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Perang Fantastis

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Perang Spanyol–Portugal (1762–1763)
Bagian dari Perang Tujuh Tahun

Pertempuran Salvaterra de Magos dimenangkan oleh pasukan Spanyol dan Prancis, dipimpin oleh Kont Aranda, melawan Portugal pada bulan September 1762
Tanggal1762–1763
LokasiPortugal, Spanyol, Amerika Selatan
Hasil

Portugal mengalahkan Spanyol di Mato Grosso,[9][10] Rio Negro,[11][12] dan Rio Pardo;[13][14]
Spanyol mengalahkan Portugal di Uruguay,[15] dan sebagian besar Rio Grande do Sul[16][17][18][19]

Pihak terlibat
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Kekuatan
Teater Iberia:
7–8.000 Portugal[21]
7.104 Inggris[22][23]		 Teater Iberia:
30.000 Spanyol
12.000 Prancis
Korban
Teater Iberia:
sangat rendah:[24] (14 tentara Inggris tewas dalam pertempuran dan 804 akibat penyakit atau kecelakaan;[25] kerugian Portugal rendah.)
Gerilyawan tidak diketahui		 Teater Iberia:
25.000 Spanyol tewas, hilang, atau ditangkap
5.000 Prancis tewas, hilang, atau ditangkap[26][27]

Perang Spanyol–Portugal dari tahun 1762 hingga 1763 terjadi sebagai bagian dari Perang Tujuh Tahun. Karena tidak ada pertempuran besar yang terjadi, meskipun ada berbagai gerakan pasukan dan kerugian besar di pihak Spanyol yang menginvasi, perang ini dikenal dalam historiografi Portugis sebagai Perang Fantastis (bahasa Portugis dan Spanyol: Guerra Fantástica).

Referensi

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Kutipan

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  1. ^ "This disavowal is the consequence of the double humiliation that Spain has just undergone on the international scene, with the defeat of its army in Portugal and with the capture of Havana by the English. Confining itself to a disaster, the Seven Years' War marks a major shift in the Charles III policy …" In Glesener, Eric- L´Empire des Exilés: Les Flamands et le Gouvernment de l´Espagne au XVIIIº Siècle., Casa de Velázquez, Madrid, 2017, p. 268.
  2. ^ "When coupled with the defeats suffered in Portugal (...), the fall of Havana amounted to a loss of prestige from which Spain never recovered. " In Navy Records Society- Publications of the Navy Record Society, Vol. 114, George Allen & Unwin, Great Britain, 1970, p. xxxiv.
  3. ^ "The war between Spain and Portugal ended favourably for the latter ... The Spaniards, notwithstanding their superior forces, had to retreat vanquished into their own country. The Count of Lippe soon returned as a conquering hero into his little German principality. " In Cobb, James Francis- Stories of Success, Jas. Tauscott and Son, London, 1872, p. 172.
  4. ^ "Spain´s military weakness was revealed when its invasion of Portugal, Britain's ally, met with defeat." In Page, Anthony- Britain and the Seventy years War, 1744–1814 (Enlightenment, Revolution and Empire), 2014, P.28[pranala nonaktif permanen].
  5. ^ "... and with regard to Portugal, the invasion of the neighbour kingdom by the Spanish troops was a military defeat. " In Pinedo, Emiliano Fernández de (Spanish); Novales, Alberto Gil (Spanish) and Dérozier, Albert (French)- Centralismo, Ilustración y agonía del antiguo regimen, 1715–1833, Editorial Labor, Spain, 1980, p. 219.
  6. ^ "During Pombal's reign Portugal faced foreign threats, such as the Spanish invasion during the Seven Years' War in 1762. Even if Portugal was able to defeat the Spanish with the help of their British allies, this war of Spain and France against British hegemony made him concerned about Portuguese independence and Portugal's colonies. " In Leutzsch, Andreas; Vogt, Roland; Cristaudo, Wayne – European National Identities: elements, transitions, conflicts, Transaction Publishers, London, 2014, chapter 10, p. 188.
  7. ^ "(…). Portugal had not accepted the invitation to join France and Spain in this alliance and the latter powers... invaded Portugal. England sent a fleet promptly to Lisbon with 8,000 soldiers who helped drive the invaders back and followed them into Spain herself. She had entered the war too late to help France or herself. The blows she had received were staggering (...)" In Hart, Francis Russel – The Siege of Havana: 1762, Houghton Mifflin, 1931, p. 52.
  8. ^ "Portugal refused to enter the war against the English, and its territories were invades by French and Spanish troops (Trás-os-Montes, 1762). However, Portugal repelled the invaders, under the leadership of Wilhelm, count of Schaumburg-Lippe, and with aid from the English, as well as from Swiss mercenaries." In Delon, Michael- Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, Routledge, New York, 2013, p. 1256.
  9. ^ "The land on their own side [Portuguese side of the river Guaporé] afforded nothing on which they could rely, whereas the country of the [Spanish] Missions [left bank of the Guaporé] abounded with cattle... The Spaniards... designed... to intercept the communication [of the Portuguese in S. Rosa] with Para... and... Villa Bella. This blockade might be easily maintained, because they drew their supplies from the reductions; whereas the garrison [of S. Rosa], being confined to their own shore, would be distressed for food... and might thus be reduced without a blow. (...). The Portuguese...made an expedition against the Reduction of S. Miguel, which had been removed from the right Bank [to the left bank of the river Guaporé, in 1760, in accordance to the Treaty of Madrid, 1750]... they got possession of supplies which were intended for the [Spanish] army at Itanomas... the Portuguese kept possession of the territory of S. Miguel, which abounded with kine, horses and pigs... the Reduction of S. Martin voluntarily offered submission...D. António ventured to attack the Spaniards in their camp...the estacade was found too strong; but the boldness of this measure, thought unsuccessful, discouraged the Spaniards... they soon removed from their station... the encampment on the Mamoré was abandoned also: shortly after they fell back to S. Pedro: the Spaniards then returnrd to S. Cruz, and the expedition was broken up. The Portuguese then withdrew from the left shore." In Southern, Robert – History of Brazil, part third, London, 1819, p. 584.
  10. ^ "... disease [caused by tropical conditions and the use of biological warfare by the Portuguese, according to the Spanish commander] and desertion had trimmed Verdugo [the Spanish Governor of Santa Cruz de la Sierra]'s levies from 610 to 303 by the time they reached San Pedro [head of the missions in Moxos, Bolivia, to where the Spanish remnants retreated]. (...) after two months on the Guaporé, the governor returned to Santa Cruz [Bolivia], leaving behind a skeleton force (...). In 1763 Moura retired from Mato Grosso the victor. He had advanced to the Guaporé [and beyond it, occupying Spanish territory in the left bank of this river until the end of the war: the territory of the Missions of S. Miguel and S. Martin, main sources of supply to the Spanish army.], fortified Portuguese positions on the river, and remained in the field as his rival retired. Moura’s service earned him a hero’s welcome from his commanders, a Knighthood, and eventually the office of Viceroy of Brazil." In Block, David – Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: native Tradition, Jesuit enterprise and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1660–1880, University of Nebraska Press, 1994, p. 51.
  11. ^ "During its progression [through the Rio Negro valley, the Spanish] advancement was beyond San Carlos, since the Spaniards had managed to occupy the posts of Marabitanas and San Gabriel, from which they were dislodged by the Portuguese, who fortified them, under the German captain Felipe [Phillip Sturm]. They were armed with cannons brought by the Spanish commission of limits. (...)" In Ojer, Pablo- La Década Fundamental en la Controversia de Límites entre Venezuela y Colombia, 1881–1891 (in Spanish), Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1988, p. 292.
  12. ^ "São Gabriel was founded during the Portuguese conquest in 1763, when a fort was built...", in United States Army Corps of Engineers- Report on Orinoco-Casiquiare-Negro Waterway. Venezuela-Colombia-Brazil, July 1943, Vol. I, 1943, p. 15.
  13. ^ "(...). In this 'race for the Rio Grande [territory]', the border of Rio Pardo was the only one who resisted the Spanish invasion, thanks to Barreto Pereira Pinto courage and, above all, Francisco Pinto Bandeira, which shattered the army of captain Antonio Cattani on 1 January 1763. Pinto Bandeira, with only 230 dragoons and adventurers of St. Paul, fell like a hurricane over the 2,500 enemy soldiers. 'Never saw this territory such a stampede.' (...). Cattani’s troops disbanded in panic. The commander, no time to put on the uniform, fled in underwear." In Barbosa, Fidélis D. – História do Rio Grande do Sul, Edições Est, 4th edition, Porto Alegre, 1976, p. 60.
  14. ^ Flores, Moacyr- Dicionário de história do Brasil, Edipucrs, 2004, p. 80. ISBN 9788574302096
  15. ^ "In January 1762, Spain opened hostilities with England [and against Portugal on 5 May 1762]. However, the effects were very different from those expected. (…)The outcome: the Loss of Havana and Manila [and most of the Rio Negro Valley in North Brazil] while our army engaged an unfortunate ground campaign against Portugal. Only the conquest of Colónia do Sacramento by Pedro Cevallos, from Uruguay, put a positive note on the Spanish side, but however, had no influence on subsequent agreements that ended the war." In Álvarez, Manuel Fernàndez- España Y Los Españoles En Los Tiempos Modernos, Universidad Salamanca, Spain, 1979, p. 439.
  16. ^ Marley, David- Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present, vol. II, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2008, p. 449 and p. 450
  17. ^ Bento, Cláudio Moreira- Brasil, conflitos externos 1500–1945 (electronic version), Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil, chapter 5: As guerras no Sul 1763–77.
  18. ^ Ricardo Lesser- Las Orígenes de la Argentina, Editorial Biblos, 2003, see chapter El desastre", see pp. 63–72.
  19. ^ Bento, Cláudio Moreira- Rafael Pinto Bandeira in O Tuiuti, nr. 95, Academia de Historia Militar Terrestre do Brasil, 2013, pp. 3–18.
  20. ^ "The Spaniards, having failed the campaign of Portugal, had to return Colonia del Sacramento, renounce claims on their fishing rights in Newfoundland, recognize the legality of the British settlements on the coast of Honduras, cede Florida to England, and confirm all the privileges that British commerce held before the war started." In Tandeter, Enrique (coordinator: Germán Carrera Damas – Historia General de América Latina: processos americanos hacia la redefinición colonial (in Spanish), vol. 4, UNESCO, 2000, p. 22.
  21. ^ "The army was in no better shape. Only 8,000 effective [Portuguese] soldiers stood in the face of the coming Spanish onslaught. They wore 'rags and patches' and begged in the streets, as they received little or no pay from the central government." In Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Year’s War: Global Views, 2012, p. 436.
  22. ^ "The British troops which embarked for Lisbon under their veteran commander consisted of 7, 104 officers and men of al arms [official figures when boarding in Britain]. This force had been dispatched in consequence of the threatening attitude of France and Spain towards Portugal, whose monarch had declined to enter into an alliance with the above two powers in order to 'curb the pride of the British nation which aspired to become despotic over the sea'." In Dalton, Charles- George The First's Army, 1714–1727, Vol. II, 1912, p. 31
  23. ^ "All told the British forces in Portugal numbered roughly 7,000 men." In Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Year’s War: Global Views, 2012, p. 440.
  24. ^ "A Campaign won without the major casualties of battle or incurring many losses other than those of sickness." In Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, vol. 59, London, 1981, p. 25
  25. ^ "British casualties were light overall – there were fourteen combat deaths compared to 804 from other means..." In Speelman, Patrick and Danley, Mark – The Seven Year’s War: Global Views, 2012, p. 448
  26. ^ "Disappointed, facing incredible resistance and losing everything in the field, the Spaniards abandoned the fight and left behind twenty-five thousand men ..." In Henry, Isabelle – Dumouriez: Général de la Révolution (1739–1823), L'Harmattan, Paris, 2002, p. 87.
  27. ^ Edward Hay, British minister in Portugal (letter to the 2nd Earl of Egremont, 8 November 1762) reported a total of 30,000 Franco-Spanish casualties during the first two invasions of Portugal (half of them deserters, many of whom became prisoners), representing almost three-quarters of the initial invading army. See British Scholar C. R. Boxer in Descriptive List of the State Papers Portugal, 1661–1780, in the Public Record Office, London: 1724–1765, Vol II, Lisbon, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, with the collaboration of the British Academy and the P.R.O., 1979, p. 415. See also COSTA, Fernando Dores- Nova História Militar de Portugal, Círculo de Leitores, Vol. II, Coordinator: António Hespanha, 2004, p. 358, footnote 280.

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