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'''Equisetopsida''', atau '''Sphenopsida''' di kalangan [[paleobotani]], adalah salah satu [[Kelas (biologi)|kelas]] [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]] yang masih lestari hingga kini namun dengan temuan fosil berusia sampai ke kala [[Devon (periode)|Devon]]. Anggotanya yang banyak dikenal adalah [[paku ekor kuda]] (''Equisetum'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=horsetail | title = horsetail | work = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary }}</ref><ref name="Allaby 1999">{{cite book|last= Allaby|first= Ailsa|author2=Michael Allaby|year= 1999|title= "Sphenopsida." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences }}</ref><ref name=Judd>{{cite book|last1=Judd|first1=W.S.|last2=Campbell|first2=C.S.|last3=Kellogg|first3=E.A.|last4=Stevens|first4=P.F.|last5=Donoghue|first5=M.J.|year=2002|title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach.|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts|isbn=0878934030|page=193 }}</ref>. Kebanyakan anggotanya menyukai tempat yang becek / berair, dengan daun yang sangat tereduksi sehingga fotosintesis dilakukan oleh batang, yang umumnya beruas dan berbentuk berkas-berkas kaku. |
'''Equisetopsida''', atau '''Sphenopsida''' di kalangan [[paleobotani]], adalah salah satu [[Kelas (biologi)|kelas]] [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]] yang masih lestari hingga kini namun dengan temuan fosil berusia sampai ke kala [[Devon (periode)|Devon]]. Anggotanya yang banyak dikenal adalah [[paku ekor kuda]] (''Equisetum'')<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=horsetail | title = horsetail | work = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary }}</ref><ref name="Allaby 1999">{{cite book|last= Allaby|first= Ailsa|author2=Michael Allaby|year= 1999|title= "Sphenopsida." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences |url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofeart00alla}}</ref><ref name=Judd>{{cite book|last1=Judd|first1=W.S.|last2=Campbell|first2=C.S.|last3=Kellogg|first3=E.A.|last4=Stevens|first4=P.F.|last5=Donoghue|first5=M.J.|year=2002|title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach.|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts|isbn=0878934030|page=193 }}</ref>. Kebanyakan anggotanya menyukai tempat yang becek / berair, dengan daun yang sangat tereduksi sehingga fotosintesis dilakukan oleh batang, yang umumnya beruas dan berbentuk berkas-berkas kaku. |
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The Equisetopsida were formerly regarded as a separate [[division (biology)|division]] of spore plants and also called '''Equisetophyta''', '''Arthrophyta''' or '''Sphenophyta'''; today they have been recognized as rather close relatives of the typical ferns ([[Pteridopsida]]) and form a specialized lineage of the [[Pteridophyta]].<ref name="Smith 2006">{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/25065646 | last=Smith | first=Alan R.|author2=Kathleen M. Pryer |author3=Eric Schuettpelz |author4=Petra Korall |author5=Harald Schneider |author6=Paul G. Wolf | year=2006 | title= A classification for extant ferns | url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf | journal=Taxon | volume= 55 | issue=3 | pages= 705–731 | jstor=25065646 }}</ref> |
The Equisetopsida were formerly regarded as a separate [[division (biology)|division]] of spore plants and also called '''Equisetophyta''', '''Arthrophyta''' or '''Sphenophyta'''; today they have been recognized as rather close relatives of the typical ferns ([[Pteridopsida]]) and form a specialized lineage of the [[Pteridophyta]].<ref name="Smith 2006">{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/25065646 | last=Smith | first=Alan R.|author2=Kathleen M. Pryer |author3=Eric Schuettpelz |author4=Petra Korall |author5=Harald Schneider |author6=Paul G. Wolf | year=2006 | title= A classification for extant ferns | url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf | journal=Taxon | volume= 55 | issue=3 | pages= 705–731 | jstor=25065646 }}</ref> |
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== Klasifikasi == |
== Klasifikasi == |
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The horsetails and their fossil relatives have long been recognized as distinct from other seedless vascular plants.<ref name="Eames 1936">{{cite book | last=Eames | first=Arthur J. | year=1936 | title=Morphology of Vascular Plants (Lower Groups) | pages=110–115 | location=New York and London | publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company }}</ref> Before the advent of modern [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular studies]], the relationship of this group to other living and fossil plants was considered problematic.<ref name="Bold 1987">{{cite book | last= Bold | first= Harold C. |author2=C. J. Alexopoulos |author3=T. Delevoryas | year= 1987 | title= Morphology of Plants and Fungi | edition= 5th | pages= 371–387, 478, 506–514 | location= New York | publisher= Harper-Collins | isbn= 0-06-040839-1 }}</ref> Because of their unclear relationships, the rank botanists have assigned to the horsetails varies from [[Order (biology)|order]] to [[Division (botany)|division]]. When recognized as a separate division, the literature uses many possible names, including Arthrophyta,<ref name="Bold 1987" /> Sphenophyta,<ref name="Taylor 1993" /><ref name="Gifford and Foster">{{cite book | last=Gifford | first=Ernest M. |author2=Adriance S. Foster | year=1988 | title=Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants | edition=3rd | pages=175–207 | location=New York | publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company | isbn=0-7167-1946-0 }}</ref> or Equisetophyta. Other authors have regarded the same group as a class, either within a division consisting of the vascular plants or, more recently, within an expanded fern group. When ranked as a class, the group has been termed the Equisetopsida<ref name="Kenrick 1997">{{cite book | last= Kenrick | first= Paul |author2=Peter R. Crane |year=1997 | title= The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study | pages= |
The horsetails and their fossil relatives have long been recognized as distinct from other seedless vascular plants.<ref name="Eames 1936">{{cite book | last=Eames | first=Arthur J. | year=1936 | title=Morphology of Vascular Plants (Lower Groups) | pages=110–115 | location=New York and London | publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company }}</ref> Before the advent of modern [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular studies]], the relationship of this group to other living and fossil plants was considered problematic.<ref name="Bold 1987">{{cite book | last= Bold | first= Harold C. |author2=C. J. Alexopoulos |author3=T. Delevoryas | year= 1987 | title= Morphology of Plants and Fungi | edition= 5th | pages= 371–387, 478, 506–514 | location= New York | publisher= Harper-Collins | isbn= 0-06-040839-1 }}</ref> Because of their unclear relationships, the rank botanists have assigned to the horsetails varies from [[Order (biology)|order]] to [[Division (botany)|division]]. When recognized as a separate division, the literature uses many possible names, including Arthrophyta,<ref name="Bold 1987" /> Sphenophyta,<ref name="Taylor 1993" /><ref name="Gifford and Foster">{{cite book | last=Gifford | first=Ernest M. |author2=Adriance S. Foster | year=1988 | title=Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants | edition=3rd | pages=175–207 | location=New York | publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company | isbn=0-7167-1946-0 }}</ref> or Equisetophyta. Other authors have regarded the same group as a class, either within a division consisting of the vascular plants or, more recently, within an expanded fern group. When ranked as a class, the group has been termed the Equisetopsida<ref name="Kenrick 1997">{{cite book | last= Kenrick | first= Paul |author2=Peter R. Crane |year=1997 | title= The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study | url= https://archive.org/details/originearlydiver0000kenr | pages= [https://archive.org/details/originearlydiver0000kenr/page/241 241]–242 | place= Washington, D. C. | publisher= Smithsonian Institution Press | isbn= 1-56098-730-8 }}</ref> or Sphenopsida.<ref name="Stewart and Rothwell">{{cite book | last= Stewart | first= Wilson N. |author2=Gar W. Rothwell | year= 1993 | title= Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants | edition= 2nd | location= Cambridge | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn= 0-521-38294-7 }}</ref> |
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Recent [[phylogenetics|phylogenetic analysis]] has produced evidence that this group of plants belongs firmly within the [[fern]] [[clade]] of [[vascular plants]].<ref name="Pryer 2001">{{cite journal | last=Pryer | first=Kathleen M. |author2=Harald Schneider |author3=Alan R. Smith |author4=Raymond Cran |author5=Paul G. Wolf |author6=Jeffrey S. Hunt |author7=Sedonia D. Sipes| year=2001 | title= Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants | url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier199.pdf | journal=Nature | volume= 409 | pages= 618–621 | pmid = 11214320 | doi=10.1038/35054555 | issue=6820 }}</ref> A 2006 classification by Smith ''et al.'' places the class Equisetopsida within an unranked clade of broadly defined ferns, as a sister to two classes more traditionally called ferns, Marattiopsida and Polypodiopsida.<ref name="Smith 2006"/> |
Recent [[phylogenetics|phylogenetic analysis]] has produced evidence that this group of plants belongs firmly within the [[fern]] [[clade]] of [[vascular plants]].<ref name="Pryer 2001">{{cite journal | last=Pryer | first=Kathleen M. |author2=Harald Schneider |author3=Alan R. Smith |author4=Raymond Cran |author5=Paul G. Wolf |author6=Jeffrey S. Hunt |author7=Sedonia D. Sipes| year=2001 | title= Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants | url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier199.pdf | journal=Nature | volume= 409 | pages= 618–621 | pmid = 11214320 | doi=10.1038/35054555 | issue=6820 }}</ref> A 2006 classification by Smith ''et al.'' places the class Equisetopsida within an unranked clade of broadly defined ferns, as a sister to two classes more traditionally called ferns, Marattiopsida and Polypodiopsida.<ref name="Smith 2006"/> |
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Revisi per 12 Maret 2021 04.57
| Equisetopsida
| |
|---|---|
| Taksonomi | |
| Superkerajaan | Eukaryota |
| Kerajaan | Plantae |
| Divisi | Equisetophyta |
| Kelas | Equisetopsida C.Agardh, 1825 |
| Tata nama | |
| Sinonim takson | Sphenopsida |
| Ordo | |
Equisetopsida, atau Sphenopsida di kalangan paleobotani, adalah salah satu kelas tumbuhan berpembuluh yang masih lestari hingga kini namun dengan temuan fosil berusia sampai ke kala Devon. Anggotanya yang banyak dikenal adalah paku ekor kuda (Equisetum)[1][2][3]. Kebanyakan anggotanya menyukai tempat yang becek / berair, dengan daun yang sangat tereduksi sehingga fotosintesis dilakukan oleh batang, yang umumnya beruas dan berbentuk berkas-berkas kaku.
Klasifikasi
Hubungan antarkelompok di dalam Equisetopsida menurut salah satu versi ditunjukkan dengan kladogram berikut[4].
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Referensi
- ^ "horsetail". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ^ Allaby, Ailsa; Michael Allaby (1999). "Sphenopsida." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences.
- ^ Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. hlm. 193. ISBN 0878934030.
- ^ "Introduction to the Sphenophyta". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Diakses tanggal 31 July 2011.
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