Film horor: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 30 September 2022 06.28

Untuk sebuah film pada tahun 2007 dengan nama yang sama, Lihat Film Horor (film).

Film horor adalah film yang berusaha untuk memancing emosi berupa ketakutan dan rasa ngeri dari penontonnya. Alur cerita mereka sering melibatkan tema-tema kematian, supranatural, atau penyakit mental. Banyak cerita film horor yang berpusat pada sebuah tokoh antagonis tertentu yang jahat.

Latar belakang

Sebelum Perang Dunia II, film horor sebagian besar dibuat berdasarkan dari karya-karya sastra klasik bertema gotik / horor dari negara-negara Barat, seperti Drakula (1931), Frankenstein (1931), The Phantom of the Opera (1925), dan Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941).

Dalam dunia perfilman yang lebih baru, film horor sering menarik inspirasi dari kegelisahan hidup yang timbul setelah Perang Dunia II, sehingga terciptalah tiga sub-ragam yang berbeda namun saling berhubungan di Amerika Serikat di mana industri film horor berkembang sangat pesat. Ketiga sub-ragam tersebut adalah: horor-kepribadian seperti film Psycho (1960), horor-kiamat seperti film Invasion of The Body Snatchers (1956), dan horor-setan seperti film The Exorcist (1973). Dari sudut pandang industri film horor Amerika, sub-ragam yang terakhir dapat dilihat sebagai transisi modern dari film horor lama, di mana penekanan pada agen-agen supranatural yang membawa kengerian bagi dunia semakin diutamakan.^[1]

Film horor umumnya telah diasosiasikan dengan kekerasan, anggaran yang rendah (B film), dan eksploitasi. Namun nyatanya banyak sutradara film dari Amerika yang terkenal dan dihormati seperti Alfred Hitchcock, Roman Polanski, Stanley Kubrick, John Carpenter, William Friedkin, Richard Donner, dan Francis Ford Coppola telah menggarap setidaknya satu judul film dalam ragam yang unik ini. Para kritikus film horor kebanyakan menganalisis film ragam ini dari sudut pandang teori ragam dan teori auteur.

Beberapa film horor memasukkan unsur-unsur ragam lain seperti fiksi ilmiah, fantasi, mockumentary, komedi hitam, dan cerita getaran, yang menciptakan sebuah perpaduan atau sub-ragam yang baru.

Sejarah film horor

1890-an - 1920-an

Penggambaran pertama kejadian-kejadian gaib dan supranatural muncul di beberapa film pendek bisu yang dibuat oleh pionir film seperti Georges Méliès (sineas asal Prancis) pada akhir 1890-an, di mana filmnya yang paling menonjol adalah Le Manoir du diable (BI: "Rumah Iblis") (1896) yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai film horor pertama.^[2] Proyek horornya yang lain adalah La Caverne maudite (alias "Gua Setan", BI: "Gua Terkutuk") (1898).^[2] Jepang mengawali film ragam horornya dengan Bake Jizo dan Shinin no Sosei , keduanya dibuat tahun 1898.^[3] Pada 1910, Edison Studio (sebuah perusahaan film Amerika Serikat) memproduksi versi film pertama Frankenstein, film tersebut sempat hilang selama bertahun-tahun, tetapi kolektor film bernama Felix Alois Dettlaff Sr menemukan sebuah salinan dan merilisnya pada tahun 1993.^[4]

Awal abad ke-20 membawa banyak titik kemajuan dalam ragam horor, termasuk di sini adalah pertama kalinya sebuah sosok monster tampil di film-panjang horor, yaitu Quasimodo, si bungkuk dari Notre-Dame yang telah muncul di novel karya Victor Hugo, "Notre-Dame de Paris" (diterbitkan 1831). Film yang menampilkan Quasimodo antara lain film-film dari sineas Prancis Alice Guy seperti Esmeralda (1906), The Hunchback (1909), The Love of a Hunchback (1910) dan Notre-Dame de Paris (1911).^[5]

'Film horor' sebagai fitur film pada awalnya banyak diciptakan oleh sineas Jerman pada tahun 1910-an dan 1920-an, dalam era film Ekspresionis Jerman. Banyak dari film-film tersebut secara signifikan memengaruhi film-film Hollywood di kemudian hari, film besutan Paul Wegener berjudul The Golem (1915) adalah salah satunya. Pada tahun 1920, Robert Wiene menyutradarai The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, dengan gaya ekspresionisnya. Gaya ekspresionis tersebut akan memengaruhi banyak sineas, seperti Orson Welles sampai Tim Burton (dari Amerika Serikat), dan banyak lagi selama beberapa dekade. Era ekspresionis ini juga telah menghasilkan film fitur bertema vampir yang pertama, yaitu film Nosferatu karya FW Murnau tahun 1922, sebuah adaptasi yang tidak sah dari novel Dracula karya Bram Stoker.^[6]

Perkembangan film horor diikuti di film drama Hollywood awal yang bereksperimen dengan tema horor, termasuk film versi Hollywood dari The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) dan film The Monster (1925), di mana keduanya dibintangi oleh Lon Chaney, Sr yang dikenal sebagai aktor film horor pertama di Amerika Serikat. Perannya yang paling terkenal adalah sebagai Phantom dalam film The Phantom of the Opera (1925).^[7] Perkembangan selanjutnya diikuti oleh film-film horor dari perusahaan film Universal, yang kemudian mengikuti rilisnya film tersebut dengan film-film horor terkenal seperti Dracula (1931), Frankenstein (1931), The Mummy (1932), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Werewolf of London (1935), Son of Frankenstein (1939), The Invisible Man (1933), The Wolf Man (1941), dan Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954). Dengan serombongan tokoh monsternya yang ikonik, perusahaan Universal akan menciptakan kesan mendalam di generasi penggemar film di seluruh dunia.

Referensi

^ (Inggris) Derry, Charles (1977). Dark Dreams: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film. Macfarland.
^ ^a ^b (Inggris)Asal Mula Sebenarnya dari Film Horor Diarsipkan 2013-04-18 di Wayback Machine.
^ (Inggris)Seek Japan:: J-Horror: Sebuah Panduan Alternatif Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine.
^ (Inggris)Frankenstein Edison
^ (Inggris)The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)- Moria The Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Review Diarsipkan 2004-08-25 di Wayback Machine.
^ (Inggris)Ekspresionisme Jerman
^ (Inggris)Film-film Horor

Bacaan lanjutan

Aston, James; Walliss, John (2013). To See the Saw Movies. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7089-1.
Balmain, Colette (2008). Introduction to Japanese Horror Film. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748630592.
Baumgartner, Holly Lynn; Davis, Roger (2008). Hosting the Monster. Rodopi. ISBN 978-0-7864-0988-4.
Bitel, Anton (November 2020). "Beyond North America: Three International Horror Hotspots from the Last Decade". Sight & Sound. Vol. 30 no. 9. British Film Institute.
Bradley, Laura (December 17, 2019). "This Was the Decade Horror Got "Elevated"". Vanity Fair. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 23, 2020. Diakses tanggal January 2, 2021.
Chibnall, Steve; Petley, Julian (2002). British horror cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23004-7.
Collins, Charlie (December 1, 1930). "The Stage". Chicago Tribune.
Conrich, Ian (2005). "Kiwi Gothic: New Zealand's Cinema of a Perilous Paradise". Horror International (Contemporary Approaches to Film and Television). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814331019.
Craig, Pamela; Fradley, Matin (2010). American Horror Film: The Genre at the Turn of the Millennium. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604734546.
Chung, Hye Seung (2013). "Acacia and Adoption Anxiety in Korean Horror Cinema". Dalam Peirse, Alison; Daniel, Martin. Korean Horror Cinema. Edinburgh University Press.
Curti, Roberto (2015). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1957–1969. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-1989-7.
Curti, Roberto (2017). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2960-5.
Curti, Roberto (2019). Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1980-1989. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-7243-4.
Dhusiya, Mithuraaj (February 2014). "Let the Ghost Speak: A Study of Contemporary Indian Horror Cinema". Wide Screen. 5 (1). ISSN 1757-3920.
Ebert, Roger (March 12, 2006). "Cat People (1942)". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 28, 2014.
Fofi, Goffredo (September 1963). "Terreur in Italie". Midi-Minuit Fantastique. No. 7.
Fujiwara, Chris (2000) [1st pub. 1998]. Jacques Tourneur: The Cinema of Nightfall. Baltimore, Maryland: McFarland. ISBN 0-8018-6561-1.
Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-4616-7374-3.
Gregersdotter, Katarina; Hoglund, Johan; Hallen, Nicklas (2015). Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-55349-5.
Halle, Randall (2003). "Unification Horror: Queer Desire and Uncanny Visions". Light Motives: German Popular Film in Perspective. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3044-4.
Hand, Richard J.; McRoy, Richard J. (2020). "Introduction". Gothic Film: An Edinburgh Companion. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-4804-8.
Hardy, Phil, ed. (1995). The Overlook Film Encyclopedia. 3. Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-624-0.
Hantke, Steffan (2007). "Academic Film Criticism, the Rhetoric of Crisis, and the Current State of American Horror Cinema: Thoughts on Canonicity and Academic Anxiety". College Literature. 34 (4): 191–202. doi:10.1353/lit.2007.0045.
Hawkins, Joan (2000). Cutting Edge: Art-horror and the Horrrific Avant-garde. University of Minnesota Press.
Heffernan, Kevin (2004). Ghouls, Gimmicks, and Gold: Horror Films and the American Movie Business, 1953–1968. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822385554.
Heller-Nicholas, Alexandra (2014). Found Footage Horror Films. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-7077-8.
Jancovich, Mark (1992). Horror. B. T. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 0-7134-6820-3.
Jancovich, Mark (1994). American Horror From 1951 to the Present. Keele University Press. ISBN 1-85331-149-9.
Jancovich, Mark (2000). "'A Real Shocker': authenticity, genre and the struggle for distinction". Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 14 (1): 23–35. doi:10.1080/713657675. ISSN 1030-4312.
Jones, Steve (2013). Torture Porn: Popular Horror After Saw. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-31941-7.
LaCava, Stephanie (October 7, 2021). "Julia Ducournau on Titane". Screen Slate. Diakses tanggal January 20, 2021.
Lazaro-Reboll, Antonio (2012). Spanish Horror Film. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3638-9.
Lucas, Tim (2013). Mario Bava - All the Colors of the Dark. Video Watchdog. ISBN 978-0-9633756-1-2.
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[1] (Inggris) Derry, Charles (1977). Dark Dreams: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film. Macfarland.

[truorg-2] (Inggris)Asal Mula Sebenarnya dari Film Horor Diarsipkan 2013-04-18 di Wayback Machine.

[3] (Inggris)Seek Japan:: J-Horror: Sebuah Panduan Alternatif Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine.

[4] (Inggris)Frankenstein Edison

[5] (Inggris)The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)- Moria The Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Review Diarsipkan 2004-08-25 di Wayback Machine.

[6] (Inggris)Ekspresionisme Jerman

[7] (Inggris)Film-film Horor

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Baris 23: / Baris 23: @@
 == Referensi ==
 {{reflist}}
+==Bacaan lanjutan==
+* {{cite book|last1=Aston|first1=James|last2=Walliss|first2=John|title=To See the Saw Movies|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-7089-1|year=2013}}
+* {{cite book|title=Introduction to Japanese Horror Film|last=Balmain|first=Colette|year=2008|isbn=9780748630592|publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Holly Lynn |last2=Davis |first2=Roger |year=2008 |title=Hosting the Monster |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-0-7864-0988-4 }}
+* {{cite magazine|magazine=[[Sight & Sound]]|title=Beyond North America: Three International Horror Hotspots from the Last Decade|last=Bitel|first=Anton|date=November 2020|volume=30|issue=9|publisher=British Film Institute}}
+* {{cite magazine|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|title=This Was the Decade Horror Got "Elevated"|last=Bradley|first=Laura|date=December 17, 2019|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123194425/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/12/rise-of-elevated-horror-decade-2010s|archive-date=November 23, 2020|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/12/rise-of-elevated-horror-decade-2010s}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Chibnall |first1=Steve |last2=Petley |first2=Julian |year=2002 |title=British horror cinema |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-23004-7 }}
+* {{cite news|last=Collins|first=Charlie|title=The Stage|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=December 1, 1930}}
+* {{cite book|title=Horror International (Contemporary Approaches to Film and Television)|year=2005|publisher=Wayne State University Press|chapter=Kiwi Gothic: New Zealand's Cinema of a Perilous Paradise|last=Conrich|first=Ian|isbn=9780814331019}}
+* {{cite book|title=American Horror Film: The Genre at the Turn of the Millennium|year=2010|isbn=9781604734546|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|last1=Craig|first1=Pamela|last2=Fradley|first2=Matin}}
+* {{cite book|last=Chung|first=Hye Seung|title=Korean Horror Cinema|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|editor-first1=Alison|editor-last1=Peirse|editor-first2=Martin|editor-last2=Daniel|year=2013|chapter=Acacia and Adoption Anxiety in Korean Horror Cinema}}
+* {{cite book
+| last= Curti
+| first= Roberto
+| title= Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1957–1969
+| publisher= [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]
+| isbn= 978-1-4766-1989-7
+| year= 2015
+}}
+* {{cite book
+ |last=Curti
+ |first=Roberto
+ |title=Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1970–1979
+ |publisher=McFarland
+ |isbn=978-1-4766-2960-5
+ |year=2017
+ }}
+* {{cite book |last=Curti |first=Roberto |title=Italian Gothic Horror Films, 1980-1989 |publisher=McFarland |year= 2019 |isbn=978-1-4766-7243-4}}
+* {{cite journal|journal=Wide Screen|volume=5|issue=1|date=February 2014|issn=1757-3920|title=Let the Ghost Speak: A Study of Contemporary Indian Horror Cinema|last=Dhusiya|first=Mithuraaj}}
+* {{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-cat-people-1942|title=Cat People (1942)|location=Chicago, Illinois|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=March 12, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828234320/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-cat-people-1942|archive-date=August 28, 2014}}
+* {{cite magazine|title=Terreur in Italie|magazine=Midi-Minuit Fantastique|issue=7|date=September 1963|last=Fofi|first=Goffredo}}
+*{{cite book|last=Fujiwara|first=Chris|year=2000|orig-year=1st pub. 1998|title=Jacques Tourneur: The Cinema of Nightfall|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-8018-6561-1|url=https://archive.org/details/jacquestourneurc00fuji}}
+* {{cite book |last=Galbraith IV |first=Stuart |title=The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4616-7374-3 }}
+* {{cite book|last1=Gregersdotter|first1=Katarina|last2=Hoglund|first2=Johan|last3=Hallen|first3=Nicklas|title=Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2015|isbn=978-1-349-55349-5}}
+* {{cite book|title=Light Motives: German Popular Film in Perspective|year=2003|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-3044-4|chapter=Unification Horror: Queer Desire and Uncanny Visions|last=Halle|first=Randall}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Hand|first1=Richard J.|last2=McRoy|first2=Richard J.|chapter=Introduction|year=2020|title=Gothic Film: An Edinburgh Companion|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-4804-8}}
+* {{cite book |editor-last=Hardy |editor-first=Phil |editor-link=Phil Hardy (journalist) |year=1995 |title=The Overlook Film Encyclopedia |volume=3 |publisher=[[Overlook Press]] |isbn=0-87951-624-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-ehQgAACAAJ&q=overlook+film+encyclopedia }}
+* {{cite journal|journal=College Literature|volume=34|issue=4|last=Hantke|first=Steffan|year=2007|title=Academic Film Criticism, the Rhetoric of Crisis, and the Current State of American Horror Cinema: Thoughts on Canonicity and Academic Anxiety|pages=191–202|doi=10.1353/lit.2007.0045}}
+* {{cite book|last=Hawkins|first=Joan|title=Cutting Edge: Art-horror and the Horrrific Avant-garde|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2000}}
+*{{cite book
+ | last= Heffernan
+ | first= Kevin
+ | title= Ghouls, Gimmicks, and Gold: Horror Films and the American Movie Business, 1953–1968
+ |publisher= [[Duke University Press]]
+ |year= 2004
+ |isbn= 0822385554
+}}
+* {{cite book|title=Found Footage Horror Films|last=Heller-Nicholas|first=Alexandra|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-7077-8|year=2014}}
+* {{cite book|title=Horror|last=Jancovich|first=Mark|year=1992|isbn=0-7134-6820-3|publisher=B. T. Batsford Ltd.}}
+* {{cite book|title=American Horror From 1951 to the Present|last=Jancovich|first=Mark|year=1994|isbn=1-85331-149-9|publisher=Keele University Press}}
+* {{cite journal|title='A Real Shocker': authenticity, genre and the struggle for distinction|last=Jancovich|first=Mark|issn=1030-4312|volume=14|issue=1|journal=Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies|year=2000|pages=23–35|doi=10.1080/713657675|s2cid=144833572}}
+* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Steve|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2013|title=Torture Porn: Popular Horror After Saw|isbn=978-0-230-31941-7}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.screenslate.com/articles/julia-ducournau-titane|work=Screen Slate|last=LaCava|first=Stephanie|title=Julia Ducournau on Titane|date=October 7, 2021|access-date=January 20, 2021}}
+* {{cite book|title=Spanish Horror Film|year=2012|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-3638-9|last=Lazaro-Reboll|first=Antonio}}
+* {{cite book|title=Mario Bava - All the Colors of the Dark|last=Lucas|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Lucas|isbn=978-0-9633756-1-2|year=2013|publisher=Video Watchdog}}
+* {{Cite AV media notes
+| title       = The Two Faces of Black Sabbath
+| year        = 2013b
+| page        = 15
+| author      = Lucas, Tim
+|author-link= Tim Lucas
+| type        = booklet
+| publisher   = Arrow Films
+| id          = FCD778
+}}
+* {{cite book|title=Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff: The Expanded Story of a Haunting Collaboration, with a Complete Filmography of Their Films Together|last=Mank|first=Gregory William|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5472-3}}
+* {{cite book|title=The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies|last1=Marriott|first1=James|last2=Newman|first2=Kim|author-link1=James Marriott (author)|author-link2=Kim Newman|year=2018|orig-year=1st pub. 2006|publisher=[[Carlton Publishing Group|Carlton Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-78739-139-0}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/97782112/what-are-you-afraid-of-the-new-horror-movie-renaissance|title=What are You Afraid of? The New Horror Movie Renaissance|date=October 30, 2017|last=Matthews|first=Philip|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|access-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130080610/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/97782112/what-are-you-afraid-of-the-new-horror-movie-renaissance|archive-date=November 30, 2017}}
+* {{cite web|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|date=September 11, 2017|title=Box Office: Stephen King's 'It' Scared Up A Monstrous $123M Weekend.|access-date=July 13, 2018|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/09/11/it-box-office-pennywise-is-bigger-than-jesus-with-a-123m-weekend/?sh=f19faa15c855}}
+* {{cite book|title=Horror Films of the 1980s|isbn=978-0-7864-2821-2|last=Muir|first=John Kenneth|year=2007|publisher=McFarland & Company}}
+* {{cite book|title=Horror Films of the 1990s|last=Muir|first=John Kenneth|year=2011|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=978-0-7864-4012-2}}
+* {{cite book
+ |last=Muir
+ |first=John Kenneth
+ |title=Horror Films of the 1970s
+ |publisher=McFarland
+ |isbn=978-0-7864-9156-8
+ |year=2012
+ }}
+* {{cite journal|title=Taste, Taboo, Trash: The Story of the Ramsay Brothers|last=Nair|first=Kartik|journal=BioScope|doi= 10.1177/097492761200300203|year=2012|volume=3|issue=2|pages=123–145|s2cid=144146193}}
+* {{cite book|title=Cat People|last=Newman|first=Kim|year=2009|orig-year=1st pub. 1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-85170-741-9}}
+* {{cite book|last=Newman|first=Kim|title=Nightmare Movies|isbn=978-1-4088-0503-9|year=2011|orig-year=1st pub. 1988|publisher=Bloomsbury}}
+* {{cite magazine|magazine=Sight & Sound|title=Planet Terror: The Year in Horror|last=Newman|first=Kim|date=November 2020|volume=30|issue=9|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}
+* {{cite magazine|magazine=Sight & Sound|title=This Year in Horror|last=Newman|first=Kim|date=January 2020c|publisher=British Film Institute|volume=30|issue=1}}
+* {{cite magazine|magazine=Sight & Sound|title=Wide Angle: Exploring the Bigger Picture|last=Newman|first=Kim|date=November 2020b|volume=30|issue=9|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}
+* {{cite book|title=Horror Films|last1=Odell|first1=Colin|last2=Le Blanc|first2=Michelle|publisher=[[Kamera Books]]|isbn=978-1-84243-218-1|year=2007}}
+* {{cite book|title=Euro Horror: Classic European Horror Cinmea in Contemporary American Culture|last=Olney|first=Ian|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-253-00648-6}}
+* {{cite book|last=Paul|first=William|year=1994|title=Laughing Screaming: Modern Hollywood Horror and Comedy|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Peirse|first1=Alison|last2=Martin|first2=Daniel|year=2013|title=Korean Horror Cinema|isbn=978-0-7486-4310-3|chapter=Introduction}}
+* {{cite book|title=Caligari's Children: The Film as Tale of Terror|last=Prawer|first=Siegbert Solomon|publisher=Da Capo|orig-year=1st pub. 1980|year=1989|isbn=0-306-80347-X}}
+* {{cite book |last=Prince |first=Stephen |year=2004 |title=The Horror Film |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-3363-5 }}
+* {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=Gary D.|title=Tod Browning's Dracula|publisher=Tomahawk Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-9566834-5-8|author-link=Gary D. Rhodes}}
+* {{cite book|title=No Traveler Returns: The Lost Years of Bela Lugosi|last1=Rhodes|first1=Gary D.|last2=Kaffenberger|first2=Bill|publisher=BearManor Media|year=2016|edition=Kindle|isbn=978-1-59393-285-5}}
+* {{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-have-you-ever-wondered-what-the-ramsays-are-doing-we-find-out-2680042|title=Have you ever wondered what the Ramsays are doing? We find out|first=Pooja|last=Salvi|date=October 28, 2018|publisher=DNA India}}
+* {{cite magazine|magazine=Sight & Sound|title=The Psychedelic Renaissance: The Enduring Influence of 1970s Horror|last=Sélavy|first=Virginie|date=November 2020|volume=30|issue=9|publisher=British Film Institute}}
+* {{cite book|title=Teen Movies: American Youth on Screen|publisher=Wallflower|year=2005|last=Shary|first=Timothy|isbn=1 904764-49-5}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Shelley|first=Peter|title=Australian Horror Films, 1973-2010|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-6167-7}}
+* {{cite book |last=Shipka |first=Danny |title=Perverse Titillation: The Exploitation Cinema of Italy, Spain and France, 1960–1980 |publisher=McFarland |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7864-4888-3 }}
+* {{cite book|title=Monsters and Mad Scientists : A Cultural History of the Horror Movie|last=Tudor|first=Andrew|isbn=063116992X|date=1991|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Weaver |first1=Tom |last2=Brunas |first2=Michael |last3=Brunas |first3=John|year=2007 |orig-year=1990 |title=Universal Horrors |edition=2 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-2974-5 }}
+* {{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts|volume=27|issue=3|year=2016|title=The State vs. Buttgereit and Ittenbach: Censorship and Subversion in German No-Budget Horror Film|last=Werbeck|first=Kai-Uwe}}
+* {{cite book|title=Films of the New French Extremity|last=West|first=Alexandra|publisher=McFarland|year=2016|isbn=9781476663487}}
+* {{cite book|title=The 1990s Teen Horror Cycle: Final Girls and a New Hollywood Formula|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2018|last=West|first=Alexandra|isbn=978-1-4766-7064-5}}
+* {{Cite book|chapter=An Introduction to the Continental Horror Film|first=Kevin|last=Wynter|page=44|title=Transnational Horror Cinema. Bodies of Excess and the Global Grotesque|editor-first=Sophia|editor-last=Siddique|editor-first2=Raphael|editor-last2=Raphael|year=2016|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-137-58416-8|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-58417-5}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/the-10-best-australian-films-of-the-21st-century/|work=Taste of Cinema|access-date=January 21, 2021|title=The 10 Best Australian Films of The 21st Century|last=Withers|first=Ned Athol|date=January 18, 2016}}
+* {{cite book |last=Worland |first=Rick |year=2007 |title=The Horror Film: A Brief Introduction |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-4051-3902-1 }}
 {{Genre film}}
 {{Filmberdasarkangenre}}

l b s Genre film
Menurut genre	Biografi Budaya pop Cerita seru romantis Cyberpunk Dokumenter drama mokumenter perjalanan pseudo-dokumenter semi-dokumenter Drama dokumenter hukum komedi sejarah Eksperimental Eksploitasi Epik Erotis Fantasi monster pahlawan super tokusatsu Fiksi ilmiah dunia paralel steampunk Film noir neo-noir Gothik Horor jagal Komedi drama gelap Mo lei tau parodi romantis slapstick Laga Masala Militer perang Misteri detektif Musikal Panduan sosial Pendidikan Petualangan Politik Porno pinku eiga keras lunak Potongan kehidupan Propaganda Realita Religi Kristen Romantis cerita seru Seni Trik
Menurut topik	Bajak laut Bencana apokaliptik Beranjak dewasa Binatang Distopia Dokumenter alam Ecchi Ekonomi Eksploitasi seksual Etnografi Gothik Hantu Harem Hentai lolicon shotacon Hukum Isekai Jalan Jidaigeki samurai Kaitō Kanibal Kolonial Konser Kriminal gangster mafia perampokan yakuza LGBT yaoi yuri Mahō shōjo Makanan dan minuman Makhluk luar angkasa Mata-mata Mecha Menari Monster kaiju mumi vampir manusia serigala zombi Obat terlarang Olahraga Balapan Berselancar Opera Pahlawan super Pedang Pedang dan sandal Pedang dan sihir Perang Penjara Perbudakan Pemerkosaan dan balas dendam Pertukaran tubuh Potongan kehidupan Seni bela diri silat / kungfu / wuxia gun fu ninja Sepasang pemeran polisi Snuff Shomin-geki Travel gunung Vigilante Wanita dengan senjata Film Western Koboi Italia
Menurut demografi	Film keluarga Film anak-anak anime dan manga Film remaja Film dewasa Film wanita Chick flick Film kulit hitam
Menurut format, teknik/teknologi, pendekatan, atau produksi	3D Aktualitas Animasi peran hidup Antologi Film B Bawah tanah Bisu Bujet rendah Berwarna Blockbuster Cerita (film fitur) Cinéma vérité Di balik layar Eksperimental Film etnografi Hitam putih Independen Klasik Kolase Kompilasi Komposit Kultus Layar komputer Pendek Peran hidup animasi Satir Satu kali tangkapan Seni Seri Studio besar Tanpa bujet Film Z
Kategori · Portal Film