Takdir Nyata

Takdiri Nyata (bahasa Inggris: Manifest Destiny) adalah keyakinan kuat orang Amerika pada abad ke-19 bahwa Amerika Serikat ditakdirkan untuk meluas melintasi benua. Konsep ini terlahir sebagai "Arah misi untuk menebus Dunia Lama dengan teladan yang tinggi ... yang dibangkitkan oleh potensialitas dunia baru untuk membangun surga baru"[1] Frasa ini berarti ada banyak hal yang berbeda-beda dalam banyak rakyat yang berbeda-beda. Persatuan definisi yang ada berujung pada "perluasan, telah dirancang oleh Surga".[2] Para politikus dari pertengahan abad ke-19 menggunakan frasa ini untuk menjelaskan keperluan akan perluasan, jauh melampaui Teritorial Louisiana.
Manifest Destiny memberikan dogma dan seruan bagi pengambil-alihan wilayah Amerika Serikat terluas sepanjang sejarah. Frasa ini digunakan oleh kaum Demokrat pada dasawarsa 1840-an untuk membenarkan perang dengan Meksiko dan juga digunakan untuk merebut bagian-bagian Oregon dari Imperium Britania. Namun, Manifest Destiny selalu tertatih-tatih karena keterbatasan internal dan isu perbudakan, dan tidak pernah menjadi prioritas nasional. Pada tahun 1843 John Quincy Adams, seorang penyokong terdepan, mengubah pikirannya dan menolak Manifest Destiny karena ia mengandung arti perluasan perbudakan di Texas.[3]
Peninggalannya merupakan sesuatu yang kompleks. Keyakinan dalam misi Amerika untuk mempromosikan dan mempertahankan demokrasi ke seluruh dunia, seperti yang telah diuraikan oleh Abraham Lincoln dan kemudian oleh Woodrow Wilson dan George W. Bush, tetap berpengaruh bagi ideologi politik Amerika.[4][5]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Merk 1963, hlm. 3
- ↑ Merk 1963, hlm. 24
- ↑ Merk 1963, hlm. 215
- ↑ Stephanson 1996, hlm. 112–29 memeriksa pengaruh Manifest Destiny pada abad ke-20, khususnya seperti yang telah diartikulasi oleh Woodrow Wilson.
- ↑ Scott, Donald. "The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny". National Humanities Center. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-26.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Adams, Sean Patrick (2008). The Early American Republic: A Documentary Reader. Wiley–Blackwell. ISBN 9781405160988.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Bryan, William Jennings (1899). Republic or Empire?.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Beveridge, Albert J. (1908). The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches. Indianapolis: The Bobbs–Merrill Company.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Crenshaw, Ollinger (1941). "The Knights of the Golden Circle: The Career of George Bickley". The American Historical Review. 1 (42): 23–50.
{{cite journal}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Crocker, H. W. (2006). Don't tread on me: a 400-year history of America at war, from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting. Crown Forum. ISBN 9781400053636.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Cheery, Conrad (1998). God's New Israel. The University of North Carolina Press. hlm. 424. ISBN 978-0807847541. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-02.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Greene, Laurence (2008). The Filibuster. New York: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. hlm. 384. ISBN 978-1436695312. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-02.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Fisher, Philip (1985). Hard facts: setting and form in the American novel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195035285.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Fuller, John Douglas Pitts (1936). The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico, 1846–1848. Johns Hopkins Press.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Greenberg, Amy S. (2005). Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521840965.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Hietala, Thomas R. (February 2003). Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801488467.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid Previously published as Hietala, Thomas R. (1985). Manifest design: anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801417351.{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Hudson, Linda S. (2001). Mistress of Manifest Destiny: a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878. Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 9780876111796.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Johannsen, Robert Walter (1997). Manifest destiny and empire: American antebellum expansionism. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890967560.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (2006). The power of projections: how maps reflect global politics and history. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275991357.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Ford, Paul L., ed. (2010). Works of Thomas Jefferson, IX. Cosmo Press Inc. ISBN 9781616402105.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - May, Robert E. (2004). Manifest Destiny's Underworld. The University of North Carolina Press. hlm. 448. ISBN 978-0807855812. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-02.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Mattelart, Armand (1996). The Invention of Communication. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816626977.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - McDougall, Walter A. (1997). Promised land, crusader state: the American encounter with the world since 1776. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395830857.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Merk, Frederick; Bannister, Lois (1963). Manifest destiny and Mission in American History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674548053.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Tanggal tidak kompatibel - Prucha, Francis Paul (1995). The great father: the United States government and the American Indians. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8734-1.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Ripley, Peter C. (1985). The Black Abolitionist Papers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. hlm. 646.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Rossiter, Clinton (1950). "The American Mission". The American Scholar (20). The American Scholar: 19–20.
{{cite journal}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Sampson, Robert (2003). John L. O'Sullivan and his times. Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873387453.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Stephanson, Anders (1996). Manifest destiny: American expansionism and the empire of right. Hill and Wang. ISBN 9780809015849.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Stuart, Reginald C. (1988). United States expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807817674.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Somkin, Fred (1967). Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom, 1815–1860. Ithaca, N.Y.
{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Ref menduplikasi bawaan (link) - Strong, Josiah (1885). Our Country. Baker and Taylor Company.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1980). Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226819211.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Weeks, William Earl (1996). Building the continental empire: American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 9781566631358.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Ward, John William (1962). Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age: Symbol for an Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992320-5.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Tanggal tidak kompatibel;|ref=harvtidak valid - Weinberg, Albert Katz; Walter Hines Page School of International Relations (1935). Manifest destiny: a study of nationalist expansionism in American history. The Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0404147062.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Tanggal tidak kompatibel - Wanklyn, Harriet (1961). Friedrich Ratzel: A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]Artikel jurnal
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Dunning, Mike (2001). "Manifest Destiny and the Trans-Mississippi South: Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico". Journal of Popular Culture. 35 (2): 111–127. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00111.x. ISSN 0022-3840. Fulltext: Ebsco.
- Pinheiro, John C (2003). "'Religion Without Restriction': Anti-catholicism, All Mexico, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo". Journal of the Early Republic. 23 (1): 69–96. doi:10.2307/3124986. ISSN 0275-1275.
- Sampson, Robert D (2002). "The Pacifist-reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny". Mid-America. 84 (1–3): 129–144. ISSN 0026-2927.
Buku
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Brown, Charles Henry (January 1980). Agents of manifest destiny: the lives and times of the filibusters. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807813614.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Burns, Edward McNall (1957). The American idea of mission: concepts of national purpose and destiny. Rutgers University Press.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Fresonke, Kris (2003). West of Emerson: the design of manifest destiny. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520231856.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Gould, Lewis L. (1980). The Presidency of William McKinley. Regents Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700602063.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Graebner, Norman A. (1968). Manifest destiny. Bobbs–Merrill. ISBN 0672509865.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003). Manifest destiny. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313323089.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Hofstadter, Richard (1965). "Cuba, the Philippines, and Manifest Destiny". The paranoid style in American politics: and other essays. Knopf.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid[pranala nonaktif permanen] - Horsman, Reginald (1981). Race and manifest destiny: The origins of American racial Anglo-Saxonism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674948051.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - May, Robert E. (2002). Manifest destiny's underworld: filibustering in antebellum America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807827031.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Morrison, Michael A. (18 August 1999). Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807847961.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Sampson, Robert (2003). John L. O'Sullivan and his times. Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873387453.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid - Smith, Gene A. (2000). Thomas Ap Catesby Jones: commodore of Manifest Destiny. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557508485.
{{cite book}}:|ref=harvtidak valid