Lihat sumber Hamat

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name    = Hamat
|other_name       = Hamah
|native_name      = حماة
|nickname         =
|settlement_type  = 
|motto            =
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline    = Hama, Syria.jpg
|imagesize        = 250px
|image_caption    = Hamat
|image_flag       =
|flag_size        =
|image_seal     =
|seal_size        =
|image_shield   =
|shield_size       =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type  =
|blank_emblem_size  =
|image_map        =
|mapsize          =
|map_caption     =
|image_map1     =
|mapsize1         =
|map_caption1     =
|image_dot_map    =
|dot_mapsize      =
|dot_map_caption  =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map    = Syria 
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize =250
|pushpin_map_caption =Lokasi di Suriah
<!-- Location ------------------>
|coordinates_region = SY
|subdivision_type   = Negara
|subdivision_name   = [[Suriah]]
|subdivision_type1  = [[Kegubernuran Suriah|Governorate]]
|subdivision_name1  = [[Hama Governorate|Hama]]
|subdivision_type2  = [[Districts of Syria|District]]
|subdivision_name2  = [[Hama District|Hama]]
|subdivision_type3  = [[Nahiyah|Subdistrict]]
|subdivision_name3  = Hama
|subdivision_type4  =
|subdivision_name4  =
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type  =
|leader_title     = Gubernur
|leader_name      = [[Abdul Razzaq al-Qutainy]]
|leader_title1    =  <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1   =
|leader_title2    =
|leader_name2   =
|leader_title3    =
|leader_name3   =
|leader_title4    =
|leader_name4     =
|established_title =  <!-- Settled -->
|established_date =
|established_title2 =  <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 =  <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
<!-- Area    --------------------->
|area_magnitude         =
|unit_pref                =Metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_land_km2            = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi       =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2        =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of        = 2004 census
|population_footnotes   =
|population_note        =
|population_total   = 312,994<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |title=2004 official census |publisher=cbss |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2013-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|population_density_km2   =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro         = 
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban         =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title  =Ethnicities
|population_blank1       =Arab
|population_blank2_title   =Religions
|population_blank2       =[[Sunni Muslim]] <br> [[Greek Orthodox Christian]]
|polation_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone         =
|utc_offset       =
|timezone_DST     =
|utc_offset_DST    =
|latd=35|latm=08|lats=|latNS=N
|longd=36|longm=45|longs=|longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes    =  <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m      =
|elevation_ft     =
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type   =  <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
|postal_code   =
|area_code     = 33|33
|blank_name  =
|blank_info     =
|blank1_name   =
|blank1_info  =
|website      = {{url|http://www.ehama.sy/}}
|footnotes     = 
}}

'''Hamat''' ([[endonim]]: '''Hamah'''; {{lang-ar|حماة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥamāh}}'' {{IPA-ar|ħaˈmaː|}}, '''Hamāh''' bahasa Ibrani ''Ḥamāth'', ''"Benteng"'') adalah sebuah kota yang terletak di tepi [[sungai Orontes]] di bagian barat-tengah [[Suriah]]. Berjarak sekitar {{convert|213|km}} di sebelah utara [[Damaskus]] dan {{convert|46|km}} di utara [[Homs]]. Merupakan ibu kota provinsi [[Hama Governorate]]. Dengan jumlah penduduk 312.994 jiwa (sensus tahun 2004), Hama merupakan kota terbesar kelima di Suriah setelah [[Aleppo]], [[Damaskus]], [[Homs]] dan [[Latakia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hamah (Syria)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/253154/Hamah|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=3 June 2013|archive-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404192343/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/253154/Hamah|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Kota ini terkenal karena ada 17 ''noria'' yang digunakan untuk mengairi taman-taman, yang berasal dari tahun 1100 SM. Meskipun dulunya dalam sejarah digunakan untuk pengairan, sekarang noria-noria itu hanya sebagai hiasan untuk keindahan tradisional. Kota kuno tersebut beberapa kali disebut dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]].

Dalam dekade-dekade terakhir, kota ''Hama'' telah menjadi pusat kelompok oposisi anti-[[Ba'ath]] di Suriah, terutama [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. Kota ini diserang oleh tentara Suriah, mulai dari pemberontakan Islam tahun 1964, dan menjadi tempat kekacauan selama pemberontakan Islam di Suriah pada bulan April 1981, terutama pada tahun 1982, di mana hampir 20.000 orang terbunuh dan peristiwa ini dikenal sebagai "Pembantaian di Hama" (''Hama massacre''). Kota ini sekali lagi menjadi ajang pertempuran antara militer Suriah dan pasukan oposisi pada tahun 2011, sebagai salah satu ajang utama perang saudara Suriah tahun 2011 dan 2012.

== Sejarah ==
=== Masa purba ===
[[Berkas:Alley in Hama.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Sebuah lorong di bagian kota tua, Old Hama]]
Pemukiman purba "Hamat" mulai dihuni sejak awal zaman Batu Muda sampai ke Zaman Besi. situs ini berada di lengkungan tajam [[sungai Orontes]] yang membuatnya mudah dipertahankan, dan merupakan tempat asal pemukiman; kemudian kota ini berkembang melampauinya dan gunungan tanahnya menjadi pusat militer Hama.<ref name="Ring1"/> Bekas-bekas zaman [[Chalcolithic]] telah digali oleh para arkeolog Denmark pada gunungan tanah yang merupakan lokasi benteng kuno.<ref name="Ring1">Ring, 1996, p.315.</ref> Penggalian dilakukan antara tahun 1931 dan 1938 di bawah pimpinan Harald Ingholt. Stratigrafinya sangat umum, sehingga menyulitkan perbandingan detail dengan situs lain. Level M (setebal {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}}) mengandung baik perkakas plaster kapur putih maupun keramik asli. Kemungkinan sezaman dengan [[Ras Shamra]] V (6000–5000 SM). Lapisan L di atasnya bertarikh zaman Chalcolithic [[Halaf]].

=== Zaman Amori dan Mitani ===
Orang [[Amori]] menghuni daerah ini selama milenium ketiga SM. Orang Amori ini berasal dari Mari di tepi sungai [[Efrat]], sekitar {{convert|250|mi|km}} di sebelah timur Hamat. Waktu itu mereka mengkoloni banyak bagian tanah yang sekarang adalah [[Suriah]] dan [[Irak]].<ref name="Ring1"/>

Kota ini tampaknya tidak disebut-sebut dalam sumber-sumber [[kuneiform]] sebelum milenium pertama SM,<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975">Hawkins, J.D. "Hamath." ''Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie'', Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, 1975.</ref> tetapi ditemukan sudah mengalami kemakmuran sekitar tahun 1500 SM. Diduga saat itu merupakan kota orang Amori yang termasuk kekuasaan [[Mittanni]], suatu kekaisaran di sepanjang sungai Efrat di timur laut Suriah.<ref name="Ring1"/> Mitanni akhirnya dikalahkan oleh[[Kekaisaran Hitit]], yang menguasai seluruh Suriah utara setelah terjadinya [[Pertempuran Kadesh]] yang terkenal melawan tentara [[Mesir kuno|Mesir]] di bawah pimpinan Firaun [[Ramses II]] dekat kota [[Homs]] pada tahun 1285 SM.

Di awal abad ke-19, [[Johann Ludwig Burckhard]] pertama kalinya menemukan tulisan Hitit atau Luwian hieroglif (Anatolian hieroglif) di Hama.<ref>[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hittite.htm The Decipherment of Hittite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031184739/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hittite.htm |date=2018-10-31 }} James Norman (Schmidt), Ancestral Voices: Decoding Ancient Languages, Four Winds Press, New York, 1975.</ref>

Situs ini juga menunjukkan adanya pemukiman orang Asyur dan Aram.<ref name="Ring1"/>

=== Hitit Muda ===
Pada pergantian menuju milenium ke-2, Kekaisaran Hitit kuno yang tersentralisasi runtuh, maka Hamat menjadi ibu kota kerajaan Aram Hitit Muda yang dikenal di [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dengan nama "Hamat" ([[bahasa Aram]]: ''Ḥmt''; [[bahasa Het]]: ''Amatuwana'';<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> [[Bahasa Ibrani]]: חֲמָת, ''Ḥmṯ''), yang mengadakan hubungan dagang erat dengan kerajaan Israel dan Yehuda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7125-hamath |work=Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Hamath |publisher=Jewishencyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404101427/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7125-hamath |dead-url=no }}</ref> Orang Aram dan Het hidup berdampingan dengan damai di Hamat, bersamaan dengn negeri lain di daerah itu, seperti [[Karkhemis]].<ref name="Ring1"/> Negeri yang paling kuat dari seluruh negeri orang Aram adalah [[Damaskus]], yang menjadi pemimpin federasi negara-negara Aram, di mana Hamat menjadi anggotanya. Lambat laun [[bahasa Aram]] menjadi paling banyak digunakan di kawasan Timur Dekat.

=== Inskripsi Asyur ===
{{main|Prasasti Kurkh]]
Ketika raja Asyur [[Salmaneser III]] (858-824 SM) menguasai Suriah bagian utara, ia mencapai Hamat (dalam bahasa Asyur Aram Muda: ''Amat'' atau ''Hamata'')<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> pada tahun 835 SM; ini menandai permulaan inskripsi Asyur berkaitan kerajaan ini.<ref>Hamath's history from the inscriptions was encapsulated by George L. Robinson, "The Entrance of Hamath" ''The Biblical World'' '''32'''.1 (July 1908:7–18), in discussing the topography evoked by the Biblical phrase "the entrance of Hamath".</ref> [[Irhuleni]] dari Hamat dan [[Im-idri]] raja Aram ([[Benhadad|Bar-Hadad atau Benhadad]] di [[Alkitab]]) dan raja [[Ahab]] dari [[Kerajaan Israel Utara|Israel]] memimpin koalisi kota-kota Suriah melawan tentara Asyur. Menurut sumber Asyur, mereka menghadapi 4000 kereta kuda, 2000 penunggang kuda, 62000 tentara pejalan kaki dan 1000 penunggang onta Arab dalam [[Pertempuran Karkar]]. Kemenangan orang Asyur tampaknya lebih tepat disebut sama kuat, meskipun Salmaneser III meneruskan perjalanan ke pantai dan sempat naik kapal di [[Laut Tengah]]. Pada tahun berikutnya, Salmaneser III gagal menaklukkan Hamat maupun Aram. Setelah kematian Salmaneser III, bekas sekutu Hamath dan Aram berperang sendiri, dan Aram tampaknya merebut sejumlah wilayah Hamat.

Sebuah inskripsi bahasa Aram dari Zakir (orang Hamat), raja kembar Hamath dan [[La'ash]], mencatat serangan dari suatu koalisi yang mengikutsertakan [[Sam'al]] di bawah perintah [[Ben-Hadad III]], putra [[Hazael]], raja Aram. Zakir dikepung pada bentengnya di [[Hazrak]], tetapi diselamatkan berkat intervensi dewa [[Be'elschamen]]. Kemudian, [[Ja'udi-Sam'al]] memerintah baik Hamath dan Aram.

Pada tahun 743 SM, [[Tiglat-Pileser III]] merebut sejumlah kota di wilayah Hamat, membagi-bagi wilayah di antara para jenderalnya, dan dengan paksa membuang 1223 penduduk pilihan ke lembah [[sungai Tigris]] hulu serta menarik upeti dari raja Hamat, [[Eni-Îlu]] (Eniel).

Pada tahun 738 SM, Hamat terdaftar di antara kota-kota yang sekali lagi ditaklukkan oleh tentara Asyur. Lebih dari 30.000 penduduk asli dibuang ke [[Ullaba]] dan digantikan oleh para tawanan dari pegunungan Zagros.<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/>

Setelah jatuhnya [[Kerajaan Israel Utara]], raja Hamat [[Ilu-Bi'di]] (Jau-Bi'di) memimpin pemberontakan yang gagal di provinsi-provinsi Asyur yang baru dibentuk, [[Arpad]], [[Simirra]], [[Damaskus]], dan [[Samara]]. Diduga pemberontakan inilah yang menyebabkan pembuangan Sepuluh Suku Israel yang kemudian dinyatakan hilang.

=== Kehancuran pada zaman Sargon II ===
Menyebut dirinya "Penghancur Hamat," [[Sargon II]] menjarah kota itu pada sekitar tahun 720 SM,<ref>"Hamath Wrecked to Terrify Small Opponents of Assyria" ''The Science News-Letter''. 39:13 (29 March 1941:205–206.)</ref> dan mengganti penduduknya dengan 6300 orang Asyur, membawa raja Hamat untuk dikuliti hidup-hidup di Asyur.<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> Ia juga membawa perlengkapan-perlengkapan raja-raja yang berhiaskan gading ke [[Nimrud]].<ref>The ivories were found there by Layard. One of the ivory panels found at "Fort Shalmaneser" is inscribed "Hamath." (R. D. Barnett, "Hamath and Nimrud: Shell Fragments from Hamath and the Provenance of the Nimrud Ivories." ''Iraq''. 25:1. [Spring 1963:81–85.])</ref>

Kekuasaan [[Kekaisaran Asyur Baru]] akhirnya membentang ke hampir seluruh Timur Dekat sampai ke pantai [[Laut Tengah]]. Namun, kekaisaran mereka runtuh, dan pada tahun 612 tentara gabungan [[Babel]] dan [[Madai]] merebut ibukota Asyur, [[Ninewe]]. Kekuasaan atas Hamat oleh Asyur digantikan untuk sesaat oleh kerajaan Babel, tetapi pada sekitar tahun 540, Hama, sebagaimana seluruh Suriah, menjadi bagian [[Kekaisaran Persia]].<ref name="Ring2">Ring, 1996, p.317.</ref>

=== Catatan Alkitab ===
Dalam [[Alkitab]] dicatat bahwa Hamat adalah ibukota dari sebuah kerajaan orang [[Kanaan]] ({{Alkitab|Kejadian 10:18; 2 Raja-raja 23:33; 25:21}}). Salah satu rajanya, yang bernama Tou, memberi ucapan selamat kepada raja [[Daud]] atas kemenangannya melawan [[Hadadezer bin Rehob]], raja [[Zoba]], sebab Hadadezer sering memerangi Tou. Tou mengutus Yoram, anaknya, dengan membawa barang-barang perak, emas dan tembaga ({{Alkitab|2 Samuel 8:9-11; 1 Tawarikh 13:9-11}}). [[Salomo]] rupanya mengambil alih kekuasaan atas Hamat dan wilayahnya serta mendirikan kota-kota perbekalan di sana.<ref>{{Alkitab|1 Raja-raja 4:21–24; 2 Tawarikh 8:4}}</ref> Kemenangan [[Asyur]] atas Hamat disinggung dalam [[Kitab Yesaya]].<ref>{{Alkitab|Yesaya 10:9}}</ref> Nabi [[Amos]] menyebut kota ini "Hamat yang besar itu."<ref>{{Alkitab|Amos 6:2}}</ref> Nama ini rupanya berasal dari kata [[bahasa Fenisia|Fenisia]], ''khamat'', artinya "benteng."<ref>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. London: MacFarland and Company, Inc., 1997.</ref>
<!--
===Hellenistic and Roman history===
[[File:Epiphaneia1.jpg|thumb|[[aqueduct (bridge)|Aqueduct]] in [[Epiphania]]]]

In the second half of the 4th century BC the modern region of Syria came under the influence of Greco-Roman culture, following long lasting semitic and Persian cultures. [[Alexander the Great]]'s campaign from 334 to 323 BC brought Syria under [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenic]] rule. Since the country lay on the trade routes from Asia to Greece, Hama, and many other Syrian cities, again grew rich through trade. After the death of Alexander the Great his Near East conquests were divided between his generals, and [[Seleucus Nicator]] became ruler of Syria and the founder of the [[Seleucid dynasty]]. Under the Seleucids there was a revival in the fortunes of Hama. The Aramaeans were allowed to return to the city, which was renamed '''Epiphania'''<ref name="Hawkins, J.D 1975"/> (in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''Επιφανεία''), after the Seleucid Emperor [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]. Seleucid rule began to decline, however, in the next two centuries, and Arab dynasties began to gain control of cities in this part of Syria, including Hama.<ref name="Ring2"/>

The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] took over original settlements such as ''Hama'' and made them their own. They met little resistance when they invaded Syria under [[Pompey]] and annexed it in 64 BC, whereupon Hama became part of the [[Syria (Roman province)|Roman province of Syria]], ruled from Rome by a proconsul. Hama was an important city during the Greek and Roman periods, but very little archaeological evidence remains.<ref name="Ring2"/>

Pada tahun 330 M, the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to [[Byzantium]], and the city continued to prosper. In [[Byzantine]] days Hama was known as '''Emath''' or '''Emathoùs''' (''Εμαθούς'' in [[Greek language|Greek]]). Roman rule from Byzantium meant the [[Christian religion]] was strengthened throughout the Near East, and churches were built in Hama and other cities. The Byzantine historian [[John of Epiphania]] was born in Hama in the 6th century.<ref name="Ring2"/>

===Muslim rule===
[[File:Nur al-Din Mosque, Hama 01.jpg|thumb|[[Nur al-Din Mosque]]]]
During the [[Muslim conquest of Syria]] in the 7th century, Hama was conquered by [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]] in 638 or 639 and the town regained its ancient name, and has since retained it. Following its capture, it came under the administration of [[Jund Hims]] and remained so throughout the rule of [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad]]s until the 9th century.<ref name="DSA163">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.163.</ref> The Umayyads built the [[Great Mosque of Hama|Great Mosque in Hama]] in the early 8th century and modelled it on the [[Umayyad Mosque]] in Damascus.<ref name="Ring2"/>

[[Arab]] geographer [[al-Muqaddasi]] writes Hama became a part of [[Jund Qinnasrin]] during [[Abbasid]] rule.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p.39.</ref> Although the city's history is obscure at this time period, it is known that Hama was a walled market town with a ring of outlying cities. It came under the control of the [[Hamdanid]] rulers of [[Aleppo]] in the 10th century and was consequently drawn into the orbit of that city where it remained until the 12th century.<ref name="DSA163"/> These were considered the "dark years" of Hama as the local rulers of northern and southern Syria struggled for dominance in the region. The Byzantines under emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas|Nicephorus Phocas]] raided the town in 968 and burned the Great Mosque. By the 11th century, the [[Fatimid]]s gained suzerainty over northern Syria and during this period, the [[Mirdasid]]s sacked Hama.<ref name="DSA163"/> [[Persian people|Persian]] geographer [[Nasir Khusraw]] noted in 1047 that Hama was "well populated" and stood on the banks of the Orontes River.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p.357.</ref>

[[Tancred, Prince of Galilee]], took it in 1108, but in 1114 the [[Crusaders]] lost it definitively to the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]s. In [[1157 Hama earthquake|1157 an earthquake]] shattered the city.<ref>Robinson 1908:9.</ref> For the next sixty years, Hama was battled for by competing rulers. [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur al-Din]], the [[Zengid]] sultan, erected a [[Nur al-Din Mosque|mosque]] with a tall, square [[minaret]] in the city in 1172.<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7506 Nur al-Din Mosque]. Archnet Digital Library.</ref> In 1175, Hama was taken from the Zengids by [[Saladin]]. He granted the city to his nephew, [[al-Muzaffar Umar]], four years later, putting it under the rule of his [[Ayyubid]] family. This ushered in an era of stability and prosperity in Hama as the Ayyubids ruled it almost continuously until 1342.<ref name="DSA163"/> Geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], who was born in Hama, described it in 1225 as a large town surrounded by a strongly built wall.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p.359.</ref> Hama was sacked by the [[Mongol invasion of Syria|Mongols]] in 1260, as were most other Syrian cities, but the Mongols were defeated that same year and then again in 1303 by the [[Mamluks]] who succeeded the Ayyubids as rulers of the region.<ref name="Ring2"/> Hama briefly passed to Mamluk control in 1299 after the death of governor al-Mansur Mahmoud II. However, unlike other former Ayyubid cities, the Mamluks reinstated Ayyubid rule in Hama by making [[Abu al-Fida]], the historian and geographer, governor of the city and he reigned from 1310 to 1332.<ref name="DSA163"/> He described his city as "very ancient... mentioned in the book of the [[Israelite]]s. It is one of the pleasantest places in Syria."<ref name="Strange360"/> After his death, he was succeeded by his son [[al-Afdal Muhammad]] who eventually lost Mamluk favor and was deposed. Thus, Hama came under direct Mamluk control.<ref name="DSA163"/>

Hama grew prosperous during the Ayyubid period, as well as the Mamluk period. It gradually expanded to both banks of the Orontes River, with the suburb on the right bank being connected to the town proper by a newly built bridge. The town on the left bank was divided into upper and lower parts, each of which was surrounded by a wall. The city was filled with palaces, markets, mosques, ''[[madrasa]]s'', and a hospital, and over thirty different sized [[noria]]s (water-wheels). In addition, there stood a massive citadel in Hama.<ref name="DSA163"/> It was during Mamluk rule that many of the norias, initially started during the rule of the Ayyubid dynasty, were reconditioned and enlarged, and their numbers increased. Currently, only seventeen norias remain, unused. [[aqueduct (watercourse)|Aqueducts]] and other channeling systems were built to take water from the river and use it to irrigate nearby fields.<ref name="Ring2"/> Moreover, a special aqueduct brought drinking water to Hama from the neighboring town of [[Salamiyah]].<ref name="DSA163"/>

[[Ibn Battuta]] visited Hama in 1335 and remarked that the Orontes River made the city "pleasant to live in, with its many gardens full of trees and fruits." He also speaks of a large suburb called al-Mansuriyyah (named after an Ayyubid emir) that contained "a fine market, a mosque, and bathes."<ref name="Strange360">le Strange, 1890, p.360.</ref> In 1400, [[Timurlane]] conquered Hama, along with nearby [[Homs]] and [[Baalbek]].<ref>le Strange, 1890, p.xxiii.</ref>

===Ottoman rule===
[[File:AlAzamPalace at Hama1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Azm Palace (Hama)|Azem Palace]] in Hama was built in 1742]]
The prosperous period of Mamluk rule came to an end in 1516, when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] conquered Syria from the Mamluks after defeating them at the [[Battle of Marj Dabiq]] near Aleppo. Hama, and the rest of Syria, came under Ottoman rule from [[Constantinople]].<ref name="Ring3">Ring, 1996, p.318.</ref> Under the Ottomans, Hama gradually became more important in the administrative structure of the region. It was first made capital of one of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]]s'' ("districts") of the ''[[vilayet]]'' ("province") of [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]].<ref name="DSA163"/> Hama once again became an important center for trade routes running east from the [[Mediterranean]] coast into Asia. A number of ''khans'' ("[[caravansaries]]"s) were built in the city, like Khan Rustum Pasha which dates from 1556. Syria was later divided into three governorships and Hama was ruled by the governorship based at Aleppo.<ref name="Ring3"/>

Then in the 18th century, it became a part of the holdings of the governor of Damascus.<ref name="DSA163"/> The governors of Damascus at this time were the Azems, who also ruled other parts of Syria, for the Ottomans. They erected sumptuous residences in Hama, including the [[Azm Palace (Hama)|Azem Palace]] and Khan As'ad Pasha which were built by [[As'ad Pasha al-Azm|As'ad Pasha al-Azem]], who governed Hama for a number of years until 1742.<ref name="Ring3"/> By then, there were 14 caravansaries in the city, mostly used for the storage and distribution of seeds, cotton, wool, and other commodities.<ref>Reilly, 2002, p.72.</ref> After the passing of the Vilayet Law in 1864, Hama became the capital of the Sanjak of Hama (gaining the city more administrative powers), part of the larger [[vilayet of Sham]].<ref name="DSA163"/>

===Colonial rule and independence===
[[File:Hama.jpg|thumb|left|General view]]
[[File:Clock tower of Hama.jpg|thumb|The [[clock tower]] of Hama]]

Ottoman rule ended in 1918, after their defeat in [[World War I]] to the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]]. Hama was made part of the [[French Mandate of Syria]]. By then, Hama had developed into what it has remained: a medium-sized provincial town, important as the market for an agricultural area abundant in cereals, but also cotton and sugar beets. It gained notoriety as the center of large estates worked by peasants and dominated by a few magnate families. During the French Mandate, the district of Hama contained within its bounds the municipality of Hama and 114 villages. By an estimate in 1930, only four of these villages were owned outright by local cultivators, while sharing ownership of two villages with a notable family. Thus, the hinterland was owned by landowning elites.<ref name="DSA164">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p. 164.</ref> Starting in the late 1940s, significant class conflict erupted as agricultural workers sought reform in Hama.

Syria gained full independence from France in 1946. [[Akram al-Hawrani]], a member of an impoverished notable family in Hama, began to agitate for land reform and better social conditions. He made Hama the base of his [[Arab Socialist Party]], which later merged with another socialist party, the [[Ba'ath Party|Ba'ath]]. This party's ascent to power in 1963 signaled the end of power for the landowning elite.

===Ba'athist rule 1963-today===
{{main|1964 Hama riot|1981 Hama massacre|Hama massacre|Siege of Hama (2011)}}
Political insurgency by Sunni Islamic groups, particularly the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], occurred in the city, which was reputed as a stronghold of conservative Sunni Islam. As early as the spring of 1964, Hama became the epicenter of an [[1964 Hama riot|uprising]] by conservative forces, encouraged by speeches from mosque preachers, denouncing the policies of the Ba'ath. The Syrian government sent tanks and troops into the quarters of Hama's old city to put down the insurrection.<ref name="DSA164"/>

In the early 1980s, Hama had emerged as a major source of opposition to the Ba'ath regime during the Sunni [[Islamic uprising in Syria|Islamist uprising]], which had begun in 1976. The city was a focal point for bloody events in the [[April 1981 Hama massacre|1981 massacre]] and the most notable 1982 [[Hama massacre]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Larbi Sadiki]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/07/201173113293285318.html |title=In Syria, the government is the real rebel – Opinion |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date= |accessdate=2011-07-31}}</ref> The most serious insurrection of the [[Islamic uprising in Syria|Syrian Islamic uprising]] happened in Hama during February 1982, when Government forces, led by the president's brother, [[Rifaat al-Assad]], quelled the [[Hama massacre|revolt]] in Hama with very harsh means.<ref>[http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=38546 ]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> Tanks and artillery shelled the neighbourhoods held by the insurgents indiscriminately, and government forces are alleged to have executed thousands of prisoners and civilian residents after subduing the revolt, which became known as the [[Hama massacre]]. The story is suppressed and regarded as highly sensitive in Syria.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/09/156879.html |title=English.alarabiya.net |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-31}}</ref>

{{wikinews|More than 100 reported dead after Syrian troops move against protesters}}

===Syrian civil war===
{{main|Syrian civil war}}
In summer 2011, the city became one of the main opposition centers in the early days of the [[Syrian civil war|uprising taking place in Syria]] as part of the [[Arab Spring]]. An [[Siege of Hama (2011)|armed blockade]] was imposed on the town on 3 July, when more than 50 people were killed and hundreds injured.
-->
== Iklim ==
{{climate chart
| Hama
|2.9 |11.4 |72.5
|3.3 |13.8 |54.3
|5.4 |17.9 |49.3
|8.8 |23.1 |32.3
|12.9 |29.3 |10.3
|17.4 |33.8 |3.8
|20.2 |36.2 |0.4
|20.1 |36.2 |0.1
|17.1 |33.8 |1.8
|12.4 |27.6 |21.4
|6.6 |19.7 |40
| 3.7|13.1 |66.5
|float  = right
|clear  = none
|source = ''Climate Charts''<ref name="Climate Charts">{{Cite web |url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/s/SY40030.php |title=Hama, Syrian Arab Republic: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data |publisher=Climate Charts |accessdate=1 August 2013 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010125043/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/s/SY40030.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
}}
<!--
It's climate is classified as [[hot semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid]] (BSh) in [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen-Geiger system]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=M. Kottek|coauthors=J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated|journal=Meteorol. Z.|volume=15|pages=259–263|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|accessdate=1 August 2013|year=2006}}</ref> Hama's inland location ensures that it receives no softening costal influences and breezes from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. As a result, the city has a much hotter and dryer climate than nearby [[Homs]].
-->

<div style="width:70%">
{{Weather box
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|location=Hama
|Jan high C=11.4
|Feb high C=13.8
|Mar high C=17.9
|Apr high C=23.1
|May high C=29.3
|Jun high C=33.8
|Jul high C=36.2
|Aug high C=36.2
|Sep high C=33.8
|Oct high C=27.6	
|Nov high C=19.7
|Dec high C=13.1
|year high C=24.66

|Jan mean C=6.6
|Feb mean C=8.3
|Mar mean C=11.6
|Apr mean C=15.9
|May mean C=21.1
|Jun mean C=25.8
|Jul mean C=28.2
|Aug mean C=27.9
|Sep mean C=25.3
|Oct mean C=19.3
|Nov mean C=12.7
|Dec mean C=7.9
|year mean C=17.55

|Jan low C=2.9
|Feb low C=3.3
|Mar low C=5.4
|Apr low C=8.8
|May low C=12.9
|Jun low C=17.4
|Jul low C=20.2
|Aug low C=20.1
|Sep low C=17.1
|Oct low C=12.4
|Nov low C=6.6
|Dec low C=3.7
|year low C=10.9

|Jan precipitation mm=72.5
|Feb precipitation mm=54.3
|Mar precipitation mm=49.3
|Apr precipitation mm=32.3
|May precipitation mm=10.3
|Jun precipitation mm=3.8
|Jul precipitation mm=0.4
|Aug precipitation mm=0.1
|Sep precipitation mm=1.8
|Oct precipitation mm=21.4
|Nov precipitation mm=40
|Dec precipitation mm=66.5

|humidity colour= green
|Jan humidity=65.5
|Feb humidity=63
|Mar humidity=59
|Apr humidity=56
|May humidity=51.5
|Jun humidity=46
|Jul humidity=44.5
|Aug humidity=46.5
|Sep humidity=48
|Oct humidity=54.5
|Nov humidity=59.5
|Dec humidity=65.5
|year humidity=54.955

|source 1= ''Climate Charts''<ref name="Climate Charts"/>
}}
</div>

== Demografi ==
[[Berkas:Saint George's Cathedral, Hama.jpg|jmpl|A [[Greek Orthodox]] church.]]

Menurut Josiah C. Russel, selama abad ke-12, Hama mempunyai populasi 6.750 orang.<ref>Shatzmiller, 1994, p.59.</ref> Pada tahun 1932, sementara Hama di bawah Mandat Prancis, terdapat sekitar 50.000 penduduk. Pada sensus tahun 1960, ada 110.000 penduduk. Jumlah penghuni meningkat terus, mencapai 180.000 pada tahun 1978 dan 273.000 orang pada tahun 1994.<ref>Wincler, 1998, p.72.</ref> Angka kematian bayi per 1000 kelahiran hidup di [[Hama Governorate]] adalah 99.4.<ref>Wincler, 1998, p.44.</ref> Diperkirakan pada tahun 2005, penduduk Hama sekitar 325.000 orang.<ref name="DSA162"/>
<!--
Most of the residents are [[Sunni Muslim]]s, although some districts of the city are exclusively Christian.<ref name="DSA162">Dumper, Stanley, and Abu-Lughod, 2007, p.162.</ref> Hama is reputed to be the most conservative Sunni Muslim city in Syria since French Mandate times. During that period there was an old saying reflecting this characteristic: "In Damascus, it takes only three men to make a political demonstration, while in Hama it takes only three men to get the town to pray."<ref name="DSA164"/> The Christian population mostly adheres to the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] or the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref name="SandH232"/>

===Ecclesiastical status===
The Greek Orthodox Church has a prelacy in Hama under the [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref name="SandH232">Schaff and Herzog, 1911, p.232.</ref> Hama is still a Roman Catholic [[tituler see]] (referred to as "Hamath" or Amath"), [[suffragan]] of [[Apamea (Syria)|Apamea]]. It is as "Epiphania" that it is best known in ecclesiastical documents. [[Lequien]] mentions nine Greek bishops of Epiphania.<ref>''Oriens Christianus'', II, pp.915–918.</ref> The first of them, whom he calls Mauritius, is the Manikeios whose signature appears in the [[First Council of Nicaea]].<ref>[[Heinrich Gelzer|Gelzer, Heinrich]], ''Patrum Nicaenorum Nomina''. p.lxi.</ref> Currently, it has two Catholic archbishops, a [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Greek Melkite]] and a Syrian, the former residing at [[Labroud]], the latter at Homs, reuniting the titles of [[Homs|Homs (Emesus)]] and Hamah.<ref>''Missiones Catholicae''. pp.781–804.</ref>

==Main sights==
[[File:Noria in Hama 01.jpg|thumb|The Orontes River and [[Norias of Hama]].]]

Hama's most famous attractions are the 17 [[Norias of Hama]] ({{lang-ar|نواعير حماة}}), dating back to the [[Byzantine]] times. Fed by the [[Orontes river]], they are up to {{convert|20|m}} in diameter. The largest ''noria''s are the ''al-Mamunye'' (1453) and the ''al-Muhammediye'' (14th century). Originally they were used to route water into aqueducts, which led into the town and the neighbouring agricultural areas.

''Other sights include:''
*the museum, housed in an 18th-century Ottoman governor residence (''Azem'' Palace). Remains in the exhibition include a precious Roman mosaic from the nearby village of [[Mariamin]] (4th century AD)
*''[[Nur Al-Din Mosque|al-Nuri]]'' mosque, finished in 1163 by [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ad-Din]] after the [[1157 Hama earthquake|earthquake of 1157]]. Notable is the minaret.
*The small Mamluk ''al-Izzi'' mosque (15th century)
*The mosque and Mausoleum of [[Abu al-Fida]], a celebrated Arab historian who was also governor of the city.
*''al-Hasanain'' mosque, also rebuilt by Nur ad-Din after the aforementioned earthquake.
*The [[Great Mosque of Hama|Great Mosque]]. Destroyed in the 1982 bombardment, it has been rebuilt in its original forms. It has elements dating from the ancient and Christian structures existing in the same location. It has two minarets, and is preceded by a portico with an elevated treasury.
-->
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}
{{listen|filename=Hama-sound of noria.ogg|title=''Sound of a noria''|description=Sound of a noria}}
* [[Asyur]]
* [[Daud]]
* [[Salomo]]
* [[Suriah]]
* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Kejadian 10]]; [[2 Raja-raja 23]], [[2 Raja-raja 24]]; [[Yesaya 10]]; [[Amos 6]]; [[Zakharia 9]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Pustaka tambahan ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Catholic}} [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120c.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404104155/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120c.htm |date=2023-04-04 }}
* {{Citation|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cities+of+the+Middle+East#PPA156,M1|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=9781576079195}}.
* {{Citation|title=The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge: embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present day|url=http://books.google.com/?id=amYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA232&dq=Hamah+Christian+population|first1=Johann Jakob|last1=Herzog|first2=Phillip|last2=Schaff|year=1911|publisher=Funk and Wagnalls Company}}.
* {{Citation|title=A small town in Syria: Ottoman Hama in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries|isbn=3-906766-90-X |isbn= 9783906766904|first1=James|last1=Reilly|year=2002|publisher=P. Lang}}.
* {{Citation|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa|url=http://books.google.com/?id=R44VRnNCzAYC|first1=Trudy|last1=Ring|first2=K.A.|last2=Berney|first3=Robert M.|last3=Salkin|first4=Sharon|last4=La Boda|first5=Noelle|last5=Watson|first6=Paul|last6=Schellinger|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-03-6|accessdate=2013-08-27|archive-date=2023-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813163557/https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&hl=en|dead-url=no}}.
* {{Citation|title=Labour in the medieval Islamic world|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Bzo0Skd1kcYC&pg=PA65&dq=Population+of+Egypt+Ayyubid|first1=Maya|last1=Shatzmiller|publisher=BRILL|year=1994|isbn=9789004098961}}.
* {{Citation|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ENANAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA493&dq=Lajjun+Guy+le+Strange|first1=Guy|last1=le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}.
* {{Citation|title=Demographic developments and population policies in Baʻathist Syria|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ki6yXV0qxw4C&pg=PA71&dq=Hama+Syria|first=Onn|last=Winckler|publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]]|year=1998|isbn=1-902210-16-6}}.
{{Refend}}
* P. J. Riis/V. Poulsen, Hama: ''fouilles et recherches 1931–1938'' (Copenhagen 1957).

== Pranala luar ==
{{commons and category}}
* [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7008617875&ref=ts The Official City's Group on facebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209120458/https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7008617875&ref=ts |date=2016-02-09 }} {{ar icon}} – {{en icon}}
* [http://www.e.sy e.sy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216061403/http://e.sy/ |date=2007-02-16 }} Governmental online services
* [http://www.hama.ws Official site of Hama governorate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612074439/http://hama.ws/ |date=2019-06-12 }} {{ar icon}}
* [http://www.hamabook.com Hama city community on the net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823133201/http://www.hamabook.com/ |date=2018-08-23 }} {{ar icon}}

{{Coord|35|08|N|36|45|E|region:SY_type:city|display=title}}
{{2011–2012 Syrian uprising}}
{{Cities of Syria}}
{{Hama Governorate|hama}}

[[Kategori:Hittite cities]]
[[Kategori:Aramaean cities]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Suriah]]
[[Kategori:Syro-Hittite states]]
[[Kategori:Kitab 1 Raja-raja]]
[[Kategori:Kitab 1 Tawarikh]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Yesaya]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Zakharia]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Amos]]
[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]