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Ortografi ini ditekan pemakaiannya selama penjajahan Jepang di Taiwan (1895–1945), dan menghadapi larangan selama periode hukum perang [[Kuomintang]] (1947–1987). Di Fujian, penggunaannya berkurang dengan berdirinya [[Republik Rakyat Cina]] (1949) dan pada awal abad ke-21 sudah tidak banyak digunakan di sana. Penggunaan ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' saat ini terbatas pada sejumlah orang [[Kristen]] di Taiwan, pelajar bahasa yang bukan pemakai asli, dan pemakai bahasa yang senang memakainya di Taiwan. Bantuan komputer penuh dikembangkan pada tahun 2004. Pemakai dapat menggunakan bentuk huruf ([[font]]), cara menulis ([[input method]]) dan kamus online yang ekstensif. Sistem penulisan lain juga dikembangkan dalam periode ini, sehingga muncul debat di dalam pengguna bahasa ibu di Taiwan, sistem mana yang harus dipakai. Versi lain ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' dikembangkan juga untuk dialek lain, termasuk [[Hakka language|Hakka]] dan [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]].
Ortografi ini ditekan pemakaiannya selama penjajahan Jepang di Taiwan (1895–1945), dan menghadapi larangan selama periode hukum perang [[Kuomintang]] (1947–1987). Di Fujian, penggunaannya berkurang dengan berdirinya [[Republik Rakyat Cina]] (1949) dan pada awal abad ke-21 sudah tidak banyak digunakan di sana. Penggunaan ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' saat ini terbatas pada sejumlah orang [[Kristen]] di Taiwan, pelajar bahasa yang bukan pemakai asli, dan pemakai bahasa yang senang memakainya di Taiwan. Bantuan komputer penuh dikembangkan pada tahun 2004. Pemakai dapat menggunakan bentuk huruf ([[font]]), cara menulis ([[input method]]) dan kamus online yang ekstensif. Sistem penulisan lain juga dikembangkan dalam periode ini, sehingga muncul debat di dalam pengguna bahasa ibu di Taiwan, sistem mana yang harus dipakai. Versi lain ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' dikembangkan juga untuk dialek lain, termasuk [[Hakka language|Hakka]] dan [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]].


<!--
==Name==
The name ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' ({{zh|t=白話字|s=白话字}}) means "vernacular writing", that is, written characters representing everyday spoken language.<ref name=Kloeter90>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 90.</ref> Though the name ''vernacular writing'' could be applied to many kinds of writing, romanized and character-based, the term ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' is commonly restricted to the [[Southern Min]] romanization system developed by [[Presbyterian]] missionaries in the 19th century.<ref name=KloeterH1>Klöter, ''The History of Peh-oe-ji'', p. 1.</ref> The missionaries who invented and refined the system didn't use the name ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'', however, instead using various terms such as "Romanised [[Xiamen|Amoy]] Vernacular" and "Romanised Amoy Colloquial".<ref name=Kloeter90/> The origins of the system and its extensive use in the Christian community has led to it being known by some modern-day writers as "Church Romanization" ({{zh|t=教會羅馬字|s=教会罗马字|p=Jiàohuì Luōmǎzì}}; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī); often abbreviated in POJ itself to "Kàu-lô" ({{zh|s=教罗|t=教羅|p=Jiàoluō}}).<ref name=Kloeter89>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 89.</ref> There is some debate as to whether "pe̍h-ōe-jī" or "Church Romanization" is the more appropriate name. Objections raised to "pe̍h-ōe-jī" include that the surface meaning of the word itself is more generic than one specific system, and that both [[Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters|literary and colloquial register]] Southern Min appear in the system (meaning that describing it as "vernacular" writing might be inaccurate).<ref name=Kloeter90/> Opposition to the name "Church Romanization" is based on the identification with the church, as the writing is used by a wider community than just Christians, and for secular as well as sacred writing.<ref name=Chang13>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 13.</ref> One commentator observes that POJ "today is largely disassociated from its former religious purposes".<ref name=Kloeter248>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 248.</ref> The term "romanization" is also disliked by some, who see it as belittling the status of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' by identifying it as a supplementary phonetic system, rather than a fully-fledged orthography.<ref name=Chang13/> Sources disagree on which represents the more commonly used name of the two.<ref name=Kloeter89/><ref name=Chang13/>

==History==
[[File:Pa-khek-le Kau-hoe.jpg|thumb|right|300px|alt=POJ inscription|''Pe̍h-ōe-jī'' inscription at a church in [[Tainan|Tâi-lâm]] commemorating [[Thomas Barclay (missionary)|Thomas Barclay]]]]
The history of Peh-oe-ji has been heavily influenced by official attitudes towards the Southern Min vernaculars and the Christian organisations that propagated it. Early documents point to the purpose of the creation of POJ as being pedagogical in nature, closely allied to educating Christian converts.<ref name=Kloeter92/>
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===Early development===
The first people to use a romanized script to write Southern Min were Spanish missionaries in [[Manila]] in the 16th century.<ref name=KloeterH1/> However, it was used mainly as a teaching aid for Spanish learners of the language, and seems not to have had any influence on the development of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī''.<ref>Klöter, ''The History of Peh-oe-ji'', p. 2.</ref> In the early 19th century, [[China]] was closed to [[Christian missionaries]], who instead proselytized to [[overseas Chinese]] communities in [[South East Asia]].<ref>Heylen, ''Romanizing Taiwanese'', p. 139.</ref> The earliest origins of the system are found in a small vocabulary first printed in 1820 by [[Walter Henry Medhurst]],<ref name=Heylen142>Heylen, ''Romanizing Taiwanese'', p. 142.</ref><ref name="chang14"/> who went on to publish the ''Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms'' in 1832.<ref name=Heylen142/> This dictionary represents the first major reference work in POJ, although the romanization within was quite different from the modern system, and has been dubbed ''Early Church Romanization'' by one scholar of the subject.<ref name=Kloeter89/> Medhurst, who was stationed in [[Malacca]], was influenced by [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison's]] romanization of [[Mandarin Chinese]], but had to innovate in several areas to reflect major differences between Mandarin and Southern Min.<ref>Heylen, ''Romanizing Taiwanese'', p. 144.</ref> Several important developments occurred in Medhurst's work, especially the application of consistent tone markings (influenced by contemporary linguistic studies of [[Sanskrit]], which was becoming of more mainstream interest to Western scholars).<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 109.</ref> Medhurst was convinced that accurate representation and reproduction of the tonal structure of Southern Min was vital to comprehension:
{{blockquote|Respecting these tones of the Chinese language, some difference of opinion has been obtained, and while some have considered them of first importance, others have paid them little or no intention. The author inclines decidedly to the former opinion; having found, from uniform experience, that without strict attention to tones, it is impossible for a person to make himself understood in Hok-këèn.|W.H. Medhurst<ref>Medhurst, ''Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect'', p. viii.</ref>}}
[[File:Doty frontispiece.png|thumb|alt=Frontispiece of the Anglo Chinese Manual|right|200px|Frontispiece of Doty's ''Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect'' (1853)]]
The system expounded by Medhurst influenced later dictionary compilers with regard to tonal notation and initials, but both his complicated vowel system and his emphasis on the literary register of Southern Min were dropped by later writers.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 110.</ref><ref>Heylen, ''Romanizing Taiwanese'', p. 145.</ref> Following on from Medhurst's work, [[Samuel Wells Williams]] became the chief proponent of major changes in the orthography devised by Morrison and adapted by Medhurst. Through personal communication and letters and articles printed in ''The Chinese Repository'' a consensus was arrived at for the new version of POJ, although Williams' suggestions were largely not followed.<ref name=Heylen149>Heylen, ''Romanizing Taiwanese'', p. 149.</ref> The first major work to represent this new orthography was [[Elihu Doty]]'s ''Anglo-Chinese Manual with Romanized Colloquial in the Amoy Dialect'',<ref name=Heylen149/> published in 1853. The manual can therefore be regarded as the first presentation of a pre-modern POJ, a significant step onwards from Medhurst's orthography and different from today's system in only a few details.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 111.</ref> From this point on various authors adjusted some of the consonants and vowels, but the system of tone marks from Doty's ''Manual'' survives intact in modern POJ.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', pp. 111, 116.</ref> [[John Van Nest Talmage]] has traditionally been regarded as the founder of POJ among the community which uses the orthography, although it now seems that he was an early promoter of the system, rather than its inventor.<ref name=chang14>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 14.</ref><ref name=Heylen149/>

In 1842 the [[Treaty of Nanking]] was concluded, which included among its provisions the creation of [[treaty port]]s in which Christian missionaries would be free to preach.<ref name=Kloeter92>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 92.</ref> [[Xiamen]] (then known as Amoy) was one of these treaty ports, and British, Canadian and American missionaries moved in to start preaching to the local inhabitants. These missionaries, housed in the cantonment of [[Gulangyu Island|Gulangyu]], created reference works and religious tracts, including a [[bible translation]].<ref name=Kloeter92/> Naturally, they based the pronunciation of their romanization on the speech of Xiamen, which became the de facto standard when they eventually moved into other areas of the Hokkien [[Sprachraum]], most notably Taiwan.<ref name=Kloeter93>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 93.</ref> The 1858 [[Treaty of Tianjin]] officially opened Taiwan to western missionaries, and missionary societies were quick to send men to work in the field, usually after a sojourn in Xiamen to acquire the rudiments of the language.<ref name=Kloeter93/>

===Maturity===
{{Quote box
| quote = Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê jī chin oh, chió chió lâng khòaⁿ ē hiáu-tit. Só͘-í góan ū siat pa̍t-mih ê hoat-tō͘, ēng pe̍h-ōe-jī lâi ìn-chheh, hō͘ lín chèng-lâng khòaⁿ khah khòai bat... Lâng m̄-thang phah-sǹg in-ūi i bat Khóng-chú-jī só͘-í m̄-bián o̍h chit-hō ê jī; iā m̄-thang khòaⁿ-khin i, kóng sī gín-á só͘-tha̍k--ê.

Because the characters in your country are so difficult only a few people are literate. Therefore we have striven to print books in ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' to help you to read... don't think that if you know Chinese characters you needn't learn this script, nor should you regard it as a childish thing.
| source = Thomas Barclay, ''Tâi-oân-hú-siâⁿ Kàu-hōe-pò'', Issue 1
| width = 350px
| align = right
}}
[[Quanzhou]] and [[Zhangzhou]] are two major varieties of Southern Min, and in Xiamen they combined to form something "not Quan, not Zhang" – i.e. not one or the other, but rather a fusion, which became known as ''Amoy Dialect'' or ''Amoy Chinese''.<ref>Ang, ''A Journey Through Taiwanese Regional Speech'', p. 2.</ref> In Taiwan, with its mixture of migrants from both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, the linguistic situation was similar; although the resulting blend in the southern city of [[Tainan]] differed from the Xiamen blend, it was close enough that the missionaries could ignore the differences and import their system wholesale.<ref name=Kloeter93/> The fact that religious tracts, dictionaries, and teaching guides already existed in the Xiamen tongue meant that the missionaries in Taiwan could begin proselytizing immediately, without the intervening time needed to write those materials.<ref>Heylen, ''Romanizing Taiwanese'', p. 160.</ref>
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<!--[[File:thomasbarclaypre1923.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=Portrait of Thomas Barclay|Scotsman Thomas Barclay, influential promoter of POJ]]-->
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Missionary opinion was divided on whether POJ was desirable as an end in itself as a full-fledged orthography, or as a means to literacy in Chinese characters. [[William Campbell (missionary)|William Campbell]] described POJ as a step on the road to reading and writing [[Hanzi]], claiming that to promote it as an independent writing system would inflame nationalist passions in China, where Hanzi were considered a sacred part of Chinese culture.<ref>Klöter, ''The History of Peh-oe-ji'', p. 13.</ref> Taking the other side, [[Thomas Barclay (missionary)|Thomas Barclay]] believed that literacy in POJ should be a goal rather than a [[wikt:waypoint|waypoint]]:
{{blockquote|Soon after my arrival in Formosa I became firmly convinced of three things, and more than fifty years experience has strengthened my conviction. The first was that if you are to have a healthy, living Church it is necessary that all the members, men and women, read the Scriptures for themselves; second, that this end can never be attained by the use of the Chinese character; third, that it can be attained by the use of the alphabetic script, this Romanised Vernacular.|Thomas Barclay<ref>Quoted in Band, ''Barclay of Formosa'', p. 67.</ref>}}
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[[File:Kau-hoe-po.png|thumb|right|200px|Halaman depan edisi perdana ''Taiwan Prefectural City Church News'', kemudian berganti nama menjadi ''[[Taiwan Church News]]''|alt=Halaman depan Taiwan Church News]]
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A great boon to the promotion of POJ in Taiwan came in 1880 when [[James Laidlaw Maxwell]], a medical missionary based in [[Tainan]], donated a small printing press to the local church,<ref name=TCP>{{cite web|url=http://enews.pctpress.org/about_us.htm|title=Our Story|publisher=Taiwan Church News|accessdate=2009-04-30}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> which [[Thomas Barclay (missionary)|Thomas Barclay]] learned how to operate in 1881 before founding the Presbyterian Church Press in 1884. Subsequently the ''[[Taiwan Church News|Taiwan Prefectural City Church News]]'', which first appeared in 1885 and was produced by Barclay's Presbyterian Church of Taiwan Press,<ref name=TCP/> became the first printed newspaper in Taiwan.<ref>Copper, ''Historical Dictionary of Taiwan'', p. 240.</ref>

As other authors made their own alterations to the conventions laid down by Medhurst and Doty, ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' evolved and eventually settled into its current form. [[Ernest Tipson]]'s 1934 pocket dictionary was the first reference work to reflect this modern spelling.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 114.</ref> Between Medhurst's dictionary of 1832 and the standardisation of POJ in Tipson's time, there were a number of works published, which can be used to chart the change over time of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'':<ref>Adapted from Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', pp. 113–6.</ref>
{|class=wikitable
|+Evolution of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'', 1832–1934
!rowspan=2|Year!!rowspan=2|Author!!colspan=9|pe̍h-ōe-jī spellings comparison!!rowspan=2|Source
|-align=center bgcolor=#F0F0F0
|width=50|[tɕ]||width=50|[ts]||width=50|[ŋ]||width=50|[ɪɛn]/[ɛn]
|width=50|[iat̚]||width=50|[ɪk]||width=50|[iŋ]||width=50|[ɔ]||width=50|[ʰ]
|-align=center
|1832||Medhurst||colspan=2|ch||gn||ëen||ëet||ek||eng||oe||’h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms|last=Medhurst}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1853||Doty||colspan=2|ch||ng||ian||iat||iek||ieng||o͘||’
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect|last=Doty}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1869||MacGowan||colspan=2|ts||ng||ien||iet||ek||eng||o͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial|last=MacGowan}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1873||Douglas||ch||ts||ng||ien||iet||ek||eng||ɵ͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken of Amoy|last=Douglas}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1894||Van Nest Talmage||colspan=2|ch||ng||ian||iat||ek||eng||o͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=New Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect|last=Van Nest Talmage}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1911||Warnshuis & de Pree||colspan=2|ch||ng||ian||iat||ek||eng||o͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Lessons in the Amoy Vernacular|last=Warnshuis|last2=de Pree}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1913||Campbell||ch||ts||ng||ian||iat||ek||eng||o͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular Spoken Throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa (Taiwan)|last=Campbell}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1923||Barclay||ch||ts||ng||ian||iet||ek||eng||o͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Supplement to Douglas' Amoy–English Dictionary|last=Barclay}}</ref>
|-align=center
|1934||Tipson||colspan=2|ch||ng||ian||iat||ek||eng||o͘||h
|<ref>{{cite book|title=A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular: English-Chinese|last=Tipson}}</ref>
|}
[[File:Taiwanese kana.png|thumb|right|Taiwanese kana used as ruby characters|alt=Taiwanese kana]]
Competition for POJ was introduced during the [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|colonial era]] in Taiwan (1895–1945) in the form of [[Taiwanese kana]], a system designed as a teaching aid and pronunciation guide, rather than an independent orthography like POJ.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 136.</ref> From the 1930s onwards, with the increasing militarization of Japan and the [[Taiwan under Japanese rule#Kōminka: "Subjects of the Emperor" (1937-1945)|Kōminka]] movement encouraging Taiwanese people to "Japanize", there were a raft of measures taken against native languages, including Taiwanese.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 153.</ref> While these moves resulted in a suppression of POJ, they were "a logical consequence of increasing the amount of education in Japanese, rather than an explicit attempt to ban a particular Taiwanese orthography in favor of [[Taiwanese kana]]".<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 154.</ref> The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] beginning in 1937 brought stricter measures into force, and along with the outlawing of romanized Taiwanese, various publications were prohibited and Confucian-style ''shobō'' ({{zh|t=書房|p=shūfáng|poj=su-pâng}}) – private schools which taught [[Classical Chinese]] with literary Southern Min pronunciation – were closed down in 1939.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 135.</ref> The Japanese authorities came to perceive POJ as an obstacle to Japanization and also suspected that POJ was being used to hide "concealed codes and secret revolutionary messages".<ref>Lin, ''Writing Taiwanese'', p. 21</ref> In the climate of the ongoing war the government banned the ''Taiwan Church News'' in 1942 as it was written in POJ.<ref name=Chang18>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p.18.</ref>
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===After World War II===
Initially the [[Kuomintang]] government in Taiwan had a liberal attitude towards "local dialects" (i.e. non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese). The [[Mandarin Promotion Council]] produced booklets outlining versions of [[Mandarin Phonetic Symbols]] ("Bopomofo") for writing the Taiwanese tongue, these being intended for newly arrived government officials from outside Taiwan as well as local Taiwanese.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 231.</ref> The first government action against native languages came in 1953, when the use of Taiwanese or Japanese for instruction was forbidden.<ref name=Lin1/> The next move to suppress the movement came in 1955, when the use of POJ for proselytizing was outlawed.<ref name=Chang18>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 18</ref> At that point in time there were 115,000 people literate in POJ in Taiwan, Fujian, and southeast Asia.<ref>Tiuⁿ, ''Peh-oe-ji and the Modernization of Written Taiwanese'', p. 7.</ref> Two years later, missionaries were banned from using romanized bibles, and the use of "native languages" (i.e. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and the [[Formosan languages|Aboriginal languages]]) in church work became illegal.<ref name=Chang18/> The ban on POJ bibles was overturned in 1959, but churches were "encouraged" to use character bibles instead.<ref name=Chang18/> Government activities against POJ intensified in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when several publications were banned or seized in an effort to prevent the spread of the romanization. In 1964 use of Taiwanese in schools or official settings was forbidden,<ref name=Lin1/> and transgression in schools punished with beatings, fines and humiliation.<ref>Sandel, ''Linguistic Capital in Taiwan'', p. 533.</ref> The ''Taiwan Church News'' (printed in POJ) was banned in 1969, and only allowed to return a year later when the publishers agreed to print it in [[Chinese characters]].<ref name=Chang18/><ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 217.</ref> In 1974 Bernard L.M. Embree's ''A Dictionary of Southern Min'' was banned by the [[Government Information Office]], with a government official saying: "We have no objection to the dictionary being used by foreigners. They could use it in mimeographed form. But we don't want it published as a book and sold publicly because of the Romanization it contains. Chinese should not be learning Chinese through Romanization."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guide to Dialect Barred in Taiwan: Dictionary Tried to Render Local Chinese Sounds |author= |newspaper= [[New York Times]] |date=September 15, 1974 }}</ref> Also in the 1970s, a POJ [[New Testament]] translation known as the "Red Cover Bible" was confiscated and banned by the Nationalist regime.<ref name=Iunn20>Iuⁿ, ''Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese'', p. 24</ref> Official moves against native languages continued into the 1980s, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Interior decided in 1984 to forbid missionaries to use "local dialects" and romanizations in their work.<ref name=Chang18/>

With the ending of martial law in 1987, the restrictions on "local languages" were quietly lifted,<ref>Sandel, ''Linguistic Capital in Taiwan p. 530.</ref> resulting in growing interest in Taiwanese writing during the 1990s.<ref>Wu, ''The Taigi Literature Debates'', p.1.</ref> For the first time since the 1950s, Taiwanese language and literature was discussed and debated openly in newspapers and journals.<ref>Wu, ''The Taigi Literature Debates'', p.9.</ref> There was also support from the then opposition party, the [[Democratic Progressive Party]], for writing in the language.<ref name=Lin1>Lin, ''Writing Taiwanese'', p. 1.</ref> From a total of 26 documented orthographies for Taiwanese in 1987 (including defunct systems), there were a further 38 invented from 1987 to 1999, including 30 different romanizations, six adaptations of [[Zhuyin fuhao]] and two [[Hangul]]-like systems.<ref>Chiung, ''Language, Identity and Decolonization'', p. 275.</ref> Some commentators believe that the Kuomintang, while steering clear of outright banning of the native language movements after the end of martial law, took a "divide and conquer" approach by promoting [[Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet]] (TLPA), an alternative to POJ,<ref>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 19.</ref> which was at the time the choice of the majority inside the nativization movement.<ref>Chiung, ''Language, Identity and Decolonization'', p. 273.</ref> Native language education has remained a fiercely debated topic in Taiwan into the 21st century, and is the subject of much political wrangling.<ref>{{citation|publisher=[[Taipei Times]]|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/02/28/2003437216|title=Activists demand Hoklo exams|author=Loa Iok-sin|date=2009-02-28|accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{citation|publisher=[[China Post]]|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/news/2003/09/25/41604/Premiers-comments.htm|title=Premier's comments over language status draws anger|accessdate=2010-03-31}}</ref>
-->
<!--
==Current system==
{{See also|Comparison of Hokkien writing systems|Written Hokkien}}
The current system of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' has been stable since the 1930s, with a few minor exceptions (detailed below).<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 98.</ref> There is a fair degree of similarity with the Vietnamese orthography [[Quốc Ngữ]], including the b/p/ph distinction and the use of ⟨[[ơ]]⟩ in Quốc Ngữ compared with ⟨[[o͘]]⟩ in POJ.<ref>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 15.</ref> POJ uses the following letters and combinations:<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 99.</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 1.25em;"
|-align=center
!<small>Capital Letters</small>
|A||B||Ch||Chh||E||G||H||I||J||K||Kh||L||M||colspan=2|N||Ng||O||O͘||P||Ph||S||T||Th||U
|-align=center
!<small>Small Letters</small>
|a||b||ch||chh||e||g||h||i||j||k||kh||l||m||n||ⁿ||ng||o||o͘||p||ph||s||t||th||u
|}
{| style="width:50%; float:right;"
|-
|
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center; margin:0 3% 10px; width:94%;"
|+ Initials<ref>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 30.</ref><ref>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 33.</ref>
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"
| style="width:5%;"|POJ
| style="width:4%;"|b
| style="width:8%;" colspan="2"|ch
| style="width:8%;" colspan="2"|chh
| style="width:4%;"|g
| style="width:4%;"|h
| style="width:8%;" colspan="2"|j
| style="width:4%;"|k
| style="width:4%;"|kh
| style="width:8%;" colspan="2"|l
| style="width:4%;"|m
| style="width:4%;"|n
| style="width:4%;"|ng
| style="width:4%;"|p
| style="width:4%;"|ph
| style="width:8%;" colspan="2"|s
| style="width:4%;"|t
| style="width:4%;"|th
|-
|IPA
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|ts}}
|{{IPA|tɕ}}
|{{IPA|tsʰ}}
|{{IPA|tɕʰ}}
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|{{IPA|h}}
|{{IPA|dz}}
|{{IPA|ʑ}}
|{{IPA|k}}
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|{{IPA|d̠}}
|{{IPA|l}}
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPA|s}}
|{{IPA|ɕ}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 3% 10px; width:94%;"
|+ Monophthongs
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"
| style="width:16%;"|POJ
| style="width:7%;"|a
| style="width:7%;"|e
| style="width:7%;"|i
| style="width:7%;"|o
| style="width:7%;"|o͘
| style="width:7%;"|u
| style="width:7%;"|aⁿ
| style="width:7%;"|eⁿ
| style="width:7%;"|iⁿ
| style="width:7%;"|oⁿ
| style="width:7%;"|o͘ⁿ
| style="width:7%;"|uⁿ
|-
|IPA
|{{IPA|a}}
|{{IPA|e}}
|{{IPA|i}}
|{{IPA|o}}
|{{IPA|ɔ}}
|{{IPA|u}}
|{{IPA|ã}}
|{{IPA|ẽ}}
|{{IPA|ĩ}}
|{{IPA|õ}}
|{{IPA|ɔ̃}}
|{{IPA|ũ}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 3% 10px; width:94%;"
|+ Diphthongs & Triphthongs
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"
|POJ
|ai
|au
|ia
|iu
|io
|oa
|oe
|ui
|iau
|oai
|-
|IPA
|{{IPA|aɪ}}
|{{IPA|aʊ}}
|{{IPA|ɪa}}
|{{IPA|iu}}
|{{IPA|ɪo}}
|{{IPA|ua}}
|{{IPA|ue}}
|{{IPA|ui}}
|{{IPA|ɪaʊ}}
|{{IPA|uai}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 3%; width:94%;"
|+ Coda endings
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"
|POJ
|m
|n
|ng
|h
|p
|t
|k
|-
|IPA
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA|ŋ}}
|{{IPA|ʔ}}
|{{IPA|p̚}}
|{{IPA|t̚}}
|{{IPA|k̚}}
|}
|}
Chinese [[phonology]] traditionally divides syllables in Chinese languages into three parts; firstly the ''initial'', a consonant or consonant blend which appears at the beginning of the syllable, secondly the ''final'', consisting of a ''medial vowel'' (optional), a ''nucleus vowel'', and an optional ''ending''; and finally the tone, which is applied to the whole syllable.<ref name=Chung78>Chung, ''Segmental Phonology'', p. 78.</ref> In terms of the non-tonal (i.e. phonemic) features, the ''nucleus vowel'' is the only required part of a licit consonant in Chinese languages.<ref name=Chung78/> Unlike Mandarin but like other southern varieties of Chinese, Taiwanese has final [[unreleased stop]]s, a feature which has been preserved from [[Middle Chinese]].<ref>Norman, ''Chinese'', p. 237.</ref> There is some debate as to whether these stops are a tonal feature or a phonemic one, with some authorities distinguishing between ⟨-h⟩ as a tonal feature, and ⟨-p⟩, ⟨-t⟩, and ⟨-k⟩ as phonemic features.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 14.</ref> Southern Min dialects also have an optional nasal property, which is written with a superscript ⟨ⁿ⟩ and usually identified as being part of the vowel.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 15.</ref>

A legitimate syllable in Hokkien takes the form <code>(initial) + (medial vowel) + nucleus + (stop) + tone</code>, where items in parenthesis indicate optional components.<ref name=Ramsey109>Ramsey, ''The Languages of China'', p. 109.</ref>

The initials are:
:'''b ch chh g h j k kh l m n ng'''
Medial vowels:
:'''i o'''
Nuclei:
:'''a e i o o͘ u m ng'''
Stops:
:'''m n ng h p t k'''

POJ has a limited amount of legitimate syllables, although sources disagree on some particular instances of these syllables. The following table contains all the licit spellings of POJ syllables, based on a number of sources:
<small>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="padding:none; width:100%;"
|-
!colspan="20" style="background:lightblue;"| Licit POJ syllables
|-
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0;"
|-
! style="width:5%;"| Ø
! style="width:5%;"| b
! style="width:5%;"| ch
! style="width:5%;"| chh
! style="width:5%;"| g
! style="width:5%;"| h
! style="width:5%;"| j
! style="width:5%;"| k
! style="width:5%;"| kh
! style="width:5%;"| l
! style="width:5%;"| m
! style="width:5%;"| n
! style="width:5%;"| ng
! style="width:5%;"| p
! style="width:5%;"| ph
! style="width:5%;"| s
! style="width:5%;"| t
! style="width:5%;"| th
|-
| a
| ba
| cha
| chha
| ga
| ha
|
| ka
| kha
| la
| ma
| na
| nga
| pa
| pha
| sa
| ta
| tha
|-
| aⁿ
|
| chaⁿ
| chhaⁿ
|
| haⁿ
|
| kaⁿ
| khaⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
| phaⁿ
| saⁿ
| taⁿ
| thaⁿ
|-
| ah
| bah
| chah
| chahh
|
| hah
|
| kah
| khah
| lah
|
| nah
|
| pah
| phah
| sah
| tah
| thah
|-
|
|
|
|
|
| hahⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| sahⁿ
|
|
|-
| ai
| bai
| chai
| chhai
| gai
| hai
|
| kai
| khai
| lai
| mai
| nai
| ngai
| pai
| phai
| sai
| tai
| thai
|-
| aiⁿ
|
| chaiⁿ
|
|
| haiⁿ
|
| kaiⁿ
| khaiⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
| phaiⁿ
|
| taiⁿ
|
|-
| ak
| bak
| chak
| chhak
| gak
| hak
|
| kak
| khak
| lak
|
|
|
| pak
| phak
| sak
| tak
| thak
|-
| am
|
| cham
| chham
| gam
| ham
|
| kam
| kham
| lam
|
|
|
|
|
| sam
| tam
| tham
|-
| an
| ban
| chan
| chhan
| gan
| han
|
| kan
| khan
| lan
|
|
|
| pan
| phan
| san
| tan
| than
|-
| ang
| bang
| chang
| chhang
| gang
| hang
|
| kang
| khang
| lang
|
|
|
| pang
| phang
| sang
| tang
| thang
|-
| ap
|
| chap
| chhap
|
| hap
|
| kap
| khap
| lap
|
|
|
|
|
| sap
| tap
| thap
|-
| at
| bat
| chat
| chhat
|
| hat
|
| kat
| khat
| lat
|
|
|
| pat
|
| sat
| tat
| that
|-
| au
| bau
| chau
| chhau
| gau
| hau
|
| kau
| khau
| lau
| mau
| nau
| ngau
| pau
| phau
| sau
| tau
| thau
|-
|
|
|
| chhauh
|
|
|
| kauh
|
| lauh
| mauh
| nauh
|
|
| phauh
|
| tauh
|
|-
| e
| be
| che
| chhe
| ge
| he
|
| ke
| khe
| le
| me
| ne
| nge
| pe
| phe
| se
| te
| the
|-
| eⁿ
|
| cheⁿ
| chheⁿ
|
| heⁿ
|
| keⁿ
| kheⁿ
|
|
|
|
| peⁿ
| pheⁿ
| seⁿ
| teⁿ
| theⁿ
|-
| eh
| beh
| cheh
| chheh
|
| heh
|
| keh
| kheh
| leh
| meh
| neh
| ngeh
| peh
|
| seh
| teh
| theh
|-
|
|
|
|
|
| hehⁿ
|
|
| khehⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ek
| bek
| chek
| chhek
| gek
| hek
|
| kek
|
| lek
|
|
|
| pek
| phek
| sek
| tek
| thek
|-
| eng
| beng
| cheng
| chheng
| geng
| heng
|
| keng
| kheng
| leng
|
|
|
| peng
| pheng
| seng
| teng
| theng
|-
| i
| bi
| chi
| chhi
| gi
| hi
| ji
| ki
| khi
| li
| mi
| ni
|
| pi
| phi
| si
| ti
| thi
|-
| iⁿ
|
| chiⁿ
| chhiⁿ
|
| hiⁿ
|
| kiⁿ
| khiⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| siⁿ
| tiⁿ
| thiⁿ
|-
| ia
|
| chia
| chhia
| gia
| hia
| jia
| kia
| khia
|
| mia
| nia
| ngia
|
|
| sia
| tia
|
|-
| iaⁿ
|
| chiaⁿ
| chhiaⁿ
|
| hiaⁿ
|
| kiaⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
| piaⁿ
|
| siaⁿ
| tiaⁿ
| thiaⁿ
|-
| iah
|
| chiah
| chhiah
| giah
| hiah
|
| kiah
| khiah
| liah
|
|
|
| piah
| phiah
| siah
| tiah
| thiah
|-
|
|
|
|
|
| hiahⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
| chhiak
|
|
|
|
| khiak
|
|
|
|
| piak
| phiak
| siak
| tiak
|
|-
| iam
|
| chiam
| chhiam
| giam
| hiam
| jiam
| kiam
| khiam
| liam
|
|
|
|
|
| siam
| tiam
| thiam
|-
| ian
| bian
| chian
| chhian
| gian
| hian
| jian
| kian
| khian
| lian
|
|
|
| pian
| phian
| sian
| tian
| thian
|-
| iang
|
| chiang
| chhiang
| giang
| hiang
| jiang
|
| khiang
| liang
|
|
|
| piang
| phiang
| siang
|
|
|-
| iap
|
| chiap
| chhiap
| giap
| hiap
| jiap
| kiap
| khiap
| liap
|
|
|
|
|
| siap
| tiap
| thiap
|-
| iat
| biat
| chiat
| chhiat
| giat
| hiat
| jiat
| kiat
| khiat
| liat
|
|
|
| piat
| phiat
| siat
| tiat
| thiat
|-
| iau
| biau
| chiau
| chhiau
| giau
| hiau
| jiau
| kiau
| khiau
| liau
| miau
| niau
| ngiau
| piau
| phiau
| siau
| tiau
| thiau
|-
| iauⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
| hiauh
|
|
| khiauh
|
|
|
| ngiauh
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
| bih
| chih
| chhih
|
|
|
|
| khih
|
| mih
| nih
|
| pih
| phih
| sih
| tih
| thih
|-
| im
|
| chim
| chhim
| gim
| him
| jim
| kim
| khim
| lim
|
|
|
|
|
| sim
| tim
| thim
|-
| in
| bin
| chin
| chhin
| gin
| hin
| jin
| kin
| khin
| lin
|
|
|
| pin
| phin
| sin
| tin
| thin
|-
| io
| bio
| chio
| chhio
| gio
| hio
| jio
| kio
| khio
| lio
|
|
|
| pio
| phio
| sio
| tio
| thio
|-
| ioh
|
| chioh
| chhioh
| gioh
| hioh
|
| kioh
| khioh
| lioh
|
|
|
|
|
| sioh
| tioh
|
|-
| iok
|
| chiok
| chhiok
| giok
| hiok
| jiok
| kiok
| khiok
| liok
|
|
|
|
|
| siok
| tiok
| thiok
|-
| iong
|
| chiong
| chhiong
| giong
| hiong
| jiong
| kiong
| khiong
| liong
|
|
|
|
|
| siong
| tiong
| thiong
|-
| ip
|
| chip
| chhip
|
| hip
| jip
| kip
| khip
| lip
|
|
|
|
|
| sip
|
|
|-
| it
| bit
| chit
| chhit
|
| hit
| jit
| kit
| khit
|
|
|
|
| pit
| phit
| sit
| tit
|
|-
| iu
| biu
| chiu
| chhiu
| giu
| hiu
| jiu
| kiu
| khiu
| liu
|
| niu
|
| piu
|
| siu
| tiu
| thiu
|-
| iuⁿ
|
| chiuⁿ
| chhiuⁿ
|
| hiuⁿ
|
| kiuⁿ
| khiuⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| siuⁿ
| tiuⁿ
|
|-
| iuhⁿ
|
|
|
|
| hiuhⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| m
|
|
|
|
| hm
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
| hmh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ng
|
| chng
| chhng
|
| hng
|
| kng
| khng
|
| mng
| nng
|
| png
|
| sng
| tng
| thng
|-
|
|
|
| chhngh
|
| hngh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| phngh
| sngh
|
|
|-
| o
| bo
| cho
| chho
| go
| ho
|
| ko
| kho
| lo
|
|
|
| po
| pho
| so
| to
| tho
|-
| oⁿ
|
|
|
|
| hoⁿ
|
| koⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| o͘
| bo͘
| cho͘
| chho͘
| go͘
| ho͘
|
| ko͘
| kho͘
| lo͘
| mo͘
| no͘
| ngo͘
| po͘
| pho͘
| so͘
| to͘
| tho͘
|-
| oa
| boa
| choa
| chhoa
| goa
| hoa
|
| koa
| khoa
| loa
| moa
| noa
|
| poa
| phoa
| soa
| toa
| thoa
|-
| oaⁿ
|
|
| chhoaⁿ
|
| hoaⁿ
|
| koaⁿ
| khoaⁿ
|
|
|
|
| poaⁿ
| phoaⁿ
| soaⁿ
| toaⁿ
| thoaⁿ
|-
| oah
| boah
| choah
| chhoah
|
| hoah
| joah
| koah
| khoah
| loah
|
|
|
| poah
| phoah
| soah
|
| thoah
|-
| oai
|
|
|
|
| hoai
|
| koai
| khoai
|
|
|
|
|
|
| soai
|
|
|-
| oaiⁿ
|
| choaiⁿ
|
|
| hoaiⁿ
|
| koaiⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| soaiⁿ
|
|
|-
| oan
| boan
| choan
| chhoan
| goan
| hoan
|
| koan
| khoan
| loan
|
|
|
| poan
| phoan
| soan
| toan
| thoan
|-
| oang
|
|
| chhoang
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| oat
| boat
| choat
|
| goat
| hoat
|
| koat
| khoat
| loat
|
|
|
| poat
| phoat
| soat
| toat
| thoat
|-
| oe
| boe
| choe
| chhoe
| goe
| hoe
| joe
| koe
| khoe
| loe
|
|
|
| poe
| phoe
| soe
| toe
|
|-
| oeh
| boeh
|
|
| goeh
| hoeh
|
| koeh
| khoeh
|
|
|
|
| poeh
| phoeh
| soeh
|
|
|-
| oh
|
| choh
| chhoh
|
| hoh
|
| koh
|
| loh
|
|
|
| poh
| phoh
| soh
| toh
| thoh
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| mo͘h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ohⁿ
|
|
|
|
| hohⁿ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ok
| bok
| chok
| chhok
| gok
| hok
|
| kok
| khok
| lok
|
|
|
| pok
| phok
| sok
| tok
| thok
|-
| om
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| som
| tom
|
|-
| ong
| bong
| chong
| chhong
| gong
| hong
|
| kong
| khong
| long
|
|
|
| pong
| phong
| song
| tong
| thong
|-
| u
| bu
| chu
| chhu
| gu
| hu
| ju
| ku
| khu
| lu
|
|
|
| pu
| phu
| su
| tu
| thu
|-
| uh
|
| chuh
| chhuh
|
|
|
|
| khuh
|
|
|
|
| puh
| phuh
|
| tuh
| thuh
|-
| ui
| bui
| chui
| chhui
| gui
| hui
|
| kui
| khui
| lui
| mui
|
|
| pui
| phui
| sui
| tui
| thui
|-
| un
| bun
| chun
| chhun
| gun
| hun
| jun
| kun
| khun
| lun
|
|
|
| pun
| phun
| sun
| tun
| thun
|-
| ut
| but
| chut
| chhut
|
| hut
|
| kut
| khut
| lut
|
|
|
| put
| phut
| sut
| tut
| thut
|}
|-
|style="padding-left:20px;"|<small>''Sources: Campbell,<ref>Campbell, ''A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular'', pp. 1–4. Entries under the initial ''ts'' have been tallied under the modern spelling of ''ch''.</ref> Embree,<ref>Embree, ''A Dictionary of Southern Min''</ref> Kì.<ref>Kì, ''Notes on Taiwanese Church Romanization'', pp. 4–25.</ref>''</small>
|}

===Tone markings===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 0 10px 10px; float:right;"
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"
|Number
|[[Diacritic]]
|Chinese [[tone name]]
|Example<br><small>{{Audio|POJ_tones.ogg|listen}}</small>
|-
|1
|none
|yinping<br>''dark level''
|kha<br>''foot; leg''
|-
|2
|[[acute accent|acute]]
|shangsheng<br>''rising''
|chúi<br>''water''
|-
|3
|[[grave accent|grave]]
|yinqu<br>''dark departing''
|kàu<br>''arrive''
|-
|4
|none
|yinru<br>''dark entering''
|bah<br>''meat''
|-
|5
|[[circumflex]]
|yangping<br>''light level''
|ông<br>''king''
|-
|7
|[[macron]]
|yangqu<br>''light departing''
|tiōng<br>''middle''
|-
|8
|vertical line above
|yangru<br>''light entering''
|jo̍ah<br>''hot''
|}
[[File:POJ tone marks.png|thumb|250px|right|The five tone markings used in ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'', representing tones 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8|alt=POJ tone markings]]
In standard Amoy or Taiwanese Hokkien there are seven distinct [[tone (linguistics)|tones]], which by convention are numbered 1–8, with number 6 omitted (tone 6 used to be a distinct tone, but has long since merged with tone 2).<ref>Maryknoll, ''Taiwanese: Book 1'', pp. 5–7.</ref> Tones 1 and 4 are both represented without a [[diacritic]], and can be distinguished from each other by the syllable ending, which is a vowel, ⟨-n⟩, ⟨-m⟩, or ⟨-ng⟩ for tone 1, and ⟨-h⟩, ⟨-k⟩, ⟨-p⟩, and ⟨-t⟩ for tone 4.

Southern Min languages undergo considerable [[tone sandhi]], i.e. changes to the tone depending on the position of the syllable in any given sentence or utterance.<ref name=Ramsey109/> However, like [[Hanyu Pinyin]] for [[Mandarin Chinese]], POJ always marks the citation tone (i.e. the original, pre-sandhi tone) rather than the tone which is actually spoken.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 100.</ref> This means that when reading aloud the reader must adjust the tone markings on the page to account for sandhi. Some textbooks for learners of the language mark both the citation tone and the sandhi tone to assist the learner.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 101.</ref>

There is some debate as to the correct placement of tone marks in the case of [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s, particularly those which include ⟨oa⟩ and ⟨oe⟩.<ref name=Kloeter102>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 102.</ref> Most modern writers follow six rules:<ref>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', pp. 86–88.</ref>

#If the syllable has one vowel, that vowel should be tone-marked; viz. ⟨tī⟩, ⟨láng⟩, ⟨chhu̍t⟩
#If a diphthong contains ⟨i⟩ or ⟨u⟩, the tone mark goes above the ''other'' vowel; viz. ⟨ia̍h⟩, ⟨kiò⟩, ⟨táu⟩
#If a diphthong includes both ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩, mark the ⟨u⟩; viz. ⟨iû⟩, ⟨ùi⟩
#If the ''final'' is made up of three or more letters, mark the second vowel (except when rules 2 and 3 apply); viz. ⟨goán⟩, ⟨oāi⟩, ⟨khiáu⟩
#If ⟨o⟩ occurs with ⟨a⟩ or ⟨e⟩, mark the ⟨o⟩; viz. ⟨òa⟩, ⟨thóe⟩
#If the syllable has no vowel, mark the nasal consonant; viz. ⟨m̄⟩, ⟨ǹg⟩, ⟨mn̂g⟩
-->
<!--
===Hyphens===

A single hyphen is used to indicate a compound. What constitutes a compound is controversial, with some authors equating it to a "word" in English, and others not willing to limit it to the English concept of a word.<ref name=Kloeter102/> Examples from POJ include ⟨sì-cha̍p⟩ "forty", ⟨bé-hì-thôan⟩ "circus", and ⟨hôe-ho̍k⟩ "recover (from illness)". The rule-based sandhi behaviour of tones in compounds has not yet been clearly defined by linguists.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 103.</ref> A double hyphen is used when POJ is deployed as a full orthography (rather than as a transciption system) to indicate that the following syllable should be pronounced in the neutral tone.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', pp. 103–104.</ref> It also marks to the reader that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi, as it would were the following syllable non-neutral. [[Morpheme]]s following a double hyphen are often (but not always) grammatical function words.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 104.</ref>

=== Audio examples ===
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- style="background:#eee;"
! align=left | POJ
! align=left | Translation
! align=left | Audio File
|-
| Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ. || A teacher/master speaks, students quietly listen. || {{Audio|Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg|listen}}
|-
| Kin-á-jit hit-ê cha-bó͘ gín-á lâi góan tau khòaⁿ góa. || Today that girl came to my house to see me. || {{Audio|Tai JintianDaoJiaKanWo.wav|listen}}
|-
| Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá—bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē—ô͘! || Everyone, what's up? Have you eaten yet? When you have the time, come on over to eat. || [http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au Listen] (from [[NASA]] [[Voyager Golden Record]])
|}

===Regional differences===
In addition to the standard syllables detailed above, there are several regional variations of Hokkien speech which can be represented with non-standard or semi-standard spellings. In Zhangzhou and parts of Taiwan which are closely related to the Zhangzhou dialect (particularly the northeastern coast around [[Yilan City|Yilan]]), the final ''ng'' is replaced with ''uiⁿ'', for example in "egg" (nuiⁿ) and "cooked rice" (puiⁿ).<ref>Chang, ''Principles of POJ'', p. 134.</ref>

==Texts==
{{Quote box
| quote = Goân-khí-thâu Siōng-tè chhòng-chō thiⁿ kap tōe. Tōe sī khang-khang hūn-tūn; chhim-ian ê bin-chiūⁿ o͘-àm; Siōng-tè ê Sîn ūn-tōng tī chúi-bīn. Siōng-tè kóng, Tio̍h ū kng, chiū ū kng. Siōng-tè khòaⁿ kng, sī hó; Siōng-tè chiong kng àm pun-khui. Siōng-tè kiò hit ê kng chòe Ji̍t, kiò àm chòe Mî. Ū ê-hng ū chá-khí ''sī thâu'' chi̍t-ji̍t.
| source = Genesis 1:1–5<ref>''Sin Kū Iok ê Sèng-keng'', p. 1.</ref>
| width = 300px
| align = right
}}
Due to POJ's origins in the church, much of the material in the script is religious in nature, including several Bible translations, books of hymns, and guides to morality. The Tainan Church Press, established in 1884, has been printing POJ materials ever since, with periods of quiet when POJ was suppressed in the early 1940s and from around 1955 to 1987. In the period to 1955, over 2.3 million volumes of POJ books were printed,<ref>Tiuⁿ, ''Peh-oe-ji and the Modernization of Written Taiwanese'', p. 6.</ref> and one study in 2002 catalogued 840 different POJ texts in existence.<ref>Tiuⁿ, ''Peh-oe-ji and the Modernization of Written Taiwanese'', p. 8.</ref> Besides [[:zh-min-nan:Thâu-ia̍h|a Southern Min version of Wikipedia]] in the orthography,<ref>Iunn, ''Processing Techniques'', p. 23.</ref> there are teaching materials, religious texts, and books about linguistics, medicine and geography.
*Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so͘ Ki-tok ê Sin-iok (1873 translation of the [[New Testament]])
*[[Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k]]
*[[Carstairs Douglas#Amoy–English Dictionary|Amoy–English Dictionary]]
*Lear Ông (translation of [[King Lear]])

==Computing==
POJ was initially not well supported by word-processing applications due to the special diacritics needed to write it. Support has now improved and there are now sufficient resources to both enter and display POJ correctly. Several [[input method]]s exist to enter [[Unicode]]-compliant POJ, including [[OpenVanilla]] ([[Mac OS X]] and [[Windows]]), the [[cross-platform]] Tai-lo Input Method released by the Taiwanese [[Ministry of Education (Republic of China)|Ministry of Education]], and the [[Firefox]] add-on Transliterator, which allows in-browser POJ input.<ref>Iunn, ''Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese'', p. 29</ref> When POJ was first used in word-processing applications it was not fully supported by the Unicode standard, thus necessitating work-arounds. One employed was encoding the necessary characters in the "Private Use" section of Unicode, but this required both the writer and the reader to have the correct custom font installed.<ref name=Iunn20>Iunn, ''Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese'', p. 20</ref> Another solution was to replace troublesome characters with near equivalents, for example substituting ⟨ä⟩ for ⟨ā⟩ or using a standard ⟨o⟩ followed by an [[interpunct]] to represent ⟨o͘⟩.<ref name=Iunn20/> In 2004 with the introduction into Unicode 4.1.0 of the [[combining diacritic]] <code>COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT</code> (U+0358) all the necessary characters were present to write regular POJ without the need for workarounds.<ref>Iunn, ''Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese'', p. 11</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf|title=Combining Diacritical Marks|publisher=unicode.org|accessdate=2010-07-29|page=34}}</ref> However, even after the addition of these characters, there are still relatively few fonts which are able to properly render the script, including the [[combining diacritic]]s. Some of those which can are [[Charis SIL]], [[DejaVu fonts|DejaVu]], [[Doulos SIL]], [[Linux Libertine]], and [[Taigi Unicode]].<ref name=Iunn20/>
--><!--
==Han-Romanization mixed script==
{{Quote box
| quote = 翻 tńg 工，我 koh hap i tī Hotel ê 餐廳食西式 ê chái 起，我講 beh tò 去稅厝 ê 所在，i beh 送我去，我 kā 拒絕，mā 無 beh hō͘ i 知我 ê 地址、電話番，講若有緣就會 koh 再相會。I 講人海茫茫，我若無 tī hit 間跳舞、唱歌，i beh 去 toh 位 chhōe--我？「就是 án-ni m̄-chiah 講是緣」，我嘴是 án-ni 應，心肝內知影 kap i 自細漢到這時 ê 牽連、綿纏無 hiah 簡單就煞。
| source = Sample mixed orthography text<ref>Babuja A. Sidaia ''A-Chhûn'', pp. 264.</ref>
| width = 350px
| align = right
}}
One of the most popular modern ways of writing Taiwanese is by using a mixed orthography<ref name=Kloeter225>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 225.</ref> called Hàn-lô<ref>Ota, ''An investigation of written Taiwanese'', p. 21.</ref> ({{zh|t=漢羅|p=Hàn-Luō|s=汉罗}}; literally ''Chinese-Roman''), and sometimes ''Han-Romanization mixed script''.<ref>Iunn, ''Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese'', p. 10.</ref> In fact, the term Hàn-lô does not describe one specific system, but covers any kind of writing in Southern Min which features both Chinese characters and romanization.<ref name=Kloeter225/> That romanization is usually POJ, although recently some texts have begun appearing with Tâi-lô spellings too. The problem with using only Chinese characters to write Southern Min is that there are many morphemes (estimated to be around 15 percent of running text)<ref>Lin, ''Writing Taiwanese'', p. 7.</ref> which are not definitively associated with a particular character. Various strategies have been developed to deal with the issue, including creating new characters, allocating Mandarin characters with similar meanings (but dissimilar etymology) to represent the missing characters, or using romanization for the "missing 15%".<ref>Lin, ''Writing Taiwanese'', p. 9–11.</ref> There are two rationales for using mixed orthography writing, with two different aims. The first is to allow native speakers (almost all of whom can already write Chinese characters) to make use of their knowledge of characters, while replacing the missing 15% with romanization.<ref name=Kloeter225/> The second is to wean character literates off using them gradually, to be replaced eventually by fully romanized text.<ref>Klöter, ''Written Taiwanese'', p. 230.</ref>
Examples of modern texts in Hàn-lô include religious, pedagogical, scholarly, and literary works, such as:
*{{cite book|author=Chang Yu-hong|title=Principles of POJ}}
*{{cite book|title=A-Chhûn|author=Babuja A. Sidaia}}

==Adaptations for other languages or dialects==
POJ has been adapted for several other languages and dialects, with varying degrees of success. For [[Hakka (language)|Hakka]], missionaries and others have produced a Bible translation, hymn book, textbooks, and dictionaries.<ref>Wu and Chen, ''Books Written in Hakka Romanization''.</ref> Materials produced in the orthography, called ''Pha̍k-fa-sṳ'', include:
*{{cite book|title=Hak-ngi Sṳn-kin, Sin-yuk lau Sṳ-phien: Hien-thoi Thoi-van Hak-ngi Yit-pun (Hakka Bible, New Testament and Psalms: Today's Taiwan Hakka Version)|publisher=Bible Society|year=1993}}
*{{cite book|title=Thai-ka Loi Hok Hak-fa (Everybody Learn Hakka)|isbn=957-638-017-0|author=Phang Tet-siu|year=1994|publisher=Southern Materials Center|location=Taipei}}
*{{cite book|author=Phang Tet-siu|title=Hak-ka-fa Fat-yim Sṳ-tien (Hakka Pronunciation Dictionary)|publisher=Southern Materials Center|location=Taipei|year=1996|isbn=957-638-359-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Hak-ka Sṳn-sṳ (Hakka Hymns)|isbn=957-8349750|year=1999|publisher=PCT Press|place=Tainan}}
A modified version of POJ has also been created for [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hailufeng.com/detail/?newsid=23156|title=潮州字典-韵母表|publisher=Hailufeng|accessdate=2010-03-10|language=Chinese}}</ref>
-->
<!--
==Current status==
[[File:POJ books.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Some books which use ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'', including textbooks, dictionaries, a bible, poetry, and academic works|alt=Some POJ books]]
Most native Southern Min speakers in Taiwan are unfamiliar with POJ or any other writing system for the language,<ref>Ota, ''An investigation of written Taiwanese'', p. 20.</ref> commonly asserting that "Taiwanese has no writing",<ref>Baran, ''Taiwanese don't have written words'', p. 35–5.</ref> or, if they are made aware of POJ, considering romanization as the "low" form of writing, in contrast with the "high" form (Chinese characters).<ref>Chiung, ''Language, Identity and Decolonization'', p.300.</ref> For those who are introduced to POJ alongside Han-lo and completely Chinese character-based systems, a clear preference has been shown for all-character systems, with all-romanization systems at the bottom of the preference list, likely because of the preexisting familiarity of readers with Chinese characters.<ref>Chiung, ''Language, Identity and Decolonization'', p.301.</ref>

POJ remains the Taiwanese orthography "with the richest inventory of written work, including dictionaries, textbooks, literature [...] and other publications in many areas".<ref>Chiung, ''Language, Identity and Decolonization'', p. 272.</ref> A 1999 estimate put the number of literate POJ users at around 100,000,<ref>Lin, ''Writing Taiwanese'', p. 17.</ref> and secular organizations have been formed to promote the use of romanization among Taiwanese speakers.<ref>Chiung, ''Language, Literature, and Reimagined Taiwanese Nation'', p. 474.</ref>

Outside Taiwan, POJ is rarely used. For example, in Fujian, [[Xiamen University]] uses a romanization known as [[Bbánlám pìngyīm]], based on [[Pinyin]]. In other areas where Hokkien is spoken, such as [[Singapore]], the [[Speak Mandarin Campaign]] is underway to actively discourage people from speaking Hokkien or other Chinese dialects in favour of switching to Mandarin instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSIN366189|title=Eyeing China, Singapore sees Mandarin as its future|publisher=Reuters|date=2009-09-16|accessdate=2009-10-31|last=Wong-Anan|first=Noppom}}</ref>

In 2006, Taiwan's [[Ministry of Education (Republic of China)|Ministry of Education]] chose an official romanization for use in teaching the language in the state school system.<ref>Tseng, ''Practical Manual'' p. 2.</ref> POJ was one of the candidate systems, along with [[Daighi tongiong pingim]], but a compromise system, the [[Taiwanese Romanization System]] or ''Tâi-Lô'', was chosen in the end.<ref>{{citation|title=閩南語鄉土教學確定採台灣閩南語羅馬字拼音 (Southern Min native language teaching to use Taiwan Southern Min Romanization)|url=http://blog.udn.com/alexandroslee/471006|publisher=Central News Agency|language=Chinese}}</ref> Tâi-Lô retains most of the orthographic standards of POJ, including the tone marks, while changing the troublesome ''o͘'' character for ''oo'', swapping ''ts'' for ''ch'', and replacing ''o'' in [[diphthong]]s with ''u''.<ref>Tseng, ''Practical Manual'', pp. 2–5.</ref> Supporters of Taiwanese writing are in general deeply suspicious of government involvement, given the history of official suppression of native languages,<ref name=Kloeter248/> making it unclear whether Tâi-Lô or POJ will become the dominant system in the future.
-->
==Referensi==
==Referensi==
{{RCL}}
{{RCL}}

Revisi per 30 Oktober 2012 12.40

Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Hanzi tradisional: 白話字
Hanzi sederhana: 白话字
Min Nan POJ: Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Makna harfiah: Vernacular writing

Pe̍h-ōe-jī (dibaca Templat:IPA-nan, disingkat POJ, arti harafiah vernacular writing, juga dikenal sebagai Church Romanization) adalah suatu cara menulis (ortografi) varian dialek Southern Min, suatu Chinese language or dialect, khususnya Taiwanese dan Amoy Hokkien.[1] Dikembangkan oleh misionaris Presbytrerian yang bekerja di antara Chinese diaspora di Asia Tenggara pada abad ke-19[2] dan disempurnakan oleh para misionaris yang bekerja di Xiamen dan Tainan. Sistem ini menggunakan modifikasi alfabet Latin dan beberapa diakritik untuk mewakili bahasa ucapan. Setelah awalnya sukses dipakai di Fujian, POJ menjadi berkembang di Taiwan, dan pada pertengahan abad ke-20 lebih dari 100.000 orang fasih dalam POJ. Cetakan dalam jumlah besar, baik keagamaan maupun sekuler, diproduksi dalam tulisan ini, termasuk surat kabar pertama di Taiwan, Taiwan Church News. Nama yang dipakai oleh para misionaris pembuatnya adalah "Romanised Amoy Vernacular" and "Romanised Amoy Colloquial".[1] Asal usul sistem dan pemakaiannya yang luas dalam masyarakat Kristen dikenal penulis modern sebagai "Church Romanization" (Hanzi sederhana: 教会罗马字; Hanzi tradisional: 教會羅馬字; Pinyin: Jiàohuì Luōmǎzì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī); sering disingkat dalam sistem POJ sendiri sebagai "Kàu-lô" (Hanzi sederhana: 教罗; Hanzi tradisional: 教羅; Pinyin: Jiàoluō).[3]

Ortografi ini ditekan pemakaiannya selama penjajahan Jepang di Taiwan (1895–1945), dan menghadapi larangan selama periode hukum perang Kuomintang (1947–1987). Di Fujian, penggunaannya berkurang dengan berdirinya Republik Rakyat Cina (1949) dan pada awal abad ke-21 sudah tidak banyak digunakan di sana. Penggunaan pe̍h-ōe-jī saat ini terbatas pada sejumlah orang Kristen di Taiwan, pelajar bahasa yang bukan pemakai asli, dan pemakai bahasa yang senang memakainya di Taiwan. Bantuan komputer penuh dikembangkan pada tahun 2004. Pemakai dapat menggunakan bentuk huruf (font), cara menulis (input method) dan kamus online yang ekstensif. Sistem penulisan lain juga dikembangkan dalam periode ini, sehingga muncul debat di dalam pengguna bahasa ibu di Taiwan, sistem mana yang harus dipakai. Versi lain pe̍h-ōe-jī dikembangkan juga untuk dialek lain, termasuk Hakka dan Teochew.

Referensi

Templat:RCL

  1. ^ a b Klöter, Written Taiwanese, p. 90.
  2. ^ Klöter, The History of Peh-oe-ji, p. 1.
  3. ^ Klöter, Written Taiwanese, p. 89.

Daftar Pustaka

  • Ang Ui-jin (1992). Taiwan Fangyan zhi Lü (A Journey Through Taiwanese Regional Speech) (dalam bahasa Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. ISBN 957-9512-31-0. 
  • Band, Edward (1936). Barclay of Formosa. Ginza, Tokyo: Christian Literature Society. OCLC 4386066. 
  • Baran, Dominika (2004). ""Taiwanese don't have written words": Language ideologies and language practice in a Taipei County high school". Conference Proceedings – 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization. 2. OCLC 77082548. 
  • Campbell, William (2006) [1913]. A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular. Tainan: PCT Press. ISBN 957-8959-92-3. 
  • Chang Yu-hong (2001). Principles of POJ or the Taiwanese Orthography: An Introduction to Its Sound-Symbol Correspondences and Related Issues. Taipei: Crane. ISBN 978-957-2053-07-1 Periksa nilai: checksum |isbn= (bantuan). 
  • Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2005). Language, Identity and Decolonization. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. ISBN 957-8845-85-5. 
  • Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2007). Language, Literature and Reimagined Taiwanese Nation. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. ISBN 978-986-00-9746-7. 
  • Chung Raung-fu (1996). The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Spoken Language Services. ISBN 957-9463-46-8. 
  • Copper, John F. (2007). A Historical Dictionary of Taiwan (Republic of China) (edisi ke-2nd). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5600-4. 
  • Doty, Elihu (1853). Anglo Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect. Guangzhou: Samuel Wells Williams. OCLC 20605114. 
  • Douglas, Carstairs; Barclay, Thomas (1990) [1923]. Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy. Taipei: Southern Materials Center. ISBN 957-9482-32-2. 
  • Embree, Bernard L.M. (1973). A Dictionary of Southern Min. OCLC 2491446. 
  • Heylen, Ann (2001). "Romanizing Taiwanese: Codification and Standardization of Dictionaries in Southern Min (1837–1923)". Dalam Ku Weit Ying; De Ridder, Koen. Authentic Chinese Christianity, Preludes to Its Development: Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries. Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-9058671028. 
  • Iûⁿ Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (1999). "台灣福佬話非漢字拼音符號的回顧與分析 (Comparison and Analysis of non-Character Transcription Systems for Taiwanese Holo)" (dalam bahasa Chinese). Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-17.  [pranala nonaktif]
  • Iûⁿ Ún-giân (2009). Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging (Doctoral dissertation). National Taiwan University. OCLC 367595113. 
  • Kì Bō͘-hô (2008). 台語教會羅馬字講義 (Notes on Taiwanese Church Romanization). Tainan: PCT Press. ISBN 978-986-6947-34-6. 
  • Klöter, Henning (2002). "The History of Peh-oe-ji". 2002台灣羅馬字教學KAP研究國際學術研討會論文集 (Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization Research). Taipei: Taiwanese Romanization Association. 
  • Klöter, Henning (2005). Written Taiwanese. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05093-4. 
  • Lin, Alvin (1999). "Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (89). OCLC 41879041. 
  • Macgowan, John (1869). A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial. Hong Kong: de Souza & Co. OCLC 23927767. 
  • Maryknoll Fathers (1984). Taiwanese: Book 1. Taichung: Maryknoll. OCLC 44137703. 
  • Medhurst, Walter Henry (1832). Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms. Macau: East India Press. OCLC 5314739. 
  • Norman, Jerry (1998). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29653-6. 
  • Ong Iok-tek (2002). Taiwanyu Yanjiu Juan (dalam bahasa Chinese). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing. ISBN 957-801-354-X. 
  • Ota, Katsuhiro J (2005). An investigation of written Taiwanese (Master's thesis) (PDF). University of Hawai'i at Manoa. OCLC 435500061. 
  • Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The Chinese Language. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5. 
  • Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Tai-gi speakers". Language in Society. Cambridge University Press. 32 (4). ISSN 0047-4045. 
  • Sidaia, Babuja A. (1998). A-Chhûn (dalam bahasa Hàn-lô Taiwanese). Taipei: Taili. ISBN 957-98861-6-4. 
  • Tipson, Ernest (1934). A Pocket Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular: English-Chinese. Singapore: Lithographers. OCLC 504142973. 
  • Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (2004). "白話字kap台語文的現代化 (Peh-oe-ji and the Modernization of Written Taiwanese)". Conference Proceedings – 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization (dalam bahasa Han-lo Taiwanese). 1. OCLC 77082548. 
  • Tseng Rui-cheng (2009). Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce (Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System) (PDF) (dalam bahasa Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8. 
  • Van Nest Talmage, John (1894). New Dictionary in the Amoy Dialect. OCLC 41548900. 
  • Warnshuis, A. Livingston; de Pree, H.P. (1911). Lessons in the Amoy Vernacular. Xiamen: Chui-keng-tông Press. OCLC 29903392. 
  • Wu Chang-neng (2007). The Taigi Literature Debates and Related Developments (1987–1996) (Master's thesis). Taipei: National Chengchi University. OCLC 642745725. 
  • Wu Guo-sheng; Chen Yi-hsin (2004). "客家語羅馬字文獻的版本研究 (Books Written in Hakka Romanization)". Conference Proceedings – 2004 International Conference on Taiwanese Romanization (dalam bahasa Chinese). 2. OCLC 77082548. 

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