Perbandingan kendaraan luar angkasa berawak
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Sejumlah pesawat ruang angkasa yang berbeda telah digunakan untuk membawa orang ke dan dari luar angkasa .
Kode tabel[sunting | sunting sumber]
| Pesawat luar angkasa dalam pengembangan | |
| Pesawat ruang angkasa dalam operasi | |
| Pensiunan pesawat luar angkasa | |
|
Muatan Ke / Dari the ISS |
| § | Berawak (Tak berawak) [Termasuk Kegagalan] |
Kendaraan luar angkasa orbital[sunting | sunting sumber]
| Pesawat luar angkasa | Asal | Manufaktur | Jangkauan | Sistem peluncur | Jumlah kru | Panjang (m) | Diameter (m) | Bobot peluncur (kg) | Sistem daya | Muatan (kg)
|
Penerbangan pertama § | Penerbangan terakhir | Penerbangan § |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury |  USA
|
McDonnell Aircraft North American Aviation |
LEO attained |
Redstone MRLV Atlas LV-3B |
1 | 3,34 | 1,89 | 1,400 | Baterai | 1.961 (1960) | 1.963 | 6 (12)[note 1] | |
| Gemini | USA
|
McDonnell Aircraft Martin |
LEO | Titan II GLV Titan IIIC[note 2] |
2 | 5,56 | 3,05 | 3,790 | Sel bahan bakar | 1.965 (1964) | 1.966 | 10 (2)[note 3] | |
| Apollo | USA
|
North American Aviation Grumman and Douglas |
Lunar | Saturn IB Saturn V |
3 | 8,5 | 3,91 | 5,500 CM + 14,700 LM + 24,500 Service Module |
Sel bahan bakar | 1.967 (1966) | 1.975 | 15 (4)[note 3] | |
| Space Shuttle orbiter | USA
|
United Space Alliance | LEO | Space Shuttle | 8[note 4] | 37,24 | 4,8[note 5] | 109.000 | Sel bahan bakar | 12,500/16,000 | 1.981 | 2.011 | 135[note 6] |
| Soyuz 7K-T |  USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz Soyuz-U |
2 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Baterai | 1.973 | 1.981 | 26 (4)[note 7] | ||
| Voskhod | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Voskhod | 3[note 8] | 5 | 2,4 | 5,682 | Baterai | 1.964 (1964) | 1.965 | 2 (3) | |
| Vostok | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO first |
Vostok-K | 1 | 4,4 | 2,43 | 4,725 | Baterai | 1.961 (1960) | 1.963 | 6 (7)[note 9] | |
| Soyuz 7K-OK | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz | 3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.967 (1966) | 1.970 | 8 (8)[note 10] | ||
| Soyuz 7KT-OK | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz | 3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.971 | 1.971 | 2[note 11] | ||
| Soyuz 7K-T-AF | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz | 2 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.973 | 1.973 | 1 | ||
| Soyuz 7K-TM | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz-U | 2 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.974 | 1.975 | 2 (2) | ||
| Soyuz 7K-MF6 | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz-U | 2 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.976 | 1.976 | 1 | ||
| Soyuz-T | USSR
|
OKB-1 | LEO | Soyuz-U Soyuz-U2 |
3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.978 | 1.986 | 15 (6)[note 12] | ||
| Soyuz-TM | USSR Russia
|
RKK Energia | LEO | Soyuz-U2 Soyuz-U |
3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 1.986 | 2.002 | 33 (1) | ||
| Buran | USSR
|
RKK Energia | LEO | Energia | 10 | 36,37 | Sel bahan bakar | N/A (1.988) | (1.988) | 0 (1) | |||
| Soyuz-TMA 11F732 |
Russia
|
RKK Energia | LEO | Soyuz-FG | 3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 2.002 | 2.012 | 22 | ||
| Soyuz TMA-M 11F747 |
Russia
|
RKK Energia | LEO | Soyuz-FG | 3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | 7,150 | Panel surya | 2.010 | 2.016 | 19 | |
| Shenzhou |  China
|
China Academy of Space Technology | LEO | Chang Zheng 2F | 3 | 9,25 | 2,80 | 7,840 | Panel surya | 2.003 (1999) | Active | 7 (4) | |
| Soyuz MS |
Russia
|
RKK Energia | LEO | Soyuz-2.1a | 3 | 7,48 | 2,72 | Panel surya | 2.016 | Active | 3 | ||
| Crew Dragon | USA
|
SpaceX | LEO | Falcon 9 | 4[1] | 8,1[2] | 3,7[3] | 12.055[4] | Panel surya | 3.307/2.507 | 2.020 (2.019) | Active | 5 (1) |
| CST-100 Starliner | USA
|
Boeing | LEO | multiple, initially Atlas V | 7 [note 13][5] | 5,03 [6] | 4,56 [6] | Panel surya | Planned: 2.021 (2.019) | Testing | 0 (1) | ||
| Orion | USA
|
Lockheed Martin Astrium |
Lunar, Mars | Delta IV Heavy Space Launch System |
6 | 3,3 | 5 | 8,900 capsule + 12,300 service module |
Panel surya | 2.022 (2014) | Testing | 0 (1)[note 14] | |
| Next-gen crew spacecraft | China
|
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation | LEO, Lunar | Long March 5B | 7 | 8,8 | 4,5 | 21,600 | Panel surya | 2.026 (2.020) | Testing | 0 (1) | |
| Gaganyaan |  India
|
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited | LEO | GSLV Mk III | 3 | 7 | 3,5 | 7.800 | Panel surya | (2.023) | Planned | 0 | |
| Starship | USA
|
SpaceX | Solar System[7][note 15] | Super Heavy | 100 [note 16] | 55 [7] | 9 [7][note 17] | 1.335.000 [7] | Panel surya | Planned: 2022 (Planned: Q2 2.020) [7] |
Testing | 0 | |
| Orel |
Russia
|
RKK Energia | Lunar | Irtysh (rocket) Angara A5 |
4 | Panel surya | Planned: 2.023 | Planned | 0 | ||||
| Dream Chaser | USA
|
Sierra Nevada Corporation | LEO | multiple, initially Atlas V | 7 [8][9] | 9 [10] | 11,300 [11] | TBA | Planned | 0 | |||
| Biconic Space Vehicle | USA
|
Blue Origin | LEO | New Glenn | TBA | Planned | 0 |
Kendaraan luar angkasa suborbital[sunting | sunting sumber]
| Pesawat antariksa | Asal | Manufaktur | Jangkauan | Sistem peluncur | Jumlah kru | Panjang (m) | Diameter (m) | Bobot peluncur (kg) | Sistem daya | Daya listrik (W) | Penerbangan pertama § | Penerbangan terakhir | Penerbangan § |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SpaceShipOne | USA
|
Scaled Composites | 112 km X Prize |
White Knight Hybrid Motor |
1 | 8.53 | 8.05 | 3,600 | 2.004 | 2.004 | 3[note 18] | ||
| X-15 | USA
|
North American Aviation | 108 km altitude |
B-52 Ammonia-LOX |
1 | 15.45 | 6.8 | 15,420 | 1.963[note 19] | 1.963 | 2[note 20] | ||
| SpaceShipTwo | USA
|
The Spaceship Company | 90 km | White Knight Two RocketMotorTwo |
8[note 21] | 18.3 | 8.3 | 9,740 | December 13, 2018 | 2[note 22] | |||
| Spica Rocket |  Denmark
|
Copenhagen Suborbitals | 105 km | BPM100 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 4,100 | Baterai | 2025 | Early Development | 0 | |
| New Shepard | USA
|
Blue Origin | 119 km | New Shepard | 6 | 2.021 (2015) |
4 (14) | ||||||
| Chinese winged rocket | China
|
? | 100 km | TBD | 5 | Planned:2020 | 0 | ||||||
Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Including 2 suborbital flights, not including boilerplate tests
- ^ One uncrewed launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
- ^ a b Not including boilerplate tests
- ^ No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
- ^ Wingspan 23.79m
- ^ Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
- ^ Crewed flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
- ^ Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
- ^ Uncrewed flight count includes two launch failures
- ^ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
- ^ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
- ^ Crewed flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
- ^ Each mission in the Commercial Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS
- ^ Including uncrewed test around 2014
- ^ Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system
- ^ Number of seats will be lower on early missions
- ^ Plus delta wings
- ^ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
- ^ Does not include only-U.S.-recognized spaceflights
- ^ Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the FAI's definition
- ^ 2 crew + 6 passengers
- ^ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Clark, Stephen (7 December 2019). "After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship". Spaceflight Now. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 June 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 June 2020.
'With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us".
- ^ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 July 2013. Diakses tanggal 20 January 2016.
- ^ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 20 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 9 December 2010.
- ^ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX's Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2019-03-02.
- ^ Reichhardt, Tony (August 2018). "Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 1, 2013. Diakses tanggal May 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Making Life Multiplanetary" (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-11-19. Diakses tanggal 2017-11-19.
- ^ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Siaran pers). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-12. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-29.
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. hlm. D1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-11. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-29.
- ^ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-29.
- ^ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.