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==Abbreviation types==
==Abbreviation types==
<!-- this is a translation nearly ''ad litteram'' (a bit reductive) of the book's preface with the addition of one or two English (Old Norse/English) specific notes so single citation should suffice (apart from additions). -->
Adriano Cappelli, author of ''lexicon abbreviarum: dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane'',<ref>Cappelli, Adriano - Lexicon Abbreviaturarum: Dizionario Di Abbreviature Latine Ed Italiane, 1999, Ulrico Hoepli Editore, 6th edition</ref> enumerates the various medieval brachigraphic signs found in Latin and Italian vulgar texts, which originate from the Roman sigla (a symbol to express a word) and Tironian notes. Quite rarely abbreviations did not carry marks to indicate an abbreviation has occurred: if they did they were often [[scribal error|copying errors]]. For example, "e.g." is written with dots, but modern terms, such as "PC", may be written uppercase instead.
Adriano Cappelli, author of ''lexicon abbreviarum: dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane'',<ref>Cappelli, Adriano - Lexicon Abbreviaturarum: Dizionario Di Abbreviature Latine Ed Italiane, 1999, Ulrico Hoepli Editore, 6th edition</ref> enumerates the various medieval brachigraphic signs found in Latin and Italian vulgar texts, which originate from the Roman sigla (a symbol to express a word) and Tironian notes. Quite rarely abbreviations did not carry marks to indicate an abbreviation has occurred: if they did they were often [[scribal error|copying errors]]. For example, "e.g." is written with dots, but modern terms, such as "PC", may be written uppercase instead.


Baris 75: Baris 74:
Letters lying on their sides, or mirrored (backwards), often indicate female titles, however, a mirrored C, Ɔ, stands generally for ''con'' or ''contra'' (the latter sometimes with a macron above, "Ɔ̄").
Letters lying on their sides, or mirrored (backwards), often indicate female titles, however, a mirrored C, Ɔ, stands generally for ''con'' or ''contra'' (the latter sometimes with a macron above, "Ɔ̄").


To avoid confusion with abbreviations and numerals, the latter are often written with a bar above. In some contexts, however, numbers with a line above indicate that number multiplied by a thousand <!--huh? to the grammar here-->whilst others several abbreviations have a line above, such as "ΧΡ" (Greek letters chi+rho) = ''Christus'' or "IHS" = ''Jesus'', the latter two for a special case of abbreviations known as [[nomina sacra]].
To avoid confusion with abbreviations and numerals, the latter are often written with a bar above. In some contexts, however, numbers with a line above indicate that number multiplied by a thousand whilst others several abbreviations have a line above, such as "ΧΡ" (Greek letters chi+rho) = ''Christus'' or "IHS" = ''Jesus'', the latter two for a special case of abbreviations known as [[nomina sacra]].


Starting in the 8th or 9th century, single letter sigla grew less common and were replaced by longer, less ambiguous sigla with bars above them.
Starting in the 8th or 9th century, single letter sigla grew less common and were replaced by longer, less ambiguous sigla with bars above them.
Baris 119: Baris 118:
* A dot, two dots, comma and dot (different from a semicolon), and the Arabic numeral 3-like mark ꝫ were generally at the end of a word on the baseline. After ''b'', they mean ''-us'' (semicolon-like and ꝫ also could mean ''-et''). After ''q'', they form the conjunction ''-que'' (meaning "and" but attached to the end of the last world) with semicolon-like and ꝫ the ''q'' could be omitted. Semicolon-like, in Lombard documents, above ''s'' meant ''-sis''. The dot above median line on an ''h'' – ''hoc''. Dot above ''u'' – ''ut'' or ''uti''. The ꝫ could mean ''-est'', or after ''a'', ''e'', ''u'' vowels meant ''-m'' not ''us'' or ''ei'', if after an ''o'' it meant ''-nem''. In certain papers the ꝫ mark can be confused with a cut ''r'' rotunda (handwritten 4-like).
* A dot, two dots, comma and dot (different from a semicolon), and the Arabic numeral 3-like mark ꝫ were generally at the end of a word on the baseline. After ''b'', they mean ''-us'' (semicolon-like and ꝫ also could mean ''-et''). After ''q'', they form the conjunction ''-que'' (meaning "and" but attached to the end of the last world) with semicolon-like and ꝫ the ''q'' could be omitted. Semicolon-like, in Lombard documents, above ''s'' meant ''-sis''. The dot above median line on an ''h'' – ''hoc''. Dot above ''u'' – ''ut'' or ''uti''. The ꝫ could mean ''-est'', or after ''a'', ''e'', ''u'' vowels meant ''-m'' not ''us'' or ''ei'', if after an ''o'' it meant ''-nem''. In certain papers the ꝫ mark can be confused with a cut ''r'' rotunda (handwritten 4-like).
** A dot to the left and right of a letter gave the following meanings: ''e'' – ''.e.'' ''est'', ''i'' – ''.i.'' ''id est'', ''n'' – ''.n.'' ''enim'', ''q'' – ''.q.'' ''quasi'', ''s'' – ''.s.'' ''scilicet'', ''t'' – ''.t.'' ''tune'', .ꝯ. – ''quondam'', .⁊. ''etiam''.
** A dot to the left and right of a letter gave the following meanings: ''e'' – ''.e.'' ''est'', ''i'' – ''.i.'' ''id est'', ''n'' – ''.n.'' ''enim'', ''q'' – ''.q.'' ''quasi'', ''s'' – ''.s.'' ''scilicet'', ''t'' – ''.t.'' ''tune'', .ꝯ. – ''quondam'', .⁊. ''etiam''.
* A diagonal line, often hooked, mark crossing nearly all the letters gives a different meaning. Commonly a missing ''er'', ''ar'', ''re''. Variants of which were placed above and were ¿-like<!--rotated question mark-->, tilde (crossing ascender) and similar to the ''us'' mark. These, used in various combinations, allow for various uses giving additional meanings.
* A diagonal line, often hooked, mark crossing nearly all the letters gives a different meaning. Commonly a missing ''er'', ''ar'', ''re''. Variants of which were placed above and were semacam tanda "¿", tilde (crossing ascender) and similar to the ''us'' mark. These, used in various combinations, allow for various uses giving additional meanings.
* 2-like mark, after a ''q'' – ''qꝛ'' ''quia''. After 15th century alone ꝛ ''et'' (being similar to ⁊) and alone with line above ꝛ̄ ''etiam''. After ''u'' and ''a'' at the end of a word (''uꝛ'', ''aꝛ'') ''m'', after ''s'' – ''sꝛ'', ''ſꝛ'' ''et'' or ''ed''.
* 2-like mark, after a ''q'' – ''qꝛ'' ''quia''. After 15th century alone ꝛ ''et'' (being similar to ⁊) and alone with line above ꝛ̄ ''etiam''. After ''u'' and ''a'' at the end of a word (''uꝛ'', ''aꝛ'') ''m'', after ''s'' – ''sꝛ'', ''ſꝛ'' ''et'' or ''ed''.


Revisi per 24 Oktober 2013 00.36

Contoh teks dari naskah Alkitab yang dibuat pada awal abad ke-15.

Siglum (bentuk jamak: Sigla, bentuk tunggal lain: sigil; bahasa Inggris: Scribal abbreviations) adalah penulisan aksara singkatan yang digunakan oleh jurutulis kuno dan abad pertengahan, terutama dalam naskah bahasa Latin, bahasa Yunani dan bahasa Norwegia kuno. Penyuntingan naskah modern (substantif dan mekanik) menggunakan sigla sebagai lambang-lambang untuk menandai lokasi sumber naskah dan mengidentifikasi penyalin suatu karya.

Bentuk

Identitas dan penggunaan siglum sebagai singkatan ini tidaklah konstan melainkan berubah-ubah dari daerah ke daerah. Siglum ini meningkat pemakaiannya dan mencapai puncaknya pada masa Renaissance Karoling (abad ke-8 sampai ke-10). Singkatan-singkatan paling umum, disebut notae communes, banyak dijumpai di seluruh Eropa, sedangkan bentuk-bentuk lain hanya di daerah-daerah tertentu. Lagipula, pada dokumen-dokumen legal (hukum) juga dijumpai singkatan hukum, disebut notae juris, bahkan juga singkatan yang berganti-ganti, yang dikarang oleh jurutulis secara ad hoc untuk mencegah pengulangan nama atau tempat dalam suatu dokumen.[1]

Siglum dapat dijumpai pada epigrafi, naskah-naskah keramat dan legal, yang ditulis dalam bahasa Latin atau bahasa sehari-hari (vulgar tongue) meskipun jarang dan sedikit jumlahnya, baik dalam bentuk kaligrafi atau tidak.

Siglum Latin untuk praedicatorum, quoque, conversis, dan quorum.

Dalam epigrafi, singkatan-singkatan umum dapat dilihat dalam golongan berikut:

  • Singkatan suatu kata menjadi huruf depannya saja;
  • Singkatan suatu kata menjadi huruf-huruf pertama yang berurutan, atau beberapa huruf yang tidak berurutan dalam suatu kata.

Kedua bentuk singkatan ini disebut "suspension" (karena jurutulis menghentikan atau suspend penulisan kata itu). Suatu bentuk singkatan terpisah adalah dengan "contraction" (kontraksi) dan paling umum digunakan dalam naskah Kristen untuk kata-kata keramat atau kudus, Nomina Sacra. Siglum non-Kristen lebih terbatas penggunaan jumlah hurufnya dan tidak menghilangkan huruf-huruf di tengah. Satu kebiasaan penggunaan frasa yang sering hanya sebagai siglum misalnya "DM" untuk Dis Manibus ("Didedikasikan kepada Manes"); "IHS" dibentuk dari tiga huruf pertama kata "ΙΗΣΟΥΣ" (= "Yesus"); dan RIP untuk requiescat in pace (bahasa Inggris: "Rest in Peace"; "Beristirahatlah dengan tenang" untuk orang mati), karena penggunaan bentuk panjangnya sendiri sangat jarang. Menurut Traube, siglum-siglum ini bukan untuk meringankan beban juru tulis melainkan untuk membungkus dalam penghormatan kata-kata paling mulia dalam agama Kristen.[2]

Contoh-contoh siglum/singkatan bahasa Latin dari abad ke-8 dan ke-9 di seluruh Eropa

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Lindsay, Wallace Martin, Notae Latinae: An Account of Abbreviation in Latin Mss. Of the Early Minuscule Period (C. 700-850), 1915, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  2. ^ Traube, Ludwig, Nomina sacra: Versuch einer Geschichte der Christlichen Kürzung, Munich,1907

Pustaka

Pranala luar

 Artikel ini memuat teks dari suatu penerbitan yang sekarang berada dalam ranah publik: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Methods of Abbreviation". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton. 

Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siglum&oldid=7416651"