Sejarah kehidupan: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sejarah evolusi kehidupan di Bumi mengalami proses dimana organisme hidup dan organisme fosil berevolusi sejak kehidupan timbul di planet tersebut, sampai sekarang. Bumi terbentuk sekitar 4.5 miliar tahun lampau dan bukti menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan timbul sebelum 3.7 miliar tahun lampau.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Kehidupan pertamakali muncul di Bumi sekitar 3.7 miliar tahun lalu, disekitar lubang hidrotermal. Namun, kehidupan pada saat ini hanya sebatas makhluk bersel satu. Makhluk bersel banyak baru muncul pada sekitar 1 miliar tahun lalu. Pada sekitar 900 hingga 800 juta tahun lalu, hewan pertama muncul, yaitu spons laut.

Kemiripan dalam skala genetik dari seluruh spesies yang pernah hidup, mengindikasikan bahwa seluruh makhluk hidup yang pernah ada berasal dari satu leluhur bersama.^[4] Menurut beberapa ilmuwan, hingga sekarang, jumlah spesies yang sudah diidentifikasi hanya merepresentasikan sepersekian persen dari seluruh makhluk hidup yang pernah ada, mengingat usia bumi yang sangat tua. Satu penelitian mengklaim bahwa Bumi mungkin memiliki sekitar 1 triliun spesies semasa hidupnya.^[5] Namun, hanya ada sekiter 1.75 hingga 1.8 juta spesies yang sudah dinamai,However,^[6]^[7] dan 1.8 juta spesies yang sudah terdokumentasi di database pusat.^[8] Spesies-spesies hewan yang masih hidup saat ini, hanya mewakili satu persen dari seluruh spesies hewan yang pernah ada.

Bukti tertua dari kehidupan berasal dari Jejak karbon biogenik^[9]^[10] dan fosil stromatolit^[11] yang ditemukan di batuan metasedimen (salah satu jenis batuan metamorf) yang berusia 3.7 miliar tahun di Greenland. Pada 2015, bukti kemungkinan dari "sisa-sisa kehidupan biotik" ditemukan di batuan berusia 4.1 miliar tahun di Australia Barat.^[12]^[13] Lalu pada Maret 2017, bukti yang kemungkinan merupakan pertanda dari salahsatu wujud kehidupan tertua di Bumi telah ditemukan dalam bentuk mikrofosil dari suatu organisme bersel satu di endapan Ventilasi hidrotermal di Sabuk Batuhijau Nuvvuagittuq, Kanada, yang kemungkinan hidup setidaknya sekitar 4.28 miliar tahun lalu, tak lama setelah lautan pertama terbentuk sekitar 4.4 miliar tahun lalu.^[14]^[15]

Tikar mikrob dari bakteri dan arkaea yang hidup berdampingan, adalah wujud kehidupan yang paling banyak ditemukan di Arkean awal, dan paleontolog berspekulasi bahwa banyak dari langkah-langkah besar dari evolusi awal kehidupan terjadi pada eon tersebut.^[16] Evolusi dan perkembangan dari fotosintesis pada sianobakteri sekitar 3.5 Ga, akhirnya mengarah ke penumpukan oksigen (yang merupakan gas buang dari sianobakteri tersebut) di atmosfer, yang mengarah ke Peristiwa Oksigenasi Besar, yang dimulai pada 2.4 miliar tahun lalu.^[17] Bukti tertua dari eukariota, yang sudah memiliki organel dan sistem sel yang lebih kompleks, berasal dari 3.85 miliar tahun lalu,^[18]^[19] dan meski mereka kemungkinan sudah muncul pada sejarah bumi lebih awal dari waktu tersebut, tingkat keanekaragaman, dan evolusi mereka meningkat sejak mereka mulai menggunakan oksigen untuk metabolisme mereka. Lalu pada setidaknya 1.7 miliar tahun lalu, organisme multiseluler pertama bermunculan, dengan bermacam-macam sel yang berbeda, masing-masing dengan tugas yang berbeda.^[20] Pada saat ini, reproduksi seksual menjadi cara dominan untuk bereproduksi pada hampir seluruh jenis organisme makroskopis, termasuk hampir seluruh eukariota.^[21] Namun asal usul dan evolusi dari sistem reproduksi seksual masih menjadi misteri bagi biolog. Namun mereka setuju bahwa kemampuan tersebut berawal dari suatu organisme eukariotik bersel satu.^[22] Sementara itu, simetri bilateria muncul pertamakali pada 555 juta tahun lalu.

Catatan kaki

Referensi

^ Pearce, Ben K.D.; Tupper, Andrew S.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Higgs, Paul G. (2018-03-01). "Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on Earth". Astrobiology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 18 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:2018AsBio..18..343P. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1674. PMID 29570409.
^ Rosing, Minik T. (1999-01-29). "13C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in >3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 283 (5402): 674–676. Bibcode:1999Sci...283..674R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5402.674. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9924024.
^ Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; Nagase, Toshiro; Rosing, Minik T. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0908.
^ Futuyma 2005
^
Dybas, Cheryl; Fryling, Kevin (May 2, 2016). "Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species" (Siaran pers). Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. News Release 16-052. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2016-12-11. Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
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^ Knoll, Andrew H.; Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Hewitt, David; et al. (June 29, 2006). "Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1470): 1023–1038. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1843. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1578724 . PMID 16754612.
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^ Bonner, John Tyler (January 7, 1998). "The origins of multicellularity". Integrative Biology. 1 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6. ISSN 1757-9694.
^ Otto, Sarah P.; Lenormand, Thomas (April 1, 2002). "Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (4): 252–261. doi:10.1038/nrg761. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 11967550.
^
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Bacaan tambahan

Dawkins, Richard (1989). The Selfish Gene (edisi ke-New). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286092-7. LCCN 89016077. OCLC 20012195.
Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.
Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph, ed. (2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Foreword by Edward O. Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. LCCN 2008030270. OCLC 225874308.
Smith, John Maynard; Szathmáry, Eörs (1997) [Originally published 1995; Oxford: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum]. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4. LCCN 94026965. OCLC 715217397.

Pranala luar

Informasi umum

"Evolution". The Virtual Fossil Museum. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-22. General information on evolution compiled by Roger Perkins
"Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-22.
"Evolution Resources". Washington, D.C.: National Academies. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.
"Tree of Life". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-10. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23. Tree of life diagram by Neal Olander
"Evolution". New Scientist. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.
Brain, Marshall. How Evolution Works di HowStuffWorks
"Modern Theories of Evolution: An Introduction to the Concepts and Theories That Led to Our Current Understanding of Evolution". Palomar College. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23. Tutorial created by Dennis O'Neil

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van Wyhe, John (ed.). "The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online". Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.
Price, R. G. "Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications". rationalrevolution.net. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.

[Pearce_343–364-1] Pearce, Ben K.D.; Tupper, Andrew S.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Higgs, Paul G. (2018-03-01). "Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on Earth". Astrobiology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 18 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:2018AsBio..18..343P. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1674. PMID 29570409.

[Rosing_674–676-2] Rosing, Minik T. (1999-01-29). "13C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in >3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 283 (5402): 674–676. Bibcode:1999Sci...283..674R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5402.674. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9924024.

[Ohtomo_25–28-3] Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; Nagase, Toshiro; Rosing, Minik T. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0908.

[4] Futuyma 2005

[NSF-2016002-5] Dybas, Cheryl; Fryling, Kevin (May 2, 2016). "Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species" (Siaran pers). Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. News Release 16-052. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2016-12-11.
Locey, Kenneth J.; Lennon, Jay T. (May 24, 2016). "Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (21): 5970–5975. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.5970L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521291113 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4889364 . PMID 27140646.

[6] Locey, Kenneth J.; Lennon, Jay T. (May 24, 2016). "Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (21): 5970–5975. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.5970L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521291113 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4889364 . PMID 27140646.

[FOOTNOTEChapman2009-6] Chapman 2009.

[NYT-20141108-MJN-7] Novacek, Michael J. (November 8, 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". Sunday Review. The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-10. Diakses tanggal 2014-12-25. "A version of this article appears in print on Nov. 9, 2014, Section SR, Page 6 of the New York edition with the headline: Prehistory's Brilliant Future."

[col2016-8] "Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist". Species 2000; Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2019. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-16.

[Rosing_674–6762-9] Rosing, Minik T. (January 29, 1999). "¹³C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in >3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland". Science. 283 (5402): 674–676. Bibcode:1999Sci...283..674R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5402.674. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9924024.

[Ohtomo_25–282-10] Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0894.

[11] Nutman, Allen P.; Bennett, Vickie C.; Friend, Clark R.L.; et al. (September 22, 2016). "Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures". Nature. 537 (7621): 535–538. Bibcode:2016Natur.537..535N. doi:10.1038/nature19355. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 27580034. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-01-02. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-17.

[AP-20151019-12] Borenstein, Seth (October 19, 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-07-12. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-17.

[PNAS-20151124-pdf-13] Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (November 24, 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4664351 . PMID 26483481. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-14.

[NAT-20170301-14] Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; et al. (March 2, 2017). "Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates" (PDF). Nature. 543 (7643): 60–64. Bibcode:2017Natur.543...60D. doi:10.1038/nature21377 . ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28252057. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-18.

[NYT-20170301-15] Zimmer, Carl (March 1, 2017). "Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest". Matter. The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-01-04. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-02. "A version of this article appears in print on March 2, 2017, Section A, Page 9 of the New York edition with the headline: Artful Squiggles in Rocks May Be Earth's Oldest Fossils."

[NisbetFowler1999-16] Nisbet, Euan G.; Fowler, C.M.R. (December 7, 1999). "Archaean metabolic evolution of microbial mats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 266 (1436): 2375–2382. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0934. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1690475 .

[Anbar2007-17] Anbar, Ariel D.; Yun, Duan; Lyons, Timothy W.; et al. (September 28, 2007). "A Whiff of Oxygen Before the Great Oxidation Event?". Science. 317 (5846): 1903–1906. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1903A. doi:10.1126/science.1140325. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17901330.

[18] Knoll, Andrew H.; Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Hewitt, David; et al. (June 29, 2006). "Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1470): 1023–1038. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1843. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1578724 . PMID 16754612.

[Fedonkin2003-19] Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (March 31, 2003). "The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record" (PDF). Paleontological Research. 7 (1): 9–41. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.9. ISSN 1342-8144. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-02-26. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-02.

[Bonner1999-20] Bonner, John Tyler (January 7, 1998). "The origins of multicellularity". Integrative Biology. 1 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6. ISSN 1757-9694.

[21] Otto, Sarah P.; Lenormand, Thomas (April 1, 2002). "Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination". Nature Reviews Genetics. 3 (4): 252–261. doi:10.1038/nrg761. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 11967550.

[Letunic_I_and_Bork_P-22] Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer. "iTOL: Interactive Tree of Life". Heidelberg, Germany: European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-21.
Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (January 1, 2007). "Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation" (PDF). Bioinformatics. 23 (1): 127–128. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529 . ISSN 1367-4803. PMID 17050570. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-21.

Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (July 1, 2011). "Interactive Tree Of Life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy" (PDF). Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (Suppl. 2): W475–W478. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr201. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 3125724 . PMID 21470960. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-21.

[24] Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (January 1, 2007). "Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation" (PDF). Bioinformatics. 23 (1): 127–128. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529 . ISSN 1367-4803. PMID 17050570. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-21.

[25] Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (July 1, 2011). "Interactive Tree Of Life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy" (PDF). Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (Suppl. 2): W475–W478. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr201. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 3125724 . PMID 21470960. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-21.

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+{{Paleontologi}}{{Linimasa kehidupan}}<!-- Sedang diterjemahkan untuk dijadikan AP (hopefully) -->
-{{Paleontologi}}
 '''Sejarah evolusi kehidupan''' di Bumi mengalami proses dimana [[organisme]] hidup dan organisme [[fosil]] berevolusi sejak kehidupan timbul di planet tersebut, sampai sekarang. Bumi terbentuk sekitar 4.5 miliar tahun lampau dan bukti menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan timbul sebelum 3.7 miliar tahun lampau.<ref name="Pearce 343–364">{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Ben K.D.|last2=Tupper|first2=Andrew S.|last3=Pudritz|first3=Ralph E.|last4=Higgs|first4=Paul G.|date=2018-03-01|title=Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on Earth|journal=Astrobiology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=343–364|doi=10.1089/ast.2017.1674|pmid=29570409|bibcode=2018AsBio..18..343P}}</ref><ref name="Rosing 674–676">{{Cite journal|last=Rosing|first=Minik T.|date=1999-01-29|title=13C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in &gt;3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/283/5402/674|journal=Science|language=en|volume=283|issue=5402|pages=674–676|doi=10.1126/science.283.5402.674|issn=0036-8075|pmid=9924024|bibcode=1999Sci...283..674R}}</ref><ref name="Ohtomo 25–28">{{Cite journal|last=Ohtomo|first=Yoko|last2=Kakegawa|first2=Takeshi|last3=Ishida|first3=Akizumi|last4=Nagase|first4=Toshiro|last5=Rosing|first5=Minik T.|date=January 2014|title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2025|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=En|volume=7|issue=1|pages=25–28|doi=10.1038/ngeo2025|issn=1752-0908|bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O}}</ref>
-Kehidupan pertamakali muncul di Bumi sekitar 3.7 miliar tahun lalu, disekitar [[lubang hidrotermal]]. Namun, kehidupan pada saat ini hanya sebatas makhluk bersel satu. Makhluk bersel banyak baru muncul pada sekitar 1 miliar tahun lalu. Pada sekitar 900 hingga 800 juta tahun lalu, hewan pertama muncul, yaitu [[Porifera|spons laut]]
+Kehidupan pertamakali muncul di Bumi sekitar 3.7 miliar tahun lalu, disekitar [[lubang hidrotermal]]. Namun, kehidupan pada saat ini hanya sebatas makhluk bersel satu. Makhluk bersel banyak baru muncul pada sekitar 1 miliar tahun lalu. Pada sekitar 900 hingga 800 juta tahun lalu, hewan pertama muncul, yaitu [[Porifera|spons laut]].
+Kemiripan dalam skala genetik dari seluruh [[spesies]] yang pernah hidup, mengindikasikan bahwa seluruh makhluk hidup yang pernah ada berasal dar[[Leluhur bersama terakhir universal|i satu leluhur]] bersama.<ref>{{harvnb|Futuyma|2005}}</ref> Menurut beberapa ilmuwan, hingga sekarang, jumlah spesies yang sudah diidentifikasi hanya merepresentasikan sepersekian persen dari seluruh makhluk hidup yang pernah ada, mengingat usia bumi yang sangat tua. Satu penelitian mengklaim bahwa Bumi mungkin memiliki sekitar 1 triliun spesies semasa hidupnya.<ref name="NSF-2016002">{{cite press release|last1=Dybas|first1=Cheryl|last2=Fryling|first2=Kevin|date=May 2, 2016|title=Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446|url-status=live|location=Alexandria, VA|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|id=News Release 16-052|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446|archive-date=2016-05-04|access-date=2016-12-11}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Locey|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Lennon|first2=Jay T.|date=May 24, 2016|title=Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]]|volume=113|issue=21|pages=5970–5975|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.5970L|doi=10.1073/pnas.1521291113|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4889364|pmid=27140646|doi-access=free}}</ref> Namun, hanya ada sekiter 1.75 hingga 1.8 juta spesies yang sudah dinamai,However,{{sfn|Chapman|2009}}<ref name="NYT-20141108-MJN">{{cite news|last=Novacek|first=Michael J.|date=November 8, 2014|title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|department=[[Sunday Review]]|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110003127/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|archive-date=2014-11-10|access-date=2014-12-25|url-status=live}} "A version of this article appears in print on Nov. 9, 2014, Section SR, Page 6 of the New York edition with the headline: Prehistory's Brilliant Future."</ref> dan 1.8 juta spesies yang sudah terdokumentasi di database pusat.<ref name="col2016">{{cite web|year=2019|title=Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/info/ac|publisher=[[Species 2000]]; [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref> Spesies-spesies hewan yang masih hidup saat ini, hanya mewakili satu persen dari seluruh spesies hewan yang pernah ada.
+Bukti tertua dari kehidupan berasal dari [[Jejak karbon]] [[Kehidupan|biogenik]]<ref name="Rosing 674–6762">{{cite journal|last=Rosing|first=Minik T.|date=January 29, 1999|title=<sup>13</sup>C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in &gt;3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=283|issue=5402|pages=674–676|bibcode=1999Sci...283..674R|doi=10.1126/science.283.5402.674|issn=0036-8075|pmid=9924024}}</ref><ref name="Ohtomo 25–282">{{cite journal|last1=Ohtomo|first1=Yoko|last2=Kakegawa|first2=Takeshi|last3=Ishida|first3=Akizumi|last4=Nagase|first4=Toshiro|last5=Rosing|first5=Minik T.|display-authors=3|date=January 2014|title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=25–28|bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O|doi=10.1038/ngeo2025|issn=1752-0894}}</ref> dan fosil [[stromatolit]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nutman|first1=Allen P.|last2=Bennett|first2=Vickie C.|last3=Friend|first3=Clark R.L.|last4=Van Kranendonk|first4=Martin J.|last5=Chivas|first5=Allan R.|display-authors=3|date=September 22, 2016|title=Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5181&context=smhpapers|format=PDF|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=537|issue=7621|pages=535–538|bibcode=2016Natur.537..535N|doi=10.1038/nature19355|issn=0028-0836|pmid=27580034|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102053302/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5181&context=smhpapers|archive-date=2020-01-02|access-date=2020-02-17|url-status=live|s2cid=205250494}}</ref> yang ditemukan di batuan [[Batuan metamorf|metasedimen]] (salah satu jenis batuan metamorf) yang berusia 3.7 miliar tahun di [[Greenland]]. Pada 2015, bukti kemungkinan dari "sisa-sisa kehidupan [[Komponen biotik|biotik]]" ditemukan di batuan berusia 4.1 miliar tahun di Australia Barat.<ref name="AP-20151019">{{cite news|last=Borenstein|first=Seth|date=October 19, 2015|title=Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth|url=https://apnews.com/e6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51|work=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712123134/https://apnews.com/e6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51|archive-date=2018-07-12|access-date=2020-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20151124-pdf">{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Boehnke|first2=Patrick|last3=Harrison|first3=T. Mark|last4=Mao|first4=Wendy L.|display-authors=3|date=November 24, 2015|title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume=112|issue=47|pages=14518–14521|bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B|doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4664351|pmid=26483481|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213002627/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-13|access-date=2020-02-14|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lalu pada Maret 2017, bukti yang kemungkinan merupakan pertanda dari salahsatu wujud kehidupan tertua di Bumi telah ditemukan dalam bentuk [[mikrofosil]] dari suatu organisme bersel satu di endapan [[Ventilasi hidrotermal]] di [[Sabuk Batuhijau Nuvvuagittuq]], Kanada, yang kemungkinan hidup setidaknya sekitar 4.28 miliar tahun lalu, tak lama setelah lautan pertama terbentuk sekitar 4.4 miliar tahun lalu.<ref name="NAT-20170301">{{cite journal|last1=Dodd|first1=Matthew S.|last2=Papineau|first2=Dominic|last3=Grenne|first3=Tor|last4=Slack|first4=John F.|last5=Rittner|first5=Martin|last6=Pirajno|first6=Franco|last7=O'Neil|first7=Jonathan|last8=Little|first8=Crispin T. S.|display-authors=3|date=March 2, 2017|title=Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/1/ppnature21377_Dodd_for%20Symplectic.pdf|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=543|issue=7643|pages=60–64|bibcode=2017Natur.543...60D|doi=10.1038/nature21377|issn=0028-0836|pmid=28252057|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213131959/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/1/ppnature21377_Dodd_for%20Symplectic.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-13|access-date=2020-02-18|url-status=live|s2cid=2420384|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20170301">{{cite news|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|author-link=Carl Zimmer|date=March 1, 2017|title=Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html|department=Matter|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104080331/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html|archive-date=2020-01-04|access-date=2017-03-02|url-status=live}} "A version of this article appears in print on March 2, 2017, Section A, Page 9 of the New York edition with the headline: Artful Squiggles in Rocks May Be Earth's Oldest Fossils."</ref>
+[[Tikar mikrob]] dari [[bakteri]] dan [[arkaea]] yang hidup berdampingan, adalah wujud kehidupan yang paling banyak ditemukan di [[Arkean]] awal, dan paleontolog berspekulasi bahwa banyak dari langkah-langkah besar dari evolusi awal kehidupan terjadi pada eon tersebut.<ref name="NisbetFowler1999">{{cite journal|last1=Nisbet|first1=Euan G.|last2=Fowler|first2=C.M.R.|author2-link=Mary Fowler (geologist)|date=December 7, 1999|title=Archaean metabolic evolution of microbial mats|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society#Proceedings of the Royal Society B|Proceedings of the Royal Society B]]|volume=266|issue=1436|pages=2375–2382|doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0934|issn=0962-8452|pmc=1690475}}</ref> Evolusi dan perkembangan dari [[fotosintesis]] pada [[sianobakteri]] sekitar 3.5 Ga, akhirnya mengarah ke penumpukan oksigen (yang merupakan gas buang dari sianobakteri tersebut) di atmosfer, yang mengarah ke [[Peristiwa Oksigenasi Besar]], yang dimulai pada 2.4 miliar tahun lalu.<ref name="Anbar2007">{{cite journal|last1=Anbar|first1=Ariel D.|last2=Yun|first2=Duan|last3=Lyons|first3=Timothy W.|last4=Arnold|first4=Gail L.|last5=Kendall|first5=Brian|last6=Creaser|first6=Robert A.|last7=Kaufman|first7=Alan J.|last8=Gordon|first8=Gwyneth W.|last9=Scott|first9=Clinton|display-authors=3|date=September 28, 2007|title=A Whiff of Oxygen Before the Great Oxidation Event?|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=317|issue=5846|pages=1903–1906|bibcode=2007Sci...317.1903A|doi=10.1126/science.1140325|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17901330|last10=Garvin|first10=Jessica|last11=Buick|first11=Roger|s2cid=25260892}}</ref> Bukti tertua dari [[eukariota]], yang sudah memiliki organel dan sistem sel yang lebih kompleks, berasal dari 3.85 miliar tahun lalu,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knoll|first1=Andrew H.|author-link=Andrew H. Knoll|last2=Javaux|first2=Emmanuelle J.|last3=Hewitt|first3=David|last4=Cohen|first4=Phoebe|display-authors=3|date=June 29, 2006|title=Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]]|volume=361|issue=1470|pages=1023–1038|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1843|issn=0962-8436|pmc=1578724|pmid=16754612}}</ref><ref name="Fedonkin2003">{{cite journal|last=Fedonkin|first=Mikhail A.|author-link=Mikhail Fedonkin|date=March 31, 2003|title=The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record|url=http://www.vend.paleo.ru/pub/Fedonkin_2003.pdf|journal=Paleontological Research|volume=7|issue=1|pages=9–41|doi=10.2517/prpsj.7.9|issn=1342-8144|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226122725/http://www.vend.paleo.ru/pub/Fedonkin_2003.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-26|access-date=2008-09-02|url-status=dead|s2cid=55178329}}</ref> dan meski mereka kemungkinan sudah muncul pada sejarah bumi lebih awal dari waktu tersebut, tingkat keanekaragaman, dan evolusi mereka meningkat sejak mereka mulai menggunakan oksigen untuk [[metabolisme]] mereka. Lalu pada setidaknya 1.7 miliar tahun lalu, [[organisme multiseluler]] pertama bermunculan, dengan bermacam-macam sel yang berbeda, masing-masing dengan tugas yang berbeda.<ref name="Bonner1999">{{cite journal|last=Bonner|first=John Tyler|author-link=John Tyler Bonner|date=January 7, 1998|title=The origins of multicellularity|journal=[[Integrative Biology]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–36|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6|issn=1757-9694}}</ref> Pada saat ini, [[reproduksi seksual]] menjadi cara dominan untuk bereproduksi pada hampir seluruh jenis organisme makroskopis, termasuk hampir seluruh [[eukariota]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Otto|first1=Sarah P.|last2=Lenormand|first2=Thomas|date=April 1, 2002|title=Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination|journal=[[Nature Reviews Genetics]]|volume=3|issue=4|pages=252–261|doi=10.1038/nrg761|issn=1471-0056|pmid=11967550|author1-link=Sarah Otto|s2cid=13502795}}</ref>  Namun asal usul dan evolusi dari sistem reproduksi seksual masih menjadi misteri bagi biolog. Namun mereka setuju bahwa kemampuan tersebut berawal dari suatu organisme eukariotik bersel satu.<ref name="Letunic I and Bork P">{{cite web|last1=Letunic|first1=Ivica|last2=Bork|first2=Peer|author2-link=Peer Bork|title=iTOL: Interactive Tree of Life|url=https://itol.embl.de/|publisher=[[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]]|location=Heidelberg, Germany|access-date=2015-07-21}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Letunic|first1=Ivica|last2=Bork|first2=Peer|author2-link=Peer Bork|date=January 1, 2007|title=Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation|url=https://itol.embl.de/help/17050570.pdf|journal=[[Bioinformatics (journal)|Bioinformatics]]|volume=23|issue=1|pages=127–128|doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529|issn=1367-4803|pmid=17050570|access-date=2015-07-21|doi-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Letunic|first1=Ivica|last2=Bork|first2=Peer|author2-link=Peer Bork|date=July 1, 2011|title=Interactive Tree Of Life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy|url=https://itol.embl.de/help/gkr201.pdf|journal=[[Nucleic Acids Research]]|volume=39|issue=Suppl. 2|pages=W475–W478|doi=10.1093/nar/gkr201|issn=0305-1048|pmc=3125724|pmid=21470960|access-date=2015-07-21}}</ref> Sementara itu, [[Simetri Bilateral|simetri bilateria]] muncul pertamakali pada 555 juta tahun lalu.
 == Catatan kaki ==