Mangora

Mangora
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Superfilum:	Protostomia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Subfilum:	Chelicerata
Kelas:	Arachnida
Ordo:	Araneae
Subordo:	Araneomorphae
Famili:	Araneidae
Subfamili:	Araneinae
Tribus:	Mangorini
Genus:	Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889
Spesies:	Mangora picta

Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 adalah suatu genus laba-laba dari ordo Araneae, famili Araneidae.

Distribusi

Ada 186 spesies yang ditemukan sampai sekarang, sebagian besar di benua Amerika; hanya beberapa ditemukan di wilayah palearctica dan timur. Spesies yang hidup di daerah luas adalah M. acalypha yang ditemukan di berbagai lokasi. Di benua Amerika didapati banyak habitat, antara lain Brasil (67 spesies), Peru (39 spesies) dan Kolombia (35 spesies).

Taksonomi

Gambar berbagai M. acalypha

Mangora gibberosa

Mangora placida di tengah sarang

Sejak 2013 spesimen semacam itu tidak lagi diteliti.

Sampai Maret 2014, tercatat ada 186 spesies:

1. Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) - daerah palearctica
2. Mangora acaponeta Levi, 2005 - Messico
3. Mangora acoripa Levi, 2007 - Brasil
4. Mangora acre Levi, 2007 - Kolombia, Peru, Brasil
5. Mangora alinahui Levi, 2007 - Ekuador, Bolivia, Brasil
6. Mangora amacayacu Levi, 2007 - Kolombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brasil
7. Mangora amchickeringi Levi, 2005 - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad
8. Mangora angulopicta Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
9. Mangora anilensis Levi, 2007 - Brasil
10. Mangora antillana Dierkens, 2012 - Martinica
11. Mangora antonio Levi, 2007 - Brasil
12. Mangora apaporis Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Peru
13. Mangora apobama Levi, 2007 - Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
14. Mangora argenteostriata Simon, 1897 - Brasil
15. Mangora aripeba Levi, 2007 - Brasil
16. Mangora aripuana Levi, 2007 - Brasil
17. Mangora asis Levi, 2007 - Colombia
18. Mangora ayo Levi, 2007 - Colombia
19. Mangora balbina Levi, 2007 - Brasil
20. Mangora bambusa Levi, 2007 - Colombia
21. Mangora barba Levi, 2007 - Colombia
22. Mangora bemberg Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
23. Mangora bimaculata (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) - dal Messico al Costarica
24. Mangora blumenau Levi, 2007 - Brasil
25. Mangora bocaina Levi, 2007 - Brasil
26. Mangora bonaldoi Levi, 2007 - Brasil
27. Mangora botelho Levi, 2007 - Brasil
28. Mangora bovis Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana
29. Mangora boyaca Levi, 2007 - Colombia
30. Mangora brokopondo Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana, Suriname, Guyana Prancis
31. Mangora browns Levi, 2007 - Suriname
32. Mangora caballero Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
33. Mangora cajuta Levi, 2007 - Bolivia
34. Mangora calcarifera F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 - dagli USA al Costarica
35. Mangora campeche Levi, 2005 - Messico
36. Mangora candida Chickering, 1954 - Panama
37. Mangora caparu Levi, 2007 - Colombia
38. Mangora castelo Levi, 2007 - Brasil
39. Mangora caxias Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
40. Mangora cercado Levi, 2007 - Brasil
41. Mangora chacobo Levi, 2007 - Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
42. Mangora chanchamayo Levi, 2007 - Peru
43. Mangora chao Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Paraguay
44. Mangora chavantina Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana Prancis
45. Mangora chicanna Levi, 2005 - dal Messico all'Honduras
46. Mangora chiguaza Levi, 2007 - Ecuador, Peru
47. Mangora chispa Levi, 2007 - Peru
48. Mangora chuquisaca Levi, 2007 - Bolivia, Argentina
49. Mangora cochuna Levi, 2007 - Peru, Argentina
50. Mangora colonche Levi, 2007 - Peru, Ecuador
51. Mangora comaina Levi, 2007 - Peru
52. Mangora corcovado Levi, 2005 - Costarica
53. Mangora corocito Levi, 2007 - Venezuela, Guyana Prancis
54. Mangora craigae Levi, 2005 - Costarica
55. Mangora crescopicta Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
56. Mangora cutucu Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
57. Mangora dagua Levi, 2007 - Colombia
58. Mangora dianasilvae Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
59. Mangora distincta Chickering, 1963 - dall'Honduras al Costarica
60. Mangora divisor Levi, 2007 - Brasil
61. Mangora eberhardi Levi, 2007 - Colombia
62. Mangora engleri Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
63. Mangora enseada Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
64. Mangora explorama Levi, 2007 - Peru
65. Mangora falconae Schenkel, 1953 - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
66. Mangora fascialata Franganillo, 1936 - dagli USA all'Honduras, Cuba, Hispaniola, Trinidad
67. Mangora florestal Levi, 2007 - Brasil
68. Mangora foliosa Zhu & Yin, 1998 - Tiongkok
69. Mangora fornicata (Keyserling, 1864) - Colombia
70. Mangora fortuna Levi, 2005 - Costarica, Panama
71. Mangora fundo Levi, 2007 - Brasil
72. Mangora gibberosa (Hentz, 1847) - America settentrionale
73. Mangora goodnightorum Levi, 2005 - Messico
74. Mangora grande Levi, 2007 - Venezuela
75. Mangora hemicraera (Thorell, 1890) - Malesia
76. Mangora herbeoides (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) - Tiongkok, Corea, Giappone
77. Mangora hirtipes (Taczanowski, 1878) - Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Guyana Prancis
78. Mangora huallaga Levi, 2007 - Peru, Bolivia
79. Mangora huancabamba Levi, 2007 - Peru
80. Mangora ikuruwa Levi, 2007 - Venezuela, Guyana, Guyana Prancis, Peru
81. Mangora inconspicua Schenkel, 1936 - Tiongkok
82. Mangora insperata Soares & Camargo, 1948 - Colombia, Peru, Brasil
83. Mangora isabel Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana Prancis
84. Mangora itabapuana Levi, 2007 - Brasil
85. Mangora itatiaia Levi, 2007 - Brasil
86. Mangora itza Levi, 2005 - Messico
87. Mangora ixtapan Levi, 2005 - Messico
88. Mangora jumboe Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
89. Mangora keduc Levi, 2007 - Brasil
90. Mangora kochalkai Levi, 2007 - Kolombia
91. Mangora kuntur Levi, 2007 - Peru
92. Mangora lactea Mello-Leitão, 1944 - Bolivia, Brasil, Argentina
93. Mangora laga Levi, 2007 - Peru
94. Mangora latica Levi, 2007 - Kolombia
95. Mangora lechugal Levi, 2007 - Peru, Ekuador
96. Mangora leticia Levi, 2007 - Kolombia
97. Mangora leucogasteroidesRoewer, 1955 - Birmania
98. Mangora leverger Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Paraguay
99. Mangora logrono Levi, 2007 - Ekuador
100. Mangora maculata (Keyserling, 1865) - USA
101. Mangora mamiraua Levi, 2007 - Brasil
102. Mangora manglar Levi, 2007 - Ekuador
103. Mangora manicore Levi, 2007 - Brasil
104. Mangora mapia Levi, 2007 - Brasil
105. Mangora matamata Levi, 2007 - Colombia
106. Mangora mathani Simon, 1895 - Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Brasil
107. Mangora maximiano Levi, 2007 - Brasil
108. Mangora melanocephala (Taczanowski, 1874) - dal Messico all'Argentina
109. Mangora melanoleuca Mello-Leitão, 1941 - Argentina
110. Mangora melloleitaoi Levi, 2007 - Brasil
111. Mangora minacu Levi, 2007 - Brasil
112. Mangora missa Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
113. Mangora mitu Levi, 2007 - Colombia
114. Mangora mobilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) - dal Messico all'Honduras
115. Mangora montana Chickering, 1954 - Costarica, Panama
116. Mangora morona Levi, 2007 - Ecuador, Brasil
117. Mangora moyobamba Levi, 2007 - Peru
118. Mangora nahuatl Levi, 2005 - Messico
119. Mangora nonoai Levi, 2007 - Brasil
120. Mangora novempupillata Mello-Leitão, 1940 - Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
121. Mangora nuco Levi, 2007 - Peru
122. Mangora oaxaca Levi, 2005 - Messico
123. Mangora ordaz Levi, 2007 - Venezuela
124. Mangora ouropreto Santos & Santos, 2011 - Brasil
125. Mangora oxapampa Levi, 2007 - Peru
126. Mangora pagoreni Levi, 2007 - Peru
127. Mangora palenque Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
128. Mangora paranaiba Levi, 2007 - Brasil
129. Mangora passiva (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) - dagli USA al Nicaragua
130. Mangora paula Levi, 2007 - Brasil
131. Mangora peichiuta Levi, 2007 - Paraguay
132. Mangora pepino Levi, 2007 - Colombia
133. Mangora pia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brasil
134. Mangora picta O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 - dal Messico all'Honduras
135. Mangora pira Levi, 2007 - Colombia
136. Mangora piratini Rodrigues & Mendonça, 2011 - Brasil
137. Mangora piroca Levi, 2007 - Brasil
138. Mangora placida (Hentz, 1847) - America settentrionale
139. Mangora polypicula Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
140. Mangora porcullo Levi, 2007 - Peru
141. Mangora puerto Levi, 2007 - Peru
142. Mangora punctipes (Taczanowski, 1878) - Peru
143. Mangora purulha Levi, 2005 - Guatemala
144. Mangora ramirezi Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
145. Mangora rhombopicta Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
146. Mangora rondonia Levi, 2007 - Brasil
147. Mangora rupununi Levi, 2007 - Guyana
148. Mangora saut Levi, 2007 - Guyana Prancis
149. Mangora schneirlai Chickering, 1954 - Costarica, Panama
150. Mangora sciosciae Levi, 2007 - Argentina
151. Mangora semiargentea Simon, 1895 - Sri Lanka
152. Mangora semiatra Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru
153. Mangora shudikar Levi, 2007 - Guyana
154. Mangora sobradinho Levi, 2007 - Brasil
155. Mangora socorpa Levi, 2007 - Colombia
156. Mangora songyangensis Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
157. Mangora spiculata (Hentz, 1847) - USA, Tiongkok
158. Mangora strenua (Keyserling, 1893) - Brasil, Argentina
159. Mangora sturmi Levi, 2007 - Colombia
160. Mangora sufflava Chickering, 1963 - Panama
161. Mangora sumauma Levi, 2007 - Brasil
162. Mangora taboquinha Levi, 2007 - Brasil
163. Mangora taczanowskii Levi, 2007 - Peru
164. Mangora tambo Levi, 2007 - Peru
165. Mangora taraira Levi, 2007 - Colombia
166. Mangora tarapuy Levi, 2007 - Ecuador, Brasil
167. Mangora tarma Levi, 2007 - Peru
168. Mangora tefe Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Ecuador, Brasil
169. Mangora theridioides Mello-Leitão, 1948 - Guyana
170. Mangora tschekiangensis Schenkel, 1963 - Tiongkok
171. Mangora umbrata Simon, 1897 - Peru
172. Mangora unam Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Peru, Brasil
173. Mangora uraricoera Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Brasil, Guyana, Suriname, Guyana Prancis
174. Mangora uru Levi, 2007 - Peru
175. Mangora uziga Levi, 2007 - Paraguay, Argentina
176. Mangora vaupes Levi, 2007 - Colombia
177. Mangora velha Levi, 2007 - Brasil
178. Mangora vianai Levi, 2007 - Argentina
179. Mangora villeta Levi, 2007 - Colombia
180. Mangora vito Levi, 2005 - Costarica
181. Mangora volcan Levi, 2005 - Panama
182. Mangora v-signata Mello-Leitão, 1943 - Bolivia, Brasil, Argentina
183. Mangora yacupoi Levi, 2007 - Argentina
184. Mangora yungas Levi, 2007 - Argentina
185. Mangora zepol Levi, 2007 - Colombia
186. Mangora zona Levi, 2007 - Peru

Spesies yang dipindahkan

• Mangora bituberculata Mello-Leitão, 1939; dipindah ke genus Mecynogea Simon, 1903.
• Mangora insolens Simon, 1909; dipindah ke genus Prasonica Simon, 1895.
• Mangora lintearia (Keyserling, 1893); dipindah ke genus Larinia Simon, 1874.
• Mangora minuscula (Keyserling, 1892); dipindah ke genus Eustala Simon, 1895.
• Mangora nigrotaeniata Simon, 1909; dipindah ke genus Prasonica Simon, 1895.
• Mangora octolineata Caporiacco, 1947; dipindah ke genus Manogea Levi, 1997.
• Mangora spillmanni Lessert, 1933; dipindah ke genus Prasonica Simon, 1895.
• Mangora spinosissima Tullgren, 1910; dipindah ke genus Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971.
• Mangora triangularis Franganillo, 1930; dipindah ke genus Metepeira F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1903.

Pustaka tambahan

• Cambridge, O.P.-, 1889d - Arachnida. Araneida. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, vol.1, pp. 1–56.Articolo in PDF
• Mello-Leitão, C.F. de, 1943a- Catálogo das aranhas do Rio Grande do Sul. Archos Mus. nac. Rio de J. vol.37, pp. 147–245.
• Chickering, A.M., 1963a- Three new species of Mangora (Araneae, Argiopidae) from Central America. Breviora vol.191, pp. 1–11.
• Grasshoff, M., 1971b - Die Tribus Mangorini, IV. Die Mangora-Gruppe (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae-Araneinae). Senckenberg. biol. vol.52, pp. 293–311.
• Levi, H.W., 1975b - The American orb-weaver genera Larinia, Cercidia and Mangora north of Mexico (Araneae, Araneidae). Bull. Mus.comp. Zool. Harv. vol.147, pp. 101–135.
• Herbert Walter Levi (2005a), "The orb-weaver genus Mangora of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae: Araneidae)", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 158 (4): 139-182  Diakses 5 April 2014
• Herbert Walter Levi (2007), "The orb weaver genus Mangora in South America (Araneae, Araneida)", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 159: 1-144  Diakses 5 April 2014

Pranala luar

• The world spider catalog, Araneidae Diakses 3 April 2014
• Biology Catalog Diakses 3 April 2014