Paradoks Eropa

Paradoks Eropa mengacu pada anggapan gagalnya negara-negara Eropa mengubah kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan menjadi inovasi yang menguntungkan.^[1]^[2] Istilah ini dicetuskan dalam European Commission Green Paper tahun 1995.^[3] Banyak artikel yang mempertanyakan interpretasi teoretis yang menjadi dasar konjektur paradoks ini serta dasar empirisnya.^[4]

Negara lain[sunting | sunting sumber]

Fenomena banjir tenaga kerja berpendidikan dengan akademik yang kuat sambil mengejar komersialisasi teknologi juga dipermasalahkan di Australia. Di sana, penyebabnya adalah pajak tinggi, dukungan industri yang rendah dari pemerintah, dan sikap anti-intelektualisme. Perbedaan utamanya adalah ukuran jumlah penduduk, karena Australia terbatasi oleh pasar domestik yang sangat kecil, sedangkan Eropa jelas-jelas tidak.

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Daftar paradoks

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Maassen, Peter A. M.; Olsen, Johan P. (14 May 2007). University dynamics and European integration. Springer. hlm. 174. ISBN 978-1-4020-5970-4. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2010. ... the research policy paradigm was already well embedded in a competitiveness/innovation oriented understanding and an understanding of the so-called European paradox, that is, the conjecture that EU member states play a leading global role in terms of top-level scientific output, but lag behind in the ability of converting this strength into wealth-generating innovations.
^ Andreasen, Lars Erik (1995). Europe's next step: organisational innovation, competition and employment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4630-5. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2010.
"... Europe’s poor position is not a result of its performance in research or R&D. On this point, there is in fact a European paradox ..." (page 10)
"... the efficiency of European R&D is 0.74, as against 1.6 for the USA and 1.32 for Japan. It is this which represents what I refer to as the ‘European paradox’."
^ "Green paper on innovation" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2011-05-01.
^ See for example Giovanni Dosi, Patrick Llerana and Mauro Sylos Labini "The relationships between science, technologies and their industrial exploitation: An illustration through the myths and realities of the so-called 'European Paradox'". Research Policy, Volume 35, Issue 10, December 2006, Pages 1450-1464

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Artikel bertopik ekonomi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[MaassenOlsen2007-1] Maassen, Peter A. M.; Olsen, Johan P. (14 May 2007). University dynamics and European integration. Springer. hlm. 174. ISBN 978-1-4020-5970-4. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2010. ... the research policy paradigm was already well embedded in a competitiveness/innovation oriented understanding and an understanding of the so-called European paradox, that is, the conjecture that EU member states play a leading global role in terms of top-level scientific output, but lag behind in the ability of converting this strength into wealth-generating innovations.

[Andreasen1995-2] Andreasen, Lars Erik (1995). Europe's next step: organisational innovation, competition and employment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4630-5. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2010.
"... Europe’s poor position is not a result of its performance in research or R&D. On this point, there is in fact a European paradox ..." (page 10)
"... the efficiency of European R&D is 0.74, as against 1.6 for the USA and 1.32 for Japan. It is this which represents what I refer to as the ‘European paradox’."

[3] "Green paper on innovation" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2011-05-01.

[4] See for example Giovanni Dosi, Patrick Llerana and Mauro Sylos Labini "The relationships between science, technologies and their industrial exploitation: An illustration through the myths and realities of the so-called 'European Paradox'". Research Policy, Volume 35, Issue 10, December 2006, Pages 1450-1464

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