Pemenjaraan di Amerika Serikat
Pemenjaraan di Amerika Serikat adalah salah satu bentuk hukuman dan rehabilitasi utama untuk penindakan kejahatan besar dan gugatan lainnya. Amerika Serikat memiliki populasi penjara terbesar di dunia, dan tingkat pemenjaraan per-kapita tertinggi.[1][2][3] Pada 2016, terdapat 655 orang yang ditahan per 100.000 populasi di AS. Ini adalah tingkat pemenjaraan AS untuk orang dewasa atau orang menjelang dewasa.[4][1] Pada 2016, 2.2 juta orang Amerika dipenjara, yang artinya setiap 100.000 orang, terdapat 655 orang yang sekarang menjadi tahanan. Pemenjaraan tersebut membuat pemerintah Amerika Serikat menghabiskan $80 miliar dolar setahun.
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ a b Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the WPB main data page and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
- ^ ""Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert". OHCHR. June 4, 2018. Diakses tanggal June 25, 2018.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaHandbook - ^ United States of America. World Prison Brief.
Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]
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Buku[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Alexander, Michelle (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. The New Press. ISBN 1595586431
- Davis, Angela (2003). Are Prisons Obsolete?. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 9781583225813
- Enns, Peter K. (2016). Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316500613
- Gottschalk, Marie (2014). Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics. Princeton University Press. Book Hardcover ISBN 9780691164052, eBook ISBN 9781400852147.
- Harcourt, Bernard (2012). The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674066162
- Hinton, Elizabeth (2016). From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674737237
- Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442201738
- Taibbi, Matt (2014). The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap. Spiegel & Grau. ISBN 081299342X
- Wacquant, Loïc (2009). Prisons of Poverty. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816639019
- ——— (2009). Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity Diarsipkan 2019-02-23 di Wayback Machine.. Duke University Press. ISBN 082234422X
- Wang, Jackie. (2018). Carceral Capitalism. Semiotext(e). ISBN 978-1635900026
- Western, Bruce (2007). Punishment and Inequality in America Diarsipkan 2015-12-08 di Wayback Machine.. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 087154895X
- DeConde, A. (2001). Gun Violence in America. 1st ed. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
- Todd R. Clear; Natasha A. Frost (2015). The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1479851690.
Artikel dan wawancara[sunting | sunting sumber]
- The Prison State of America (2014-12-28), Chris Hedges, Truthdig
- How Prisons Rip Off and Exploit the Incarcerated, Part I Diarsipkan 2017-10-24 di Wayback Machine. (2015-01-04) and Part II Diarsipkan 2016-12-22 di Wayback Machine. (2015-01-07), Marshall "Eddie" Conway and Chris Hedges, The Real News
- Do Prisons and Mass Incarceration Keep Us Safe? Part I Diarsipkan 2016-12-22 di Wayback Machine. (2015-01-11) and Part II Diarsipkan 2016-12-22 di Wayback Machine. (2015-01-13), Marshall "Eddie" Conway and Maya Schenwar, author of Locked Down and Locked Out. The Real News. See also Tomgram: Maya Schenwar, Prison by Any Other Name (2015-01-18), TomDispatch
- "Carceral Conglomerate" Makes Millions From Incarcerated, Their Friends and Families (February 2015), James Kilgore and Brian Dolinar, Truthout
- Prison Industries: "Don't Let Society Improve or We Lose Business" Diarsipkan 2017-09-09 di Wayback Machine. (April 2012), Dina Rasor, Truthout
- Immigrants mistreated in 'inhumane' private prisons, finds report. Al Jazeera America. June 10, 2014.
- Watch John Oliver Explain the Insanity of Our Prison System With Puppets. Mother Jones. July 21, 2014.
- Locked Up for Being Poor: How private debt collectors contribute to a cycle of jail, unemployment, and poverty. The Atlantic. February 25, 2015.
- Why does the US imprison so many people? Al Jazeera America. May 14, 2015.
- Why Isn't More Happening to Reduce America's Bloated Prison Population? Diarsipkan 2018-06-14 di Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. June 24, 2015.
- Cruel and All-Too-Usual. The Huffington Post. July 1, 2015.
- Big business built the prison state. Why should we trust them to tear it down? The Guardian. July 17, 2015.
- SpearIt, Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment (2014). University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Vol. 25, 2014. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2608698
- "My Four Months as a Private Prison Guard": Shane Bauer Goes Undercover to Expose Conditions. Democracy Now! June 27, 2016.
- Inside America's biggest prison strike: 'The 13th amendment didn't end slavery'. The Guardian. October 22, 2016.
- [1] "CNN"'Drew Kann' July 10,2018