Lihat sumber Sungai Tigris

{{Geobox|sungai
<!-- *** Heading *** -->
|name =

|category = 
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|etymology = 
|nickname = 
<!-- *** Image *** -->
|image = Tigris_River_At_Diyarbakir.JPG
|image_caption = Kira-kira 100 km dari sumbernya, sungai Tigris menghasilkan pertanian subur di luar kota [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turki]].
|image_size =300
<!-- *** Country *** -->
|country = Turki
|country1 = Suriah
|country2 = Irak
|country_flag = 1
<!-- *** Family *** -->
|parent =
|tributary_left = [[Batman River|Batman]]
|tributary_left6 = [[Cizre]]
|tributary_left1 = [[Khabur (Tigris)|Khabur]]
|tributary_left2 = [[Great Zab|Greater Zab]]
|tributary_left3 = [[Little Zab|Lesser Zab]]
|tributary_left4 = [['Adhaim]]
|tributary_left5 = [[Diyala River|Diyala]]
|tributary_right = [[Lake Tharthar|Wadi Tharthar]]
|city = [[Diyarbakır]]
|city1 = [[Mosul]]
|city2 = [[Baghdad]]
|landmark = 
<!-- *** River locations *** -->
|source = [[Danau Hazar]]
|source_location =|source_region =|source_country =
|source_elevation = 1150
|source_lat_d = 38|source_lat_m =29|source_lat_s =0|source_lat_NS =N
|source_long_d =39|source_long_m =25|source_long_s =0|source_long_EW =E
|source1 = 
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|source_confluence_long_d =|source_confluence_long_m =|source_confluence_long_s =|source_confluence_long_EW =
|mouth = [[Shatt al-Arab]]
|mouth_location = [[Al-Qurnah]]|mouth_region = [[Kegubernuran Basra]] |mouth_country =Irak
|mouth_elevation = 
|mouth_lat_d =|mouth_lat_m =|mouth_lat_s =|mouth_lat_NS =
|mouth_long_d =|mouth_long_m =|mouth_long_s =|mouth_long_EW =
<!-- *** Dimensions *** -->
|length =1850
|width = 
|depth = 
|volume =
|watershed = 375000
|discharge = 1014
|discharge_max =2779
|discharge_min =337
|discharge_location = Baghdad
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
|free =|free_type = 
<!-- *** Maps *** -->
|map =Tigr-euph.png
|map_size =300
|map_caption = Peta sungai Sungai Tigris-[[Sungai Efrat]] 
|map_background = 
|map_locator =
|map_locator_x =
|map_locator_y = 
<!-- *** Website *** --> 
|website =
|commons =
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
|footnotes =<ref name="Isaev">{{cite journal|last1=Isaev|first1=V.A.|last2=Mikhailova|first2=M.V.|year=2009|title=The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River|journal=Water Resources|volume=36|issue=4|pages=380–395|url=|doi=10.1134/S0097807809040022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project|last1=Kolars|first1=J.F.|last2=Mitchell|first2=W.A.|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1991|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale|isbn=0-8093-1572-6|page=|pages=6–8|url=https://archive.org/details/euphratesriverso0000kola|accessdate=}}</ref>
}}

[[Berkas:Tigrisdiyarbakir.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Sungai Tigris di [[Diyarbakır]], Turki.]]
'''Sungai Tigris''' ([[bahasa Persia Kuno]]: ''Tigr'', [[bahasa Asiria]] Aram: ''Deqlath'', [[bahasa Arab]]: دجلة, ''Dijla'', [[bahasa Turki]]: ''Dicle''; dalam [[Alkitab]] disebut ''Hiddekel'') adalah sebuah [[sungai]] di [[Mesopotamia]] yang mengalir dari pegunungan [[Anatolia]] di [[Turki]] hingga melalui [[Irak]] dan bermuara di [[Teluk Persia]], sepanjang sekitar 1.900&nbsp;km. Bersama-sama [[sungai Efrat]] menjadi ciri khas daerah [[Mesopotamia]].

== Geografi ==
Panjang sungai Tigris adalah 1,850&nbsp;km, muncul dari [[Pegunungan Taurus]] di bagian timur Turki sekitar 25&nbsp;km sebelah tenggara kota [[Elazig]] dan sekitar 30&nbsp;km dari sumber-sumber air [[sungai Efrat]]. Sungai ini kemudian mengalir 400&nbsp;km melalui wilayah Turki sebelum menjadi batas antara negara Suriah dan Turki. Bagian sepanjang 44&nbsp;km ini saja yang terletak di Suriah. Sisa 1,418&nbsp;km seluruhnya di dalam wilayah [[Irak]].<ref name="Isaev"/>

Sungai Tigris menyatu dengan sungai Efrat di dekat [[Basra]], dan dari gabungan ini ke [[Teluk Persia]] massa air yang mengair ini dikenal sebagai [[Shatt-al-Arab]]. Menurut [[Plinius yang Tua]] dan sejarawan kuno lainnya, sungai Efrat asalnya memiliki muara ke laut yang terpisah dari sungai Tigris.<ref>Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131</ref>

[[Baghdad]], ibu kota [[Irak]], terletak di tepi sungai Tigris. Pelabuhan kota [[Basra]] berada di Shatt al-Arab. Dalam zaman kuno, banyak kota-kota besar di Mesopotamia berdiri di tepi atau dekat sungai Tigris, mengambil air darinya untuk mengairi pemukiman orang [[Sumeria]]. Kota-kota yang terkenal antara lain [[Niniwe]], [[Ctesiphon]], dan [[Seleukia]] (''Seleucia on the Tigris''), sementara kota [[Lagash]] diairi oleh sungai Tigris melalui saluran yang digali sekitar tahun 2400 SM.
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== Perhubungan ==
The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts are needed for transport upstream to [[Mosul]].

General [[Francis Rawdon Chesney]] hauled two steamers overland through Syria in 1836 to explore the possibility of an overland and river route to India. One steamer, the ''Tigris'', was wrecked in a storm which sank and killed twenty. Chesney proved the river navigable to powered craft.
Later, the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company was established in 1861 by the Lynch Brothers trading company. They had 2 steamers in service. By 1908 ten steamers were on the river. Tourists boarded steam yachts to venture inland as this was the first age of archaeological tourism, and the sites of [[Ur]] and [[Ctesiphon]] became popular to European travelers.

In the [[First World War]] during the British conquest of Ottoman [[Mesopotamia]], Indian and Thames River paddlers were used to supply General Townsend's Army. See [[Siege of Kut]] and the [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)]].<ref>http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm</ref> 
The Tigris Flotilla included vessels Clio, Espiegle, Lawrence, Odin, armed tug Comet, armed launches Lewis Pelly, Miner, Shaitan, Sumana, and stern wheelers Muzaffari/Mozaffir. These were joined by Royal Navy Fly-class Butterfly, Cranefly, Dragonfly, Mayfly, Sawfly, Snakefly, and Mantis, Moth, and Tarantula.

After the war, river trade declined in importance during the 20th century as the Basra-Baghdad-Mosul [[railway]], an unfinished portion of the [[Baghdad Railway]], was completed and roads took over much of the freight traffic.
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== Etimologi ==
Bentuk [[bahasa Yunani]] kuno ''Tigris'' dipinjam dari bahasa Persia lama ''Tigrā'', yang diambil dari [[bahasa Elam]] ''ti-ig-ra'', yang berasal dari [[bahasa Sumeria]] ''idigna''.
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The original [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''Idigna'' or ''Idigina'' was probably from *''id (i)gina'' "running water",<ref>F. Delitzsch, ''Sumerisches Glossar'', Leipzig (1914), IV, 6, 21.</ref> which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasted to its neighbor, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more silt and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as ''Idiqlat'', and from there into the other [[Semitic languages]] (cf. Hebrew Ḥîddeqel, Syriac ''Deqlaṯ'', Arabic ''Dijla'').

Another name for the Tigris used in [[Middle Persian]] was ''Arvand Rud'', literally "swift river". Today, however, ''Arvand Rud'' refers to the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (known in [[Arabic]] as the [[Shatt al-Arab]]). In [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], it is also known as ''Ava Mezin'', "the Great Water".
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Nama sungai Tigris dalam bahasa-bahasa yang penting di daerah ini:
[[Berkas:TigrisRiver.JPG|jmpl|300px|Sungai Tigris di luar [[Mosul]], [[Irak]]]]
{|class="wikitable" 
!Bahasa 
!Nama sungai Tigris 
|-
|[[bahasa Akkadia|Akkadia]]
|''{{transl|akk|Idiqlat}}''
|-
|[[bahasa Arab|Arab]]
|{{lang|ar|دجلة}}, ''{{transl|ar|Dijla}}''; حدٌاقل, Ḥudaqil
|-
|[[bahasa Aram|Aram]]
|{{lang|arc|ܕܝܓܠܐܬ}}, ''{{transl|arc|Diglath}}''
|-
|[[bahasa Armenia|Armenia]]
|{{lang|arm|Տիգրիս}}, ''{{transl|arm|Tigris}}''
|-
|[[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]
|{{lang|grc|[http://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/grc/%CE%A4%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82 ἡ Τίγρης], -ητος}}, ''{{transl|el|hē Tígrēs, -ētos}}'';
{{lang|grc|ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος}}, ''{{transl|el|hē, ho Tígris, -idos}}''
|-
|[[bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]]
|{{lang|he|חידקל }}, ''{{transl|he|Ḥîddeqel}}'' (dalam [[Alkitab]])
|-
|[[bahasa Hurria|Hurria]]
|''{{transl|xhu||Aranzah}}''<ref>E. Laroche, ''Glossaire de la langue Hourrite'', Paris (1980), p. 55.</ref> 
|-
|[[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]]
|{{lang|ku|Dîcle}} دیجلە
|-
|[[bahasa Persia|Persia]]
|[[Old Persian]]:''{{transl|peo|Tigrā}}''; [[Middle Persian]]:''{{transl|pal|Tigr}}''; [[Modern Persian]]:{{lang|fa|دجله}} ''{{transl|fa|Dijle}}''
|-
|[[bahasa Sumeria|Sumeria]]
|''{{transl|sux|Idigna/Idigina}}'' [[Berkas:B124ellst.png|100x20px|IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) {{unicode|𒈦𒄘𒃼}}<!-- MAŠ.GU2.GAR3-->]]
|-
|[[bahasa Suryani|Suryani]]
|{{lang|syr|ܕܹܩܠܵܬ}} ''{{transl|syr|Deqlaṯ}}''
|-
|[[bahasa Turki|Turki]]
|{{lang|tr|Dicle}}
|}

[[Berkas:Haifa street, as seen from the medical city hospital across the tigres.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|[[Baghdad]]]]
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==Management and water quality==
[[Image:Tigris river Mosul.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Mosul]], [[Iraq]]]]
The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following melting of snow in the Turkish mountains around April.

Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream. [[Mosul Dam]] is the largest dam in Iraq.
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== Agama dan mitologi ==
Nama sungai Tigris muncul dua kali dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]], sungai Tigris merupakan yang ketiga dari empat sungai yang mengalir ke luar dari [[Taman Eden]].<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 2:14}}</ref> [[Daniel]] menerima salah satu penglihatannya "ketika berada di tepis sungai besar Tigris".<ref>{{Alkitab|Daniel 10:4}}</ref>

Dalam [[mitologi Sumeria]], sungai Tigris diciptakan oleh dewa [[Enki]], yang mengisinya dengan air mengalir.<ref>Jeremy A. Black, ''The Literature of Ancient Sumer'', [[Oxford University Press]] 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6 p. 220-221</ref>

Dalam mitologi [[Hittit]] dan [[Hurria]], ''Aranzah'' (atau ''Aranzahas'' dalam [[bahasa Hittit]] bentuk nominatif) adalah nama bahasa Hurria untuk sungai Tigris, yang disembah. Ia adalah putra [[Kumarbi]] dan saudara laki-laki [[Teshub]] dan [[Tašmišu]], satu dari tiga dewa yang dimuntahkan dari mulut Kumarbi ke dalam [[Gunung Kanzuras]]. Kemudian ia bersekongkol dengan [[Anu]] dan [[Teshub]] untuk menghancurkan Kumarbi (''Song of Kumarbi'' atau ''the Kumarbi Cycle'').

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Mesopotamia]]
* [[Sungai Efrat]]
* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Kejadian 2]], [[Daniel 10]]

{{Sungai di Turki}}

[[Kategori:Sungai di Turki|Tigris]]
[[Kategori:Sungai di Suriah|Tigris]]
[[Kategori:Sungai di Irak|Tigris]]
[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Kejadian]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Daniel]]