Lihat sumber Grand Trunk Road

{{Infobox road
|name             = ''Grand Trunk Road''
|header_type      = historic
|alternate_name   = GT Road
|cities           = [[Chittagong]], [[Dhaka]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Purnea]], [[Patna]], [[Varanasi]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Aligarh]], [[Agra]], [[Mathura]], [[Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Ambala]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Amritsar]], [[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Peshawar]], [[Jalalabad]], [[Kabul]]
| image =
| time_period = sekitar tahun 322 dan 187 SM
|length_mi        =
|length_km        = 2700
|length_round     =
|length_ref       = <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergsma|first1=Harold|title=India: Essays and Insights by a Gora|date=2011|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-8183320610|page=137|url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?isbn=1105344290|accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref>
| length_notes =
| established      = sebelum tahun 322 SM
| formed =
| history = [[Kekaisaran Maurya]]
| known_for = [[Kekaisaran Maurya]], [[Kos Minar]], [[Dhaba]], [[Sher Shah Suri]]
| status = Berfungsi saat ini
| reestablished_and_extended_by=[[Sher Shah Suri]]
| significance = [[Garis besar sejarah Asia Selatan|Sejarah Asia Selatan]]
|direction_a      = Timur
|terminus_a       = [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]
|direction_b      = Barat
|terminus_b       = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
}}
[[Berkas:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|ka|200px|jmpl|Di India, GT Road menyatu dengan [[Jalan Raya Nasional 19 (India)|NH 19]] dan [[Jalan Raya Nasional 44 (India)|NH 44]] dari [[Jalan Raya Nasional (India)|Jalan Raya Nasional di India]]]]

'''''Grand Trunk Road''''' adalah salah satu jalan utama tertua dan terpanjang di [[Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/|title=Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road|last=Bhandari|first=Shirin|date=2016-01-05|website=|publisher=Roads & Kingdoms|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-19|archive-date=2019-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415081342/https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Selama lebih dari dua milenium, jalan ini menghubungkan Asia Selatan dengan Asia Tengah. Jalan ini membujur dari [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires|title=A road to empires|last=Steel|first=Tim|date=1 January 2015|website=|publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=2016-07-19|archive-date=2016-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211201821/http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms|title=Cuisine along G T Road|last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey|first=|date=15 September 2015|website=|publisher=[[Times of India]]|publication-place=Calcutta|access-date=2016-07-19|archive-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105084522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref> barat menuju [[Howrah]], [[Benggala Barat]] di [[India]], kemudian melintasi [[India Utara]] melalui [[Delhi]], lewat dari [[Amritsar]]. Dari sana, jalan ini terus berlanjut menuju [[Lahore]] dan [[Peshawar]] di [[Pakistan]], akhirnya berhenti di [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road|title=How to Redraw the World Map|last=Khanna|first=Parag|date=|work=|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-19|via=|archive-date=2016-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819103029/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Rute yang membentang di jalan ''Grand Trunk'' (GT) telah ada pada masa pemerintahan [[Chandragupta Maurya]], membentang dari mulut [[Gangga]] menuju perbatasan barat laut Kekaisaran.<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book|author=K. M. Sarkar|title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2|year=1927|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=2–|id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6}}</ref> Pendahulu jalan modern ini dibangun kembali oleh [[Sher Shah Suri]], yang merenovasi dan memperpanjang rute kuno Maurya pada abad ke-16.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chaudhry, Amrita|title=Cracks on a historical highway|date=27 May 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cracks-on-a-historical-highway/954273/0|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522025746/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cracks-on-a-historical-highway/954273/0|archivedate=22 May 2013|deadurl=no}}quote: What Chandragupta had begun, his grandson Ashoka perfected. Trees were planted, ... Serais built. p. 2</ref> Jalan itu ditingkatkan secara besar-besaran pada periode Britania antara tahun 1833 dan 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];
Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)
Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages
[https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808220648/https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 |date=2023-08-08 }}</ref>

Jalan ini menyatu dengan jalan-jalan saat ini yakni [[N1 (Bangladesh)|N1]] (Chittagong ke Dhaka), [[N4 (Bangladesh)|N4 dan N405]] (Dhaka ke Sirajganj), [[N5 (Bangladesh)|N507]] (Sirajganj ke Natore) dan [[N6 (Bangladesh)|N6]] (Natore ke Rajshai menuju Purnea di India) di [[Bangladesh]]; [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] ([[Rajshahi]] ke [[Purnea]]), [[Jalan Raya Nasional 27 (India)|NH 27]] ([[Purnea]] ke [[Patna]]), [[Jalan Raya Nasional 19 (India)|NH 19]] ([[Patna]] ke [[Agra]]), [[Jalan Raya Nasional 44 (India)|NH 44]] ([[Agra]] ke [[Jalandhar]] via [[New Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Ambala]] dan [[Ludhiana]]) dan [[Jalan Raya Nasional 3 (India)|NH 3]] ([[Jalandhar]] ke [[Attari]], [[Amritsar]] menuju [[Lahore]] di [[Pakistan]]) di [[India]]; [[Jalan Raya Nasional N-5|N-5]] (Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Peshawar dan Celah Khyber menuju Jalalabad di Afghanistan) di Pakistan dan [[Jalan Raya 1 (Afghanistan)|AH1]] (Torkham-Jalalabad ke Kabul) di Afghanistan.

== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:GTRoad Ambala.jpg|jmpl|Pemandangan dari barak [[Ambala]] semasa [[Kemaharajaan Britania]].]]
Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jalan ''Grand Trunk'' sudah ada bahkan sebelum kelahiran Buddha dan disebut Jalan Uttara, yang artinya jalan menuju ke Utara. Salman Rashid menghubungkan pembangunan jalan ini dengan [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name="natgeo">{{cite news |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |first=Paul |last=Salopek |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2018-04-walking-all-world-going-and-coming/ |title=On Foot in Pakistan, Dodging a World on the Move |date=April 4, 2018 |quote=Who built the Grand Trunk Road? The Pakistani writer Salman Rashid awards this laurel to Chandragupta, the remarkable founder of the Mauryan Empire. (321 to 185 B.C.) |access-date=2018-11-11 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812213425/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2018-04-walking-all-world-going-and-coming/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Selama masa Kekaisaran Maurya pada abad ke-3 SM, perdagangan darat antara India dan beberapa bagian [[Asia Barat]] dan dunia [[Periode Helenistik|Helenistik]] melewati kota-kota di barat laut, terutama [[Taxila|Takshashila]] (saat ini di [[Pakistan]]). Takshashila terhubung baik melalui jalan-jalan dengan bagian lain dari kekaisaran Maurya. Maurya telah merawat jalan raya yang sangat kuno ini dari Takshashila ke [[Pataliputra]] ([[Patna]] di India saat ini). Chandragupta Maurya memiliki segenap aparat yang mengawasi pemeliharaan jalan ini seperti yang diceritakan oleh diplomat Yunani [[Megasthenes]] yang menghabiskan lima belas tahun di istana Maurya. Dibangun dalam delapan tahap, jalan ini dikatakan telah menghubungkan kota-kota [[Peshawar|Purushapura]], Takshashila, [[Hastinapura]], [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]], [[Allahabad|Prayag]], [[Pataliputra]], dan [[Tamralipta]], dengan jarak sekitar 2.600 kilometer (1.600 mil).<ref name="KMSarkar1927"/>

== Literatur ==
* Farooque, Abdul Khair Muhammad (1977), ''Roads and Communications in Mughal India.'' Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli.
* Weller, Anthony (1997), ''Days and Nights on the Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta to Khyber''. Marlowe & Company.
* [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]] (1901), ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]''. Considered one of Kipling's finest works, it is set mostly along the Grand Trunk Road. Free e-texts are available, for instance [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2226 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014191854/http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2226 |date=2004-10-14 }}.

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book |title=Historical routes of north west Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D |author=Usha Masson Luther|author2=Moonis Raza | publisher=Sagar Publications|year=1990|isbn= |page= |url=  }}
* {{cite journal |last=Arden |first=Harvey |date=May 1990 |title=Along the Grand Trunk Road |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_1990-05_177_5/page/118 |journal=National Geographic |volume=177 |issue=5 |pages=118–38}}
* {{cite book |last=Mozammel |first=Md Muktadir Arif |year=2012 |chapter=Grand Trunk Road |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Grand_Trunk_Road |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=2018-11-09 |archive-date=2019-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522055523/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Grand_Trunk_Road |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite journal |last=Tayler |first=Jeffrey |date=November 1999 |title=India's Grand Trunk Road |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=284 |issue=5 |pages=42–48 |access-date=2018-11-09 |archive-date=2020-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907054858/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |dead-url=no }}

== Pranala luar ==
{{wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.nhai.org/ National Highway Authority of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ |date=2016-06-11 }}
* [http://www.nha.gov.pk/ National Highway Authority of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221235406/http://www.nha.gov.pk/ |date=2010-12-21 }}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126395475 NPR: Along the Grand Trunk Road] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119121204/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126395475 |date=2013-01-19 }}
{{commons category|position=left}}

{{coord|27.337|N|79.064|E|type:road_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Kategori:Jalan di Asia]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di India]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Afghanistan]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Bangladesh]]
[[Kategori:Jalan dan jalur kuno]]
[[Kategori:Rute perdagangan]]
[[Kategori:Kekaisaran Maurya]]
[[Kategori:Kekaisaran Sur]]
[[Kategori:India Britania]]
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[[Kategori:Sejarah transportasi di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Delhi]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Punjab, India]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Kategori:Jalan di Benggala Barat]]
[[Kategori:Transportasi di Howrah]]
[[Kategori:Transportasi di Kabul]]
[[Kategori:Transportasi di Lahore]]