Lihat sumber Hikmat

[[Berkas:Moses San Pietro in Vincoli.jpg|jmpl|Pancaran sinar, dilambangkan sebagai tanduk-tanduk yang keluar dari kepala Musa (pahatan [[Michelangelo]]), merupakan lambang Hikmat dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]].]]
'''Hikmat''' atau '''hikmah''' ({{lang-en|Wisdom}}) adalah suatu pengertian dan pemahaman yang dalam mengenai orang, barang, kejadian atau situasi, yang menghasilkan kemampuan untuk menerapkan persepsi, penilaian dan perbuatan sesuai pengertian tersebut. Seringkali membutuhkan penguasaan reaksi emosional seseorang (''passions'') supaya prinsip, pertimbangan dan pengetahuan universal dapat menentukan tindakan seseorang. Hikmat juga berarti pemahaman akan apa yang benar dikaitkan dengan penilaian optimal terhadap suatu perbuatan. Sinonimnya termasuk: '''kebijaksanaan''', '''kecerdasan''', '''akal budi, akal sehat, kecerdikan'''; {{lang-en|sagacity, discernment, or insight}}.

== Perspektif filsafat ==
[[Berkas:Efez Celsus Library 3 RB.jpg|jmpl|Personifikasi "hikmat" dalam [[bahasa Yunani]], "''Σοφία''" atau "''Sofia''") pada [[Celsus Library]] di [[Efesus]], [[Turki]].]]
Definisi dasar dari "Hikmat" adalah penggunaan suatu pengetahuan dengan benar.<ref>"Wisdom is the right use of knowledge." – [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]] (1834–1892)</ref> Lawan dari hikmat adalah kebodohan atau kebebalan (''foolishness'', ''folly'').

Masyarakat [[Yunani]] kuno menganggap hikmat adalah suatu kebajikan yang penting, dipersonifikasikan sebagai dewi [[Metis (mitologi)|Metis]] dan [[Athena]]. Athena dikatakan keluar dari kepala [[Zeus]]. Ia digambarkan sebagai kuat, adil, murah hati dan perawan suci.<ref>{{cite web|last=Turnbill|first=S|date=2011, 12 8|title=Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and craftsmanship|url=http://www.goddessgift.com/goddess-myths/greek_goddess_athena.htm|publisher=Goddessgift.com}}</ref> Bagi [[Socrates]] dan [[Plato]], filsafat secara harfiah adalah cinta akan Hikmat (kata Yunani untuk filsafat, "''filosofi''", tersusun dari kata "''filo''", artinya "cinta; kasih", dan "''sofia''", artinya "hikmat"). Ini meresap ke dalam dialog-dialog Plato, terutama karyanya "''Republik''"<!--, in which the leaders of his proposed [[utopia]] are to be [[philosopher king]]s: rulers who understand the [[Form of the Good]] and possess the courage to act accordingly-->. [[Aristoteles]], dalam karyanya "''Metafisik''", mendefinisikan hikmat sebagai pemahaman sebab-akibat, yaitu mengetahui ''mengapa'' suatu hal itu seperti itu, yang lebih dalam dari sekadar mengetahui ''bahwa'' suatu hal itu seperti itu.<ref>Tetapi perlu dicatat bahwa dua ribu tahun setelah Aristoteles, [[Isaac Newton]] dipaksa untuk mengakui bahwa "Aku belum dapat menemukan sebab musabab sifat-sifat gaya tarik bumi (''gravity'') ini"</ref>
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The [[ancient Romans]] also valued wisdom. It was personified in [[Minerva]], or Pallas. She also represents skillful knowledge and the virtues, especially chastity. Her symbol was the owl which is still a popular representation of wisdom, because it can see in darkness. She was said to be born from Jupiter's brain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myths about Roman goddess minerva. (n.d.)|url=http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-gods/myths-about-the-roman-goddess-minerva.htm|publisher=Roman-colosseum.info}}</ref>

Wisdom is also important within [[Christianity]]. [[Jesus]] emphasized it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bible.cc/matthew/11-19.htm|title=Matthew 11:19 (KJV): "The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners. But wisdom is justified of her children|publisher=Bible.cc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bible.cc/matthew/10-16.htm|title=Matthew 10:16 (KJV): "Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves|publisher=Bible.cc}}</ref> [[Paul the Apostle]], in his [[first epistle to the Corinthians]], argued that there is both secular and divine wisdom, urging Christians to pursue the latter. [[Prudence]], which is intimately related to wisdom, became one of the four [[cardinal virtues]] of [[Catholicism]]. The Christian philosopher [[Thomas Aquinas]] considered wisdom to be the "father" (i.e. the cause, measure, and form) of all virtues.
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== Perspektif agamawi ==
Sejumlah agama memiliki pengajaran khusus yang berhubungan dengan hikmat.

=== Mesir kuno ===
Dewa [[:en:Sia (god)|Sia]] melambangkan personifikasi hikmat atau dewa kebijaksanaan dalam mitologi Mesir kuno.
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===Bahai Faith===
Wisdom and the acquiring of it is mentioned frequently in the Bahai Scriptures. According to the scriptures 
"The essence of wisdom is the fear of God, the dread of His scourge and punishment, and the apprehension of His justice and decree."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bahai Reference Library|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-11.html|work=Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas|publisher=US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1988 pocket-size edition|accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> Wisdom is seen as a light, that casts away darkness, and "its dictates must be observed under all circumstances",<ref>{{cite book|last=Browne|first=ʻAbduʹl-Bahá ; translated by Edward G.|title=A traveler's narrative.|year=1980|publisher=Bahá'i Publ. Trust|location=Wilmette, Ill.|isbn=0877431345|page=46|edition=New and corr. ed.}}</ref> other concepts associated with wisdom and being wise are considering "the regard of place and the utterance of discourse according to measure and state" and not believing or accepting what other people say so easily.<ref>{{cite book|last=Browne|first=ʻAbduʹl-Bahá ; translated by Edward G.|title=A traveler's narrative.|year=1980|publisher=Bahá'i Publ. Trust|location=Wilmette, Ill.|isbn=0877431345|edition=New and corr. ed.}}</ref>

One may obtain knowledge and wisdom through God, his Word, and his Divine Manifestation and the source of all learning is the knowledge of God.<ref>{{cite book|last=Esslemont|first=J.E.|title=Bahá'u'lláh and the new era : an introduction to the Bahá'í faith|year=2006|publisher=Bahá'í Pub. Trust|location=Wilmette, Ill.|isbn=1931847274}}</ref>
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=== [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Yudaisme]] ===
Dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]], hikmat dikaitkan dengan raja [[Salomo]], yang meminta hikmat dari Allah menurut catatan dalam [[2 Tawarikh 1]]. Sebagian besar isi [[Kitab Amsal]], yang memuat pepatah-pepatah bijak, diyakini adalah karya Salomo. Dalam {{Alkitab|Amsal 1:7}} dan {{Alkitab|Amsal 9:10}}, takut akan [[YHWH]] dikatakan sebagai permulaan atau landasan dari hikmat, sementara {{Alkitab|Amsal 8:13}} menyatakan bahwa "Takut akan YHWH sama dengan membenci ketidakadilan". Dalam {{Alkitab|Amsal 1:20}}, ada rujukan kepada hikmat yang dilambangkan dalam wujud seorang perempuan, "Hikmat berseru nyaring di jalan-jalan, di lapangan-lapangan ia memperdengarkan suaranya." (puja-puji kepada Sang Khalik layaknya puisi dan nyanyian). Diteruskan pada {{Alkitab|Amsal 8:22–31}}, perwujudan hikmat ini digambarkan hadir bersama-sama Allah sebelum permulaan penciptaan dan bahkan turut mengambil bagian dalam penciptaan itu sendiri, secara khusus mengenai penciptaan umat manusia.

Kata "hikmat" (חכם) disebutkan 222 kali dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]]. Dianggap sebagai salah satu sifat baik tertinggi di antara orang-orang Israel bersama-sama dengan kebaikan (חסד) dan keadilan (צדק). Baik [[Kitab Amsal]] dan [[Kitab Mazmur]] mendorong pembaca untuk memperoleh dan meningkatkan hikmat.
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Berikut sejumlah contoh dari Alkitab Ibrani mengenai hikmat:

:Building and establishing civilization ({{bibleref|Proverbs|24:3–4}}).
:Elevating life ({{bibleref|Proverbs|3:21-23}}).
:Safety and avoiding misery ({{bibleref|Proverbs|3:21–23}}).
:Exceeding the value of gold and silver ({{bibleref|Proverbs|16:16}}).
:Giver of patience and glory ({{bibleref|Proverbs|19:11}}).
:She (Wisdom) is the primal architect of creation who existed with God before the universe was formed ({{bibleref|Proverbs|8:30}})<ref name="Hebrew = 'amown">[http://scripturetext.com/proverbs/8-30.htm "master workman", Hebrew]</ref>

Wisdom is also personified as a righteous woman in the [[Book of Proverbs]].{{main|wisdom (personification)}}
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=== [[Perjanjian Baru]] dan [[Kekristenan]] ===
Terdapat suatu elemen yang berlawanan dalam pemikiran Kristen mengenai hikmat sekuler (dunia) dan hikmat Allah. [[Paulus dari Tarsus|Rasul Paulus]] menyatakan bahwa hikmat dunia menganggap pemberitaan mengenai [[Kristus]] sebagai suatu kebodohan. Namun, bagi barangsiapa yang berada di "jalan keselamatan" Kristus melambangkan hikmat Allah. ({{Alkitab|1 Korintus 1:17–31}}) Hikmat juga merupakan satu dari tujuh karunia Roh Kudus menurut kepercayaan Anglikan, Katolik, dan Lutheran. {{Alkitab|1 Korintus 12:8–10}} mencatat daftar sembilan kebajikan, salah satunya adalah hikmat.

=== [[Al Qur'an]] dan [[Islam]] ===
Dalam [[Islam]], Hikmat dianggap salah satu karunia terbesar yang dapat dinikmati manusia. [[Al Qur'an]] menyatakan : {{quote|"Allah menganugrahkan al-Hikmah (kefahaman yang dalam tentang al-Qur'an dan as-Sunnah) kepada siapa yang Dia kehendaki. Dan barang siapa yang dianugrahi al-hikmah itu, ia benar-benar telah dianugrahi karunia yang banyak. Dan hanya orang-orang yang berakallah yang dapat mengambil pelajaran (dari firman Allah)."|Qur'an, surah 2 ([[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]]), [[ayat]] 269<ref>{{cite quran|2|269|s=ns}}</ref>}}
Ada pula sejumlah ayat dimana Q'uran secara khusus berbicara mengenai hakikat "Hikmah". Dalam Surah 22 [[Surah Al-Hajj|Al-Hajj]] dikatakan, "maka apakah mereka tidak berjalan di muka bumi, lalu mereka mempunyai hati yang dengan itu mereka dapat memahami atau mempunyai telinga yang dengan itu mereka dapat mendengar? Karena sesungguhnya bukanlah mata itu yang buta, tetapi yang buta, ialah hati yang di dalam dada." (ayat 46). Dalam bagian lain [[Surah Al-An'am]] mencatat, {{quote|"Katakanlah, "Marilah kubacakan apa yang diharamkan atas kamu oleh Tuhanmu, yaitu, janganlah kamu mempersekutukan sesuatu dengan Dia, berbuat baiklah terhadap kedua orang ibu bapa, dan janganlah kamu membunuh anak-anak kamu karena takut kemiskinan. Kami akan memberi rezeki kepadamu dan kepada mereka; dan janganlah kamu mendekati perbuatan-perbuatan yang keji, baik yang tampak di antaranya maupun yang tersembunyi, dan janganlah kamu membunuh jiwa yang diharamkan Allah (membunuhnya) melainkan dengan sesuatu (sebab) yang benar." Demikian itu yang diperintahkan oleh Tuhanmu kepadamu supaya kamu memahami(nya)"|Qur'an, surah 6 ([[Surah Al-An'am|Al-An'am]]), [[ayat]] 151<ref>{{cite quran|6|151|s=ns}}</ref>}}
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=== [[Leonid S. Sukhorukov]] ===
Kebijaksanaan adalah titik pertemuan keraguan dan kepastian. Leonid S. Sukhorukov 
Wisdom is the meeting point of doubt and certainty. Leonid S. Sukhorukov book All About Everything, UK, 2005,ISBN 10: 1905203144 /ISBN 13: 9781905203147

===Confucianism===
According to [[Confucius]], wisdom can be learned by three methods: [[reflection]] (the noblest), [[imitation]] (the easiest) and [[experience]] (the bitterest). Wisdom is not told by self but unless asked for by another. This means a wise man never tells his wisdom unless asked person to person.

According to "[[Doctrine of the Mean]]," Confucius also said, "Love of learning is akin to wisdom. To practice with vigor is akin to humanity. To know to be shameful is akin to courage (zhi, ren, yi.. three of Mengzi's sprouts of virtue)." Compare this with the beginning of the Confucian classic "Great Learning" which begins with "The Way of learning to be great consists in manifesting the clear character, loving the people, and abiding in the highest good" one can clearly see the correlation with the Roman virtue [[prudence]] especially if one transliterates clear character as clear conscience. (from [[Chinese Chán|Chan's Sources]] of [[Chinese Philosophy]]).

===Buddhism===
[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] scriptures teach that a wise person is endowed with good bodily conduct, good verbal conduct, and good mental conduct.(''[[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 3:2'') A wise person does actions that are unpleasant to do but give good results, and doesn’t do actions that are pleasant to do but give bad results (''AN 4:115''). Wisdom is the [[antidote]] to the self-chosen [[poison]] of [[ignorance]]. The [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] has much to say on the subject of wisdom including:
* He who arbitrates a case by force does not thereby become just (established in [[Dhamma]]). But the wise man is he who carefully discriminates between right and wrong.<ref>''[[Dhammapada]]'' v. 256</ref>
* He who leads others by nonviolence, righteously and equitably, is indeed a guardian of justice, wise and righteous.<ref>''Dhammapada'' v. 257</ref>
* One is not wise merely because he talks much. But he who is calm, free from hatred and fear, is verily called a wise man.<ref>''Dhammapada'' v. 258</ref>
* By quietude alone one does not become a [[Wise old man|sage]] (muni) if he is foolish and ignorant. But he who, as if holding a pair of scales, takes the good and shuns the evil, is a wise man; he is indeed a muni by that very reason. He who understands both good and evil as they really are, is called a true sage.<ref>''Dhammapada'' v. 268–9</ref>

To recover the original supreme wisdom of self-nature covered by the self-imposed three dusty poisons (greed, anger, ignorance) Buddha taught to his students the threefold training by turning greed into generosity and discipline, anger into kindness and meditation, ignorance into wisdom. As the Sixth Patriarch of Chán Buddhism, Huineng, said in his Platform Sutra,"Mind without dispute is self-nature discipline, mind without disturbance is self-nature meditation, mind without ignorance is self-nature wisdom."

===Taoism===
In [[Taoism]], wisdom is construed as adherence to the [[Three Treasures (Taoism)]]: charity, simplicity, and humility.
:Knowing others is intelligence;
::knowing yourself is true wisdom.
:Mastering others is strength;
::mastering yourself is true power.
([[Tao Te Ching]], 33, tr. S. Mitchell)

===Hinduism===
The major knowledge source in Hinduism is the vast knowledge achieved by the sages over thousands of years and stored in form of 4 vedas, 8 siddhis, 9 Niddhis and Major religious books, for example Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Wisdom in Hinduism is considered a state of mind and soul where a person achieves liberation or salvation.

The God of intellect (wisdom) is Lord Ganesha and of knowledge is goddess Saraswati.
The Sanskrit verse to attain knowledge is

"Om Asato maa sad-gamaya; <br>tamaso maa jyotir-ga-maya; <br>mrtyor-maa amrutam gamaya.<br>Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih".

"O Lord Lead me from the unreal to the real.<br>Lead me from darkness to light.<br>Lead me from death to immortality.<br>May there be peace, peace, and perfect peace". a Sanskrit invocation from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishads 1.3.28.

The [[Hindu]] religion talks about ayurveda, the wisdom of traditional Hindu medicine. Ayurveda means "knowledge of life". It teaches that the mind and body are one (an ancient wisdom). In ancient times, it was used to try to cure disease. However, today it is used to help people relax and feel healthy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jaret|first=Peter|date=9 March 2006|title=Awash in Ancient Hindu Wisdom|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/09/fashion/thursdaystyles/09skin1.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>

But this explanation is only a partial explanation for the word "Wisdom". Wisdom as per Hindu religion is knowing oneself as the truth, basis for the entire Creation, i.e., of "Shristi". In other words "wisdom" simply means a person with Self Awareness as the one who witnesses the entire creation in all its facets and forms. Further it means realization that an individual, i.e., "Jeeva" Atma, through 'right conduct and living' over an unspecified period (it varies from individual to individual) comes to realize his/her true relationship with the creation and the "Param" Atma i.e.,'God' who rules it.

===Mesopotamian and Norse Mythology===
In [[Mesopotamian mythology|Mesopotamian religion and mythology]], [[Enki]], also known as Ea, was the God of wisdom and intelligence. Wisdom was achieved by restoring balance.

In [[Norse mythology]], the god [[Odin]] is especially known for his wisdom, often acquired through various hardships and ordeals involving pain and self-sacrifice. In one instance he plucked out an eye and offered it to [[Mímir]], guardian of the well of knowledge and wisdom, in return for a drink from the well.<ref name=Faulkes>Faulkes, Anthony (transl. and ed.) (1987). ''[[Prose Edda|Edda]]'' ([[Snorri Sturluson]]). [[Everyman's Library|Everyman]]. ISBN 0-460-87616-3</ref>
In another famous account, Odin hanged himself for nine nights from [[Yggdrasil]], the [[World Tree]] that unites all the [[Norse cosmology|realms of existence]], suffering from hunger and thirst and finally wounding himself with a spear until he gained the knowledge of [[runic alphabet|runes]] for use in casting powerful [[magic (paranormal)|magic]].<ref>Larrington, Carolyne (transl. and ed.) (1996). ''[[Poetic Edda]]''. [[Oxford World's Classics]]. ISBN 0-19-283946-2</ref> He was also able to acquire the [[mead of poetry]] from the [[Jötunn|giants]], a drink of which could grant the power of a scholar or [[skald|poet]], for the benefit of [[Æsir|gods]] and mortals alike.<ref name=Faulkes/>
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== Lihat pula ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
* [[Analogi]]
* [[Bildung]]
* [[Kitab Kebijaksanaan]]
* [[Kesadaran]]
* [[Ecological wisdom]]
* [[Filsafat]]
* [[Kitab Amsal]]
* [[Kitab Ayub]]
* [[Metakognisi]]
* [[Pengetahuan]]
* [[Perspicacity]]
{{Col-break}}
* [[Prudence]]
* [[Sapere aude]]
* [[Sapiens (disambiguasi)]]
* [[School of Hard Knocks]]
* [[Self-awareness]]
* [[Sentience]]
* [[Sofia (hikmat)]]
* [[Sirakh|Kebijaksanaan Sirakh]]
* [[Kebajikan]]
* [[Sastra hikmat]]
* The Wikiversity [[v:Wisdom|course on Wisdom]]
{{Col-end}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pustaka tambahan ==
{{importance-section|date=December 2010}}
* Allen, James Sloan, ''Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life,'' [[Frederic C. Beil]], 2008. ISBN 978-1-929490-35-6
* Miller, James, L., "Measures of Wisdom: The Cosmic Dance in Classical and Christian Antiquity", [[University of Toronto Press]], 1986. ISBN 0-8020-2553-6
* Velasquez, Susan McNeal, "Beyond Intellect: Journey Into the Wisdom of Your Intuitive Mind", Row Your Boat Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9796410-0-8
* Freduci Philomathis, "What is this thing called wisdom?", Journal Behind the State of the Art, Maybell, Colorado, 2006
* [[E. F. Schumacher]], "Small is Beautiful", [[Harper and Row]], New York, New York, 1989.
* [[Sternberg, Robert J.]], ''Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development'' (1990). [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-521-36718-9 {{importance-inline|date=December 2010}}
* Conover, Sarah and Wahl, Valerie, "Kindness: A Treasury of Buddhist Wisdom for Children and Parents (This Little Light of Mine)", Skinner House Books, 2010. ISBN 978-1-55896-568-3
* Legesse B, Price BH., Murray ED Brain-Behavior Relations. In: Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd Edition. Vilanayur S Ramachandran MD PhD(ed) Academic Press. 16 March 2012. ISBN 978-0-12-375000-6

== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wiktionary|-wise}}
{{wiktionary|sophont}}
{{Commons|Wisdom}}
* {{PhilPapers|category|wisdom}}
* {{InPho|idea|1544}}
* {{SEP|wisdom}}
* [http://www.path-work.info Atlas of Wisdom: Wisdom in Psychology and Spirituality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152859/http://www.path-work.info/ |date=2019-01-24 }}
* [http://www.nick-maxwell.demon.co.uk From Knowledge to Wisdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209110220/http://www.nick-maxwell.demon.co.uk/ |date=2012-12-09 }}
* [http://www.foundationsmag.com/wisdom.html Where is the Wisdom We have Lost in Knowledge?]
* [http://www.excaliburbooks.com Wisdom in Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917115252/http://www.excaliburbooks.com/ |date=2017-09-17 }}
* [http://www.ancienttexts.org/ Ancient texts]
* [http://hermetic.com/ Hermetic scriptures]
* [http://tinybuddha.com/category/quotes/ Tiny Buddha wisdom quotes]
* [http://www.textfiles.com/occult/ Occult/world scriptures]
* [http://www.foundationsmag.com/wisdom2.html Wisdom: The Interval Between the Notes]
* [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/lexicon.htm John-uebersax.com], Wisdom Lexicon Project
* [http://www.equip.org/articles/who-is-wisdom-in-proverbs-8/ Who is Wisdom in Proverbs 8?]

=== Sumber-sumber ===
* [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/pb/PB_Wisdom_2004.pdf Book on Wisdom from psychologist Paul Baltes]
* [http://www.wisdompage.com The Wisdom Page]
* [http://www.wisdomation.com Share Your Wisdom Here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020801/http://www.wisdomation.com/ |date=2020-11-09 }}
* [http://www.wisdomresearch.org The Defining Wisdom Project of the University of Chicago]

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