital |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/magazine/ital-is-vital.html |work=The New York Times |date=12 October 2012 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108011548/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/magazine/ital-is-vital.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Though the [[Rastafari]] are generally associated with avid vegetarianism and veganism a large minority of adherents do deem certain kinds<ref>{{cite web |title=Rasta fare {{!}} alimentarium |url=https://www.alimentarium.org/en/magazine/world-flavours/rasta-fare |website=www.alimentarium.org |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108011550/https://www.alimentarium.org/en/magazine/world-flavours/rasta-fare |url-status=live}}</ref> of fish to be an acceptable exception in the I-tal diet. Rastafari who permit fish will avoid eating all kinds shellfish as they are considered to be “unclean” scavengers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=Derek |last2=Carter |first2=Vaughan |title=Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |date=2002 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=219–248 |doi=10.2307/1051499 |jstor=1051499 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/abs/chant-down-babylon-freedom-of-religion-and-the-rastafarian-challenge-to-majoritarianism/0B9EBEE39F9310026808EB3A7E2981E8 |language=en |issn=0748-0814 |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108021408/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/abs/chant-down-babylon-freedom-of-religion-and-the-rastafarian-challenge-to-majoritarianism/0B9EBEE39F9310026808EB3A7E2981E8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ital Diet, A Rastafarian Recipe For Eating Right |url=https://worldcrunch.com/culture-society/the-ital-diet-a-rastafarian-recipe-for-eating-right |website=Worldcrunch |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en |date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108011549/https://worldcrunch.com/culture-society/the-ital-diet-a-rastafarian-recipe-for-eating-right |url-status=live}}</ref> a belief that stems from biblical teachings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Snider|date=28 June 2020|title=Rastafari Culture|url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/real-stories/rastafari-culture/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Black History Month}}</ref>-->


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==

Revisi per 30 November 2022 15.45

Pescetarianisme adalah pola makan vegetarian yang dipadukan dengan menu tambahan lainnya seperti ikan dan makanan laut sebagai pengganti menu daging. Beberapa alasan mengikuti pola makan ini bagi sebagian orang adalah karena faktor selera makan atau untuk kampanye peduli lingkungan.

Latar belakang

Istilah pescetarian muncul pertama kali pada awal tahun 1990an yang merupakan gabungan dari bahasa Italia untuk kata ikan (pesce) dan kata vegetarian. Orang yang mempraktikkan pola makan ini biasanya disebut juga dengan istilah pescetarian. Dalam kajian ilmiah, pola makan ini sering dideskripsikan sebagai "pesco-vegetarian." yang masih berada dalam spektrum vegetarisme.[1] Mereka yang menjalani pola makan vegetarian ini biasanya lebih cenderung mengonsumsi daging ikan dan makanan laut sebagai sumber protein utamanya, serta menu makanan nabati seperti biji-bijian, kacang-kacangan, polong-polongan dan lemak sehat.

Sejarah

Sejarah awal

Vegetarian pertama dalam sejarah barat tertulis kemungkinan adalah kaum Pythagoras, gelar yang berasal dari filsuf Yunani Pythagoras. Meskipun Pythagoras meminjamkan namanya untuk pola makan tanpa daging, beberapa penulis biografi menduga dia mungkin makan ikan juga terjadi di beberapa lokasi,[2] yang akan membuatnya bukan seorang vegetarian tetapi seorang pescatarian menurut standar sekarang.[3] Banyak filosofi Pythagoras mengilhami Plato, yang mengadvokasi keunggulan moral & nutrisi dari pola makan vegetarian. Di republik ideal Plato, pola makan sehat terdiri dari sereal, biji-bijian, kacang-kacangan, buah, susu, madu, dan ikan.[4][5]

Pada tahun 675, konsumsi hewan ternak dan hewan liar dilarang di Jepang oleh Kaisar Tenmu, karena pengaruh agama Buddha. Selanjutnya, pada tahun 737 periode Nara, Kaisar Seimu menyetujui makan ikan dan kerang. Selama seribu dua ratus tahun dari periode Nara hingga Restorasi Meiji pada paruh kedua abad ke-19, orang Jepang mengonsumsi makanan vegetarian, dan pada acara-acara khusus, makanan laut disajikan.[6]

Beberapa biarawan di Eropa abad pertengahan membatasi atau melarang konsumsi daging karena alasan asketisme, tetapi tidak satupun dari mereka tidak mengonsumsi ikan; biarawan ini bukan vegetarian, tetapi beberapa pescetarian.[7]

Marsion dan pengikutnya mengonsumsi ikan tapi tidak ada unggas atau daging merah.[8] Ikan dipandang oleh kaum Marcionites sebagai jenis makanan yang lebih suci.[9] Selain itu mereka juga mengkonsumsi roti, ikan, madu, susu, dan sayuran.[10]

Para "Pendengar" hierarki gerejawi Maniisme hidup dengan pola makan ikan, biji-bijian, dan sayur-sayuran.[11] Konsumsi hewan darat dilarang, berdasarkan kepercayaan Manichaean bahwa "ikan, yang lahir di dalam dan dari air, dan tanpa hubungan seksual dengan ikan lain, bebas dari noda yang mencemari semua hewan".[12]

Peraturan Santo Benediktus menuntut pantangan total daging dari hewan berkaki empat, kecuali dalam kasus orang sakit.[13] Para biarawan Benediktin dengan demikian mengikuti diet berdasarkan sayuran, telur, susu, mentega, keju, dan ikan. Paulus Diakonus menetapkan bahwa keju, telur, dan ikan adalah bagian dari makanan biasa seorang biarawan.[14] Kartusia mengikuti diet ketat yang terdiri dari ikan, keju, telur, dan sayuran, dengan hanya roti dan air pada hari Jumat.[13]

Pada abad ke-13, biarawan Cistercian mengonsumsi ikan dan telur. Kolam dibuat untuk budidaya ikan.[15] Sejak awal abad ke-14, biarawan Benediktin dan Cistercian tidak lagi pantang mengonsumsi daging hewan berkaki empat.[15][16] Pada tahun 1336, Paus Benediktus XII mengizinkan para biarawan untuk makan daging empat hari seminggu di luar musim puasa jika tidak disajikan di ruang makan.[16]

Para biarawan di Inggris memakan makanan ikan pescetarian yang dibumbui dengan apel dan rempah-rempah, sup kacang atau kacang polong dan susu, mentega, dan minyak.[17][18]

Abad ke-19 - sekarang

Francis William Newman, yang menjadi Presiden Masyarakat Vegetarian dari tahun 1873 hingga 1883, memungkinkan keanggotaan rekanan bagi orang-orang yang tidak sepenuhnya vegetarian seperti pescetarian.[19][20] Akhirnya pada tahun 1890-an Newman sendiri beralih dari mengikuti pola makan ovo-lakto-vegetarian menjadi pola makan pescetarian, dengan alasan bahwa ikan tidak menyia-nyiakan lahan, berlimpah karena tingkat reproduksi yang tinggi, tidak merawat anak mereka dan tidak memiliki orang tua. perasaan untuk dilanggar dan dapat ditangkap dan dibantai dengan cara yang menimbulkan sedikit rasa sakit.[21]

Sebuah buku Seagan Eating tahun 2016 mempromosikan diet makanan laut,[22][23] yang dibedakan dari diet pescetarian biasa karena tidak menganjurkan konsumsi susu dan telur.

Alasan

Ada beberapa faktor utama yang membuat seseorang beralih ke pola makan vegetarian, diantaranya berkaitan dengan manfaat kesehatan, isu lingkungan, dan alasan etis.

Kesehatan

Umumnya, beberapa makalah membuktikan bahwa menerapkan pola makan nabati ke dalam menu sehari-hari dapat menurunkan risiko obesitas dan penyakit kronis seperti jantung dan diabetes. Satu studi mengungkapkan, bagi perempuan yang mengikuti pola makan seperti ini mendapatkan selisih bobot 1,1 kg lebih sedikit per tahunnya dibanding perempuan yang mengonsumsi daging merah, bahkan dapat mengurangi berat badan yang lebih sedikit lagi jika dilakukan berkepanjangan.[24]

Studi lainnya menyimpulkan bahwa pescetarian memiliki risiko terkena diabetes lebih rendah sebesar 4,8% dibanding orang yang sering mengonsumsi daging yaitu sebesar 7,6%.[25] Selain itu, satu penelitian besar mengamati orang yang jarang makan daging atau pescetarian, memiliki risiko kematian akibat penyakit jantung 22% lebih rendah dibanding yang lainnya.[26]

Isu lingkungan

Alasan seseorang menerapkan pola makan pescetarian salah satunya berkaitan dengan dampak lingkungan dari proses memelihara hewan ternak hingga menjadi daging olahan. Menurut Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, sektor peternakan dapat menyumbang 15% dari semua emisi karbon buatan manusia.[27] Sebaliknya, memproduksi ikan dan makanan laut memiliki jejak karbon yang lebih rendah ketimbang memproduksi daging atau keju jenis apa pun.[28] Hasil perhitungan dari studi tahun 2014 menunjukkan bahwa pola makan pescetarian dapat menurunkan sekitar 46% emisi gas rumah kaca dibandingkan pola makan yang biasa mengonsumsi satu porsi daging perhari.[29]

Alasan etis

Alasan seseorang tidak memilih mengonsumsi daging biasanya karena didasari hal-hal berikut; tidak ingin membunuh hewan untuk dimakan, menentang industri peternakan yang memelihara ternak delam kondisi yang tidak manusiawi, atau karena mereka menganggap memproduksi biji-bijian hanya untuk pakan ternak sangat tidak adil karena masih banyak masyarakat yang terdampak kelaparan di dunia.[30][31][32]

Sumber makanan

Makanan khas pescetarian utamanya adalah menu vegetarian dengan tambahan makanan laut. Beberapa diantara yang sering dikonsumsi adalah serealia utuh (whole grains) dan produk sereal; kacang-kacangan (legume) dan olahannya termasuk kacang (beans), miju-miju (lentils), tofu dan humus; kacang pohon (nuts), selai kacang dan kacang tanah (peanuts); biji-bjian (seeds), termasuk rami (hemp) biji chia dan flaks (flaxseeds); produk susu, termasuk yoghurt, susu dan keju; buah-buahan, sayur, ikan dan kerang, serta telur.[33] Sementara itu, sumber makanan yang tidak ditemukan pada menu pescetarian adalah daging sapi, ayam, domba, babi, dan kalkun.[33]

Tren dan demografi

Pada tahun 2020, pescetarianisme dikelompokkan sebagai pola makan nabati.[34][35] Konsumsi ikan secara teratur dan penurunan konsumsi daging merah diakui sebagai praktik diet yang dapat meningkatkan kesehatan.[33]

Global

Pada tahun 2018, Ipsos MORI melaporkan 73% orang di seluruh dunia mengikuti pola makan di mana daging dan produk non-hewani dikonsumsi secara teratur, dengan 14% dianggap sebagai fleksitarian, 5% vegetarian, 3% vegan, dan 3% pescetarian.[13] Fenomena ini mirip dengan hasil yang dikumpulkan oleh GlobalData setahun sebelumnya; di mana 23% sampel memiliki konsumsi daging di bawah rata-rata, 5% memiliki pola makan vegetarian, 2% memiliki pola makan vegan, dan 3% memiliki pola makan pescetarian.[36] Secara global, diet pescetarian terlihat semakin populer di pertengahan hingga akhir dua puluhan; hanya 40% dari pescetarian yang disurvei telah mengikuti diet selama lebih dari beberapa tahun dan 18% lainnya melaporkan mengikuti diet selama sekitar satu tahun.[13]

Britania Raya

Jajak pendapat tahun 2018 terhadap 2.000 orang dewasa di Inggris Raya menemukan bahwa ≈12% orang dewasa mengikuti pola makan tanpa daging; dengan 2% vegan, 6–7% ovo-lakto-vegetarian, dan 4% pescetarian.[37][38][39] Studi dan survei yang berbeda telah menemukan jumlah yang lebih sederhana atau pantang daging; sebuah survei tahun 2021 menemukan 10% orang Inggris tidak makan daging dengan 3% populasinya adalah pescetarian.[40]

Di Inggris Raya per Januari 2019, wanita berusia antara 18 dan 24 tahun adalah kelompok demografi yang paling banyak mengikuti diet pescetarian. Secara umum, pria kurang tertarik pada pescetarianisme, dan pria berusia 35 tahun ke atas cenderung tidak mengikuti pola diet pescetarian.[41]

Daerah lain

Pada tahun 2018, sebuah survei menemukan bahwa orang-orang di Afrika dan Timur Tengah melakukan program diet pescetarian yang tinggi (5%) jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah lain di dunia.[33] Di Eropa, kejadian pescetarianisme bervariasi di setiap negara, menurut survei tahun 2020 yang mendokumentasikan praktik diet penduduk di tujuh negara Eropa: rata-rata, pescetarianisme adalah sekitar 3% dari populasi Uni Eropa, dengan pengaruh yang sedikit lebih tinggi di Jerman dan Belgia.[42]


Referensi

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