Mahāvastu

Mahāvastu (bahasa Sansekerta untuk "Peristiwa Hebat" atau "Kisah Hebat") adalah sebuah teks dari aliran Lokottaravāda dari Buddha Awal.^[1] Ini menggambarkan dirinya sebagai pengantar sejarah untuk kode monastik Buddhis (vinaya).^[2] Lebih dari separuh teks terdiri dari kisah Jātaka dan Avadāna, catatan tentang kehidupan awal Buddha dan bodhisattva lainnya.^[3]

Mahāvastu memuat prosa dan syair yang ditulis dalam campuran Sanskerta, Pali dan Prakrit.^[4] Dipercaya memiliki disusun antara abad ke-2 SM dan abad ke-4 M.^[3]^[5]^[6]

Paralel Kanon Pali[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kisah-kisah Jātaka Mahāvastu serupa dengan kisah-kisah Kanon Pali meskipun terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam hal rincian kisah-kisah tersebut. Bagian lain dari Mahāvastu memiliki paralel yang lebih langsung dalam Kanon Pali termasuk dari Digha Nikaya (DN 19, Mahāgovinda Sutta), Majjhima Nikaya (MN 26, “Ariyapariyesana Sutta”; dan, MN 36, “Mahasaccaka Sutta”, Khuddakapātha, Dhammapada (bab 8, “Sahassa Vagga; dan, bab 25, Bhikkhu Vagga), Sutta Nipata (Sn 1.3, Khaggavisāṇa Sutta ; Sn 3.1, “Pabbajjā Sutta”; dan, Sn 3.2, “Padhāna Sutta”, Vimanavatthu dan Buddhavaṃsa.^[7]

Tema Mahayana[sunting | sunting sumber]

Mahāvastu dianggap sebagai sumber utama untuk gagasan Buddha yang transenden (lokottara), umum untuk semua aliran Mahāsāṃghika. Menurut Mahāvastu, selama banyak kehidupan, Buddha yang pernah lahir sebagai manusia mengembangkan kemampuan supraduniawi termasuk: kelahiran tanpa rasa sakit yang dikandung tanpa hubungan seksual; tidak perlu tidur, makan, minum obat atau mandi meskipun melakukan hal-hal yang "sesuai dengan dunia"; kemahatahuan; dan, kemampuan untuk "menekan karma."^[8]

Transliterasi berbahasa Inggris[sunting | sunting sumber]

Jones, J.J. (trans.) (1949–56). The Mahāvastu (3 vols.) in Sacred Books of the Buddhists. London: Luzac & Co. vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Keown 2013, hlm. 117.
^ Tournier 2012, hlm. 89–90.
^ ^a ^b The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 1998.
^ Jones (1949), hlm. x–xi.
^ "Mahāvastu" (2008).
^ Jones (1949), p. xi, writes: ""... the Mahāvastu is not the composition of a single author written in a well-defined period of time. Rather, it is a compilation which may have been begun in the second century B.C., but which was not completed until the third or fourth century A.D."
^ Regarding the Dhammapada parallels, see Ānandajoti (2007), "Introduction," where Ānandajoti writes:
Of the incomplete parallels, two chapters from yet another Dharmapada have been preserved in the Mahāvastu, one of the earliest of the Sanskritised Prakrit texts; one of the chapters is named as the Sahasravarga, and appears to be the whole of the chapter; the other is a selection that comes from an unnamed Bhikṣuvarga.
From "Ancient Buddhist Texts". See also; ch. 8, "Sahassavagga", and ch. 25, "Bhikkhuvagga"
^ Williams 2007, hlm. 18–19.

Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Jones, J.J. (trans.) (1949–56). The Mahāvastu (3 vols.) in Sacred Books of the Buddhists. London: Luzac & Co. volume1 volume 2 volume 3
Keown, Damien (2013), The Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Routledge, ISBN 9781136985881
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1998), Mahāvastu, Encyclopædia Britannica
Ānandajoti Bhikkhu (2007). A Comparative Edition of the Dhammapada. U. of Peradeniya. Retrieved 25 Nov 2008 from "Ancient Buddhist Texts"
J.K. Nariman (1923), Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism, Bombay: Indian Book Depot; pp. 11–18
Tournier, Vincent (2012), "The Mahāvastu and the Vinayapiṭaka of the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravādins" (PDF), Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University (ARIRIAB) (15)
Williams, Paul (2007), Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-02537-9

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

J. J. Jones (1949). The Mahavastu (English translation), including footnotes and glossary
A Note on the Mahāvastu by Dr. A. B. Keith, D.C.L., D.Litt.
A Summary of the Mahāvastu by B.C. Law
Gangodawila, Chandima. "An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction". Diakses tanggal 21 February 2021.

[FOOTNOTEKeown2013117-1] Keown 2013, hlm. 117.

[FOOTNOTETournier201289–90-2] Tournier 2012, hlm. 89–90.

[FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica1998-3] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 1998.

[4] Jones (1949), hlm. x–xi.

[eb-5] "Mahāvastu" (2008).

[6] Jones (1949), p. xi, writes: ""... the Mahāvastu is not the composition of a single author written in a well-defined period of time. Rather, it is a compilation which may have been begun in the second century B.C., but which was not completed until the third or fourth century A.D."

[7] Regarding the Dhammapada parallels, see Ānandajoti (2007), "Introduction," where Ānandajoti writes:
Of the incomplete parallels, two chapters from yet another Dharmapada have been preserved in the Mahāvastu, one of the earliest of the Sanskritised Prakrit texts; one of the chapters is named as the Sahasravarga, and appears to be the whole of the chapter; the other is a selection that comes from an unnamed Bhikṣuvarga.
From "Ancient Buddhist Texts". See also; ch. 8, "Sahassavagga", and ch. 25, "Bhikkhuvagga"

[FOOTNOTEWilliams200718–19-8] Williams 2007, hlm. 18–19.

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