Profil rasial
Profil rasial atau profil etnis adalah tindakan mencurigai, menargetkan, atau mendiskriminasi seseorang berdasarkan etnis, agama, atau kebangsaannya, bukan berdasarkan kecurigaan individu atau bukti yang tersedia.[1][2] Pembuatan profil rasial melibatkan diskriminasi terhadap populasi minoritas dan sering dibangun di atas stereotip negatif dari demografis yang ditargetkan.[3][4][5] Tindakan profil rasial dapat melibatkan berhenti dan cari yang tidak proporsional, pemberhentian lalu lintas, dan penggunaan teknologi pengawasan untuk identifikasi wajah.
Profil rasial dapat terjadi secara de jure, ketika negara memiliki kebijakan yang menargetkan kelompok ras tertentu, atau secara de facto, ketika praktik tersebut dapat terjadi di luar undang-undang resmi.[6]
Kritikus berpendapat bahwa pemrofilan rasial bersifat diskriminatif, karena menargetkan orang kulit berwarna secara tidak proporsional. Pendukung berpendapat bahwa ini bisa menjadi alat yang efektif untuk mencegah kejahatan tetapi mengakui bahwa praktik tersebut harus diawasi secara ketat dan harus digunakan dengan cara yang menghormati hak-hak sipil.[7]
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ "Ethnic Profiling: What It Is and Why It Must End". www.opensocietyfoundations.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Open Society Foundations. May 2019. Diakses tanggal 2022-05-13.
- ^ "Racial Profiling: Definition". American Civil Liberties Union (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-10-22.
- ^ Chan, Janet (2011). "Racial Profiling and Police Subculture". Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice. 53 (1): 75–78. doi:10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75.
- ^ "Profiling". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition.
- ^ Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy (2009). "The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 623: 52–63. doi:10.1177/0002716208330485. JSTOR 40375886.
- ^ Hosein, Adam Omar (2018). "Racial Profiling and a Reasonable Sense of Inferior Political Status". Journal of Political Philosophy. 26 (3): 1–20.
- ^ Risse and Zeckhauser (2004). "Racial Profiling". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 32 (2): 131–170.
Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Baker, Al. "Judge Declines to Dismiss Case Alleging Racial Profiling by City Police in Street Stops." The New York Times. Nytimes.com, 31 August 2011. Web. 26 April 2012
- Baumgartner, Frank R.; Epp, Derek A.; Shoub, Kelsey (July 10, 2018). Suspect Citizens: What 20 Million Traffic Stops Tell Us About Policing and Race.
- Glaser, Jack. 2014. Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (Oxford University Press)
- Kaufmann, Mareile (2010). Ethnic profiling and counter-terrorism : examples of European practice and possible repercussions. Berlin: LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-64-310447-2.
- Ruiz, James; Julseth, Jason W.; Winters, Kathleen H. (2010). "Profiling, Cajun Style: The FBI Investigation?". International Journal of Police Science & Management. 12 (3): 401–425. doi:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.3.173.
- Ryberg, Jesper (2011). "Racial Profiling And Criminal Justice". Journal of Ethics. 15 (1/2): 79–88. doi:10.1007/s10892-010-9098-3.
- Shantz, Jeff. 2010. Racial Profiling and Borders: International, Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Lake Mary: Vandeplas).
- Weitzer, Ronald; Tuch, Steven. 2006. Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform (New York: Cambridge University Press).
- Kocieniewski, David (2000-11-29). "New Jersey Argues That the U.S. Wrote the Book on Race Profiling". New York Times. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2018.
- Michal Tamir, "Racial Profiling – Who is the Executioner and Does he have a Face?" 15 Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy (2009) 71-9
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- An Investigation by the Joint Legislative Task Force on Government Oversight into Racial Profiling Practices by the California Highway Patrol as part of a program known as Operation Pipeline Diarsipkan 2005-11-25 di Wayback Machine.
- Bureau of Justice Criminal Offender Statistics and here
- Rational Profiling in America's Airports (Law Review Article)
- CBC backgrounder on racial profiling in Canada. Diarsipkan 2018-08-01 di Wayback Machine.
- "Ethnic Profiling: A Rational and Moral Framework", by Robert A. Levy (Cato Institute, October 2, 2001)
- "Racial Profiling in an Age of Terrorism" Diarsipkan 2019-01-08 di Wayback Machine., By Peter Siggins (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, March 12, 2002)