Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Perbedaan antara revisi

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
	锅鍋 guo 国國 gwo 果果 guoo 过過 guoh Perlihatkan tabel di atas sebagai gambar (untuk penjelajah yang tidak dapat menampilkan aksara Cina); Empat nada guo seperti yang tertulis pada aksara Cina sederhana (kiri), tradisional (kanan), dan Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Perhatikan perbedaan ajaan (warna merah) untuk tiap-tiap nada yang berbeda.
Hanzi tradisional:	國語羅馬字
Hanzi sederhana:	国语罗马字
Makna harfiah:	"Romanisasi Bahasa Nasional"
Alih aksara
	Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin:	Guóyǔ Luómǎzì
- Tongyong Pinyin:	Guóyǔ Luómǎzìh
- Wade-Giles:	Kuo2-yü3 Lo2-ma3-tzu4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh:	Gwoyeu Romatzyh
	Yue (Kantonis)
- Jyutping:	gwok3 jyu3 lo4 ma5 zi6

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Revisi per 15 Maret 2016 21.21

Gwoyeu Romatzyh (secara harfiah "Romanisasi Bahasa Nasional"),^[1] disingkat GR, adalah sebuah sistem penulisan bahasa Mandarin yang menggunakan huruf latin. Sistem ini pertama kali digagaskan oleh Y.R. Chao (Zhao Yuanren) dan kemudian dikembangkan oleh sekelompok ahli linguistik termasuk Chao dan Lin Yutang dari tahun 1925 sampai dengan 1926. Chao sendiri kemudian menerbitkan karya linguistiknya yang terkenal menggunakan GR.

GR merupakan salah satu dari dua sistem romanisasi bahasa Mandarin yang mengindikasikan empat nada Mandarin menggunakan variasi ejaan pada suku katanya ("ejaan bernada").^[2] Nada-nada ini merupakan bagian yang mendasar dalam bahasa Tionghoa^[3] dan hal ini mengizinkan penutur bahasa Tionghoa membedakan dua atau lebih suku kata yang sama namun berbeda artinya. Pada sistem romanisasi lainnya, nada-nada ini ditampilkan menggunakan diakritik (contohnya pada Pinyin: āi, ái, ǎi dan ài) maupun menggunakan angka (Wade-Giles: ai¹, ai², dst.). GR "mengeja" empat nada tersebut menjadi ai, air, ae dan ay. Ejaan-ejaan yang mengikuti aturan-aturan tertentu ini, mengindikasikan empat nada yang berbeda manakala masih mempertahankan cara baca suku kata ai.

Pada tahun 1928, Cina mengadopsi GR sebagai sistem romanisasi resmi bahasa Mandarin.^[4] GR digunakan untuk mengindikasikan cara baca aksara-aksara Mandarin dalam kamus-kamus bahasa Mandarin. Para pendukung sistem ini berharap bahwa sistem ini di kemudian hari dapat dijadikan sebagai sistem penulisan bahasa Mandarin yang baru. Walaupun terdapat dukungan dari para ahli linguistik dari Cina maupun luar negeri, GR tidak mendapatkan tanggapan yang baik dari publik oleh karena kerumitan ejaannya.^[5] Salah satu sebab terbatasnya penggunaan sistem romanisasi ini adalah karena ia didasarkan pada dialek Beijing, yang pada saat itu tidak digalakkan penggunaannya oleh pemerintah Cina. Pada akhirnya GR digantikan oleh Pinyin dan sistem romanisasi lainnya. Walau demikian, sistem romanisasi ini memiliki pengaruh yang besar pada sistem-sistem romanisasi yang dikembangkan setelahnya. Penggunaan sistem romanisasi ini masih dapat terlihat pada ejaan standar untuk provinsi Shaanxi (Pinyin: shǎnxī), yang tidak dapat dibedakan dari Shanxi (Pinyin: shānxī) apabila keduanya ditulis menggunakan pinyin tanpa diakritik.

Catatan

^ Hanzi sederhana: 国语罗马字; Hanzi tradisional: 國語羅馬字; Pinyin: Guóyǔ Luómǎzì. Pada tahun 1937, sinolog Trittel menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Jerman sebagai "Lateinumschrift der Reichssprache" (DeFrancis[1950]: Ch 4, footnote 4).
^ Sistem romanisasi lainnya yang menggunakan ejaan bernada adalah Wade Sederhana yang dimodifikasi dari Wade-Giles.
^ "A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said bud in English, meaning 'not good' or 'the thing one sleeps in.'" Chao(1948):24.
^ Kratochvíl(1968):169
^ John DeFrancis. "Chapter 4 of DeFrancis(1950)". pinyin.info. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-27.

Referensi

Chao, Yuen Ren (1948). Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese. Harvard University Press.
Chao, Yuen Ren (1968a). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. University of California Press. ISBN 0520002199.
Chao, Yuen Ren (1968b). Readings in Sayable Chinese. Asian Language Publications, Inc. ISBN 0879503289.
Chao, Yuen Ren (1968c). Language and Symbolic Systems. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521094577.
Chao, Yuen Ren (1947). Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674158008.
Chen, Ping (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521645727.
Ch'en, Ta-tuan (2000). Chinese Primer. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691096023.
Ching, Eugene; Yutang, Lin; Li, Choh-Ming (1975). "Review of Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage by Lin Yutang". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 34 (2): 521–524. doi:10.2307/2052772. JSTOR 10.2307/2052772.
Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). "Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan". The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43.
DeFrancis, John (1950). Nationalism and Language Reform in China. Princeton University Press. Chapter 4 is available online.
Karlgren, Bernhard (1928). The Romanization of Chinese. London: China Society.
Kratochvíl, Paul (1968). The Chinese Language Today. Hutchinson. ISBN 0090846516.
Lin, Yutang (1972). Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage. Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 0070996954.
Liu, Y.C. (1960). Fifty Chinese Stories (Yan-wen dueyjaw Jonggwo Guhshyh wuushyr pian / 言文对照中国故事五十篇). Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0853310548.
McGinnis, Scott (1997). "Tonal Spelling versus Diacritics for Teaching Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese". The Modern Language Journal. Blackwell Publishing. 81 (2): 228–236. doi:10.2307/328789. JSTOR 10.2307/328789.
Simon, Harry F. (1958). "Some Remarks on the Structure of the Verb Complex in Standard Chinese". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 21 (1/3): 553–577. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00060171.
Simon, Walter (1942). The New Official Chinese Latin Script Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Tables, Rules, Illustrative Examples. Arthur Probsthain.
Simon, Walter (1947). A Beginners' [sic] Chinese-English Dictionary. Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd.

Pranala luar

"Chapter 4 of DeFrancis (1950)". Diakses tanggal 2007-02-27.
"A short course (10 pages)". Diakses tanggal 2007-03-31.
"GR Junction". Diakses tanggal 2007-03-31.
"A Guide to Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tonal Spelling of Chinese". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 3, 2006. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-31.
"Gwoyeu Romatzyh". Diakses tanggal 2007-03-31.
"Romanization comparison chart". Diakses tanggal 2007-03-31.
Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool - Converts between Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other formats

[1] Hanzi sederhana: 国语罗马字; Hanzi tradisional: 國語羅馬字; Pinyin: Guóyǔ Luómǎzì. Pada tahun 1937, sinolog Trittel menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Jerman sebagai "Lateinumschrift der Reichssprache" (DeFrancis[1950]: Ch 4, footnote 4).

[2] Sistem romanisasi lainnya yang menggunakan ejaan bernada adalah Wade Sederhana yang dimodifikasi dari Wade-Giles.

[3] "A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said bud in English, meaning 'not good' or 'the thing one sleeps in.'" Chao(1948):24.

[Kratochvíl1968:169-4] Kratochvíl(1968):169

[5] John DeFrancis. "Chapter 4 of DeFrancis(1950)". pinyin.info. Diakses tanggal 2007-02-27.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Baris 28: / Baris 28: @@
 ==Referensi==
-*{{cite book |last = Chao |first = Yuen Ren |title = Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese |publisher = Harvard University Press |year = 1948 }}
+*{{cite book|last = Chao|first = Yuen Ren|title = Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 1948 }}
-*{{cite book |last = Chao |first = Yuen Ren |title = A Grammar of Spoken Chinese |publisher = University of California Press |date = 1968a |isbn = 0520002199}}
+*{{cite book|last = Chao|first = Yuen Ren|title = A Grammar of Spoken Chinese|publisher = University of California Press|date = 1968a|isbn = 0520002199}}
-*{{cite book |last = Chao |first = Yuen Ren |title = Readings in Sayable Chinese |publisher = Asian Language Publications, Inc |date = 1968b  |isbn = 0879503289}}
+*{{cite book|last = Chao|first = Yuen Ren|title = Readings in Sayable Chinese|publisher = Asian Language Publications, Inc|date = 1968b |isbn = 0879503289}}
-*{{cite book |last = Chao |first = Yuen Ren |title = Language and Symbolic Systems |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = 1968c |isbn = 0521094577 }}
+*{{cite book|last = Chao|first = Yuen Ren|title = Language and Symbolic Systems|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1968c|isbn = 0521094577 }}
-*{{cite book |last = Chao |first = Yuen Ren |coauthors = and L.S. Yang |title = Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese |publisher = Harvard University Press |year = 1947  |isbn = 0674158008}}
+*{{cite book|last = Chao|first = Yuen Ren|coauthors = and L.S. Yang|title = Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 1947 |isbn = 0674158008}}
-*{{cite book |last = Chen |first = Ping |title = Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 1999 |isbn = 0521645727 }}
+*{{cite book|last = Chen|first = Ping|title = Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1999|isbn = 0521645727 }}
-*{{cite book |last = Ch'en |first = Ta-tuan |coauthors = P. Link, Y.J. Tai and T.T. Ch'en |title = Chinese Primer |publisher = Princeton University Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 0691096023}}
+*{{cite book|last = Ch'en|first = Ta-tuan|coauthors = P. Link, Y.J. Tai and T.T. Ch'en|title = Chinese Primer|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 0691096023}}
 *{{cite journal | last = Ching | first = Eugene  | title = Review of Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage by Lin Yutang  | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 34  | issue = 2  | pages = 521–524 | year = 1975 | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9118%28197502%2934%3A2%3C521%3ACDOMU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 | doi = 10.2307/2052772 | last2 = Yutang | first2 = Lin | last3 = Li | first3 = Choh-Ming | jstor = 10.2307/2052772 | publisher = Association for Asian Studies }}
 *{{cite journal | last = Chiung | first = Wi-vun Taiffalo  | title = Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan  | journal = The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal | volume = 9  | issue = 1  | pages = 15–43 | year = 2001 | url =http://www.de-han.org/pehoeji/lomaji/index.htm }}
-*{{cite book |last = DeFrancis |first = John |title = Nationalism and Language Reform in China |publisher = Princeton University Press |year = 1950}} [http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html Chapter 4] is available online.
+*{{cite book|last = DeFrancis|first = John|title = Nationalism and Language Reform in China|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1950}} [http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html Chapter 4] is available online.
-*{{cite book |last = Karlgren |first = Bernhard |title = The Romanization of Chinese |publisher = London: China Society |year = 1928}}
+*{{cite book|last = Karlgren|first = Bernhard|title = The Romanization of Chinese|publisher = London: China Society|year = 1928}}
-*{{cite book |last = Kratochvíl |first = Paul |title = The Chinese Language Today |publisher = Hutchinson  |year = 1968 |isbn = 0090846516}}
+*{{cite book|last = Kratochvíl|first = Paul|title = The Chinese Language Today|publisher = Hutchinson |year = 1968|isbn = 0090846516}}
-*{{cite book |last = Lin |first = Yutang |title = Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage |publisher = Chinese University of Hong Kong |year = 1972 |isbn = 0070996954}}
+*{{cite book|last = Lin|first = Yutang|title = Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage|publisher = Chinese University of Hong Kong|year = 1972|isbn = 0070996954}}
-*{{cite book |last = Liu |first = Y.C. |title = Fifty Chinese Stories (Yan-wen dueyjaw Jonggwo Guhshyh wuushyr pian / 言文对照中国故事五十篇) |publisher = Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd |year = 1960 |isbn = 0853310548}}
+*{{cite book|last = Liu|first = Y.C.|title = Fifty Chinese Stories (Yan-wen dueyjaw Jonggwo Guhshyh wuushyr pian / 言文对照中国故事五十篇)|publisher = Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd|year = 1960|isbn = 0853310548}}
 *{{cite journal | last = McGinnis  | first = Scott  | title = Tonal Spelling versus Diacritics for Teaching Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese  | journal = The Modern Language Journal  | volume = 81  | issue = 2  | pages = 228–236  |  url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-7902%28199722%2981%3A2%3C228%3ATSVDFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R&size=SMALL
   | doi =10.2307/328789 | month = October | year = 1997 | jstor = 10.2307/328789 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing}}
 *{{cite journal | last = Simon | first = Harry F. | title = Some Remarks on the Structure of the Verb Complex in Standard Chinese  | journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies  | volume = 21  | issue = 1/3  | pages = 553–577  | year = 1958  | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1958)21%3A1%2F3%3C553%3ASROTSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00060171 }}
-*{{cite book |last = Simon |first = Walter |title = The New Official Chinese Latin Script Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Tables, Rules, Illustrative Examples |publisher = Arthur Probsthain |year = 1942}}
+*{{cite book|last = Simon|first = Walter|title = The New Official Chinese Latin Script Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Tables, Rules, Illustrative Examples|publisher = Arthur Probsthain|year = 1942}}
-*{{cite book |last = Simon |first = Walter |title = A Beginners' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> Chinese-English Dictionary |publisher = Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd |year = 1947}}
+*{{cite book|last = Simon|first = Walter|title = A Beginners' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> Chinese-English Dictionary|publisher = Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd|year = 1947}}
 ==Pranala luar==