Tesis Keruntuhan Utsmaniyah

Pada 1683, Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah mencapai perluasan wilayah maksimumnya di Eropa, pada periode yang dulunya dicap sebagai salah satu kebuntuan dan keruntuhan.

Tesis Keruntuhan Utsmaniyah atau Paradigma Keruntuhan Utsmaniyah (Turki: Osmanlı Gerileme Tezi) adalah sebuah catatan sejarah^[1] yang sepat memainkan peran dominan dalam kajian sejarah Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah. Menurut tesis keruntuhan tersebut, menyusul zaman keemasan yang dikaitkan dengan masa kekuasaan Sultan Suleiman yang Luar Biasa (r. 1520–1566), kekaisaran tersebut secara bertahap memasuki periode kebuntuhan dan keruntuhan secara menyeluruh yang tak dapat dipulihkan, yang berlangsung sampai pembubaran Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah pada 1923.^[2] Tesis tersebut dipakai sepanjang sebagian besar abad kedua puluh sebagai dasar pemahaman Barat dan Turki Republikan^[3] terhadap sejarah Utsmaniyah. Namun, pada 1978, para sejarawan mulai menguji kembali asumsi-asumsi fundamental dari tesis keruntuhan tersebut.^[4]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Tesis Gaza

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^
Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. hlm. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8. One of the most momentous changes to have occurred in Ottoman studies since the publication of Egypt and the Fertile Crescent [1966] is the deconstruction of the so-called 'Ottoman decline thesis' – that is, the notion that toward the end of the sixteenth century, following the reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520–66), the empire entered a lengthy decline from which it never truly recovered, despite heroic attempts at westernizing reforms in the nineteenth century. Over the last twenty years or so, as Chapter 4 will point out, historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favour of one of crisis and adaptation
- Kunt, Metin (1995). "Introduction to Part I". Dalam Kunt, Metin; Christine Woodhead. Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. London and New York: Longman. hlm. 37–38. students of Ottoman history have learned better than to discuss a "decline" which supposedly began during the reigns of Süleyman's "ineffectual" successors and then continued for centuries.
- Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
- Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". Dalam Christine Woodhead. The Ottoman World. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'
- Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". Dalam Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. Routledge. hlm. 457. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. In the scholarly literature produced by Ottomanists since the mid-1970s, the hitherto prevailing view of Ottoman decline has been effectively debunked.
- Leslie Peirce, "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: the Early Centuries," Mediterranean Historical Review 19/1 (2004): 22.
- Cemal Kafadar, "The Question of Ottoman Decline," Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 4/1–2 (1997–98), pp. 30–75.
- M. Fatih Çalışır, "Decline of a 'Myth': Perspectives on the Ottoman 'Decline'," The History School 9 (2011): 37–60.
- Donald Quataert, "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline,'" History Compass 1 (2003)
^
Linda Darling, Revenue Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996), [1].
- Günhan Börekçi, "Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and His Immediate Predecessors," PhD dissertation (The Ohio State University, 2010), 5.
^
Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (I. B. Tauris, 2004; 2011), pp. 42–43.
- Virginia Aksan, "Ottoman to Turk: Continuity and Change," International Journal 61 (Winter 2005/6): 19–38.
^ Howard, Douglas A. "Genre and myth in the Ottoman advice for kings literature," in Aksan, Virginia H. and Daniel Goffman eds. The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2007; 2009), 143.

Daftar pustaka[sunting | sunting sumber]

Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at A. Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. 2nd ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at A. "The Ottoman Vezir and Paşa Households 1683–1703, A Preliminary Report." Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (1974): 438–447.
Ágoston, Gábor. "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". Journal of World History.' 25 (2014): 85–124.
Ágoston, Gábor. Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Ágoston, Gábor. "Ottoman Artillery and European Military Technology in the Fifteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 47/1–2 (1994): 15–48.
Aksan, Virginia and Daniel Goffman eds. The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Aksan, Virginia. "Ottoman to Turk: Continuity and Change." International Journal 61 (Winter 2005/6): 19–38.
Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged. Pearson Education Ltd. hlm. 130–5. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.
Aksan, Virginia. "Theoretical Ottomans." History and Theory 47 (2008): 109–122.
Baer, Marc. Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Barkey, Karen. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Cornell University Press, 1994.
Börekçi, Günhan. "A Contribution to the Military Revolution Debate: The Janissaries’ Use of Volley Fire During the Long Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1593–1606 and the Problem of Origins." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59 (2006): 407–438.
Börekçi, Günhan. "Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and His Immediate Predecessors." PhD dissertation. The Ohio State University, 2010.
Çalışır, M. Fatih. "Decline of a 'Myth': Perspectives on the Ottoman 'Decline'," The History School 9 (2011): 37–60.
Casale, Giancarlo, The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford University Press, 2010.
Darling, Linda. Revenue Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.
Faroqhi, Suraiya. Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Faroqhi, Suraiya, eds. The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839, volume 3 of The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Faroqhi, Suraiya. "Crisis and Change, 1590–1699." In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, 411–636. Edited by Halil İnalcık with Donald Quataert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. I. B. Tauris, 2004; 2011.
Findley, Carter Vaughn. "Political culture and the great households", in Suraiya Faroqhi eds., The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839 (2006).
Finkel, Caroline (1988). The Administration of Warfare: The Ottoman Military Campaigns in Hungary, 1593–1606. Vienna: VWGÖ. ISBN 3-85369-708-9.
Fleischer, Cornell. Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âli, 1541–1600. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Fodor, Pál. "State and Society, Crisis and Reform, in a 15th–17th Century Ottoman Mirror for Princes." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40 (1986): 217–240.
Gibb, H.A.R. and Harold Bowen. Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Modern Culture in the Near East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950, 1957.
Grant, Jonathan. "Rethinking the Ottoman 'Decline': Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries." Journal of World History 10 (1999): 179–201.
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von. Geschichte des Osmanisches Reiches. (in German) 10 vols. Budapest: Ca. H. Hartleben, 1827–35.
Hathaway, Jane. The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800, with contributions by Karl K. Barbir. Pearson Education Limited, 2008.
Hathaway, Jane. "The Ottomans and the Yemeni Coffee Trade." Oriente Moderno 25 (2006): 161–171.
Hathaway, Jane. The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdağlıs. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Hathaway, Jane. "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 20 (1996): 25–31.
Howard, Douglas. "Genre and Myth in the Ottoman Advice for Kings Literature." In The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Edited by Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Howard, Douglas. "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century." Journal of Asian History 22 (1988): 52–77.
İnalcık, Halil ed., with Donald Quataert. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
İnalcık, Halil. "Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600–1700." Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 283–337.
İnalcık, Halil and Cemal Kafadar eds., Süleyman the Second [sic] and His Time. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993.
Kafadar, Cemal. "The Myth of the Golden Age: Ottoman Historical Consciousness in the post-Süleymanic Era." 37–48. In Süleyman the Second [sic] and His Time. Edited by Halil İnalcık and Cemal Kafadar. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993.
Kafadar, Cemal. "On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries," Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 15 (1991): 273–280.
Karateke, Hakan T. "On the Tranquility and Repose of the Sultan," In The Ottoman World, 116–129. Edited by Christine Woodhead. Routledge, 2011.
Kunt, Metin. "Introduction to Part I," in Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. Edited by Metin Kunt and Christine Woodhead. London and New York: Longman, 1995.
Kunt, Metin. "Royal and Other Households," in The Ottoman World. Edited by Christine Woodhead. Routledge, 2011.
Kunt, Metin. The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. The Modern Middle East Series, 14. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
Lewis, Bernard. "Some Reflections on the Decline of the Ottoman Empire." Studia Islamica 1 (1958): 111–127.
Masters, Bruce. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750. New York and London: New York University Press, 1988.
Murphey, Rhoads. Ottoman Warfare: 1500–1700. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1999.
Murphey, Rhoads. "The Veliyüddin Telhis: Notes on the Sources and Interrelations between Koçu Bey and Contemporary Writers of Advice to Kings." Belleten 43 (1979): 547–571.
Pamuk, Şevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Parker, Geoffrey. Global Crisis: War, Climate Change & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
Peirce, Leslie. "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: the Early Centuries." Mediterranean Historical Review 19/1 (2004): 6–28.
Peirce, Leslie. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press: 1993.
Quataert, Donald. "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline,'" History Compass 1 (2003)
Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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Salzmann, Ariel. "The Old Regime and the Ottoman Middle East." In The Ottoman World, 409–422. Edited by Christine Woodhead. Routledge, 2011.
Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Politics & Society. 21 (4): 393–423. doi:10.1177/0032329293021004003.
Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". Dalam Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. Routledge. hlm. 453–66. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7.
Ursinus, Michael. "The Transformation of the Ottoman Fiscal Regime, c. 1600–1850." In The Ottoman World, 423–435. Edited by Christine Woodhead. Routledge, 2011.
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Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]

The following is a list of several works which have been particularly influential in overturning the decline thesis.

Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at A. Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. 2nd ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005. [First edition published in 1991]
Barkey, Karen. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Cornell University Press, 1994.
Darling, Linda. Revenue Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.
Fleischer, Cornell. Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Âli, 1541–1600. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Hathaway, Jane. "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 20 (1996): 25–31.
Howard, Douglas. "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century." Journal of Asian History 22 (1988): 52–77.
İnalcık, Halil. "Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600–1700." Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 283–337.
Kafadar, Cemal. "On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries," Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 15 (1991): 273–280.
Kunt, Metin. The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. The Modern Middle East Series, 14. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
Salzmann, Ariel. "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire." *Politics & Society* 21 (1993): 393–423.

[nodecline-1] Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800. Pearson Education Ltd. hlm. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8. One of the most momentous changes to have occurred in Ottoman studies since the publication of Egypt and the Fertile Crescent [1966] is the deconstruction of the so-called 'Ottoman decline thesis' – that is, the notion that toward the end of the sixteenth century, following the reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520–66), the empire entered a lengthy decline from which it never truly recovered, despite heroic attempts at westernizing reforms in the nineteenth century. Over the last twenty years or so, as Chapter 4 will point out, historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favour of one of crisis and adaptation
Kunt, Metin (1995). "Introduction to Part I". Dalam Kunt, Metin; Christine Woodhead. Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. London and New York: Longman. hlm. 37–38. students of Ottoman history have learned better than to discuss a "decline" which supposedly began during the reigns of Süleyman's "ineffectual" successors and then continued for centuries.

Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.

Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". Dalam Christine Woodhead. The Ottoman World. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'

Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". Dalam Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. Routledge. hlm. 457. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. In the scholarly literature produced by Ottomanists since the mid-1970s, the hitherto prevailing view of Ottoman decline has been effectively debunked.

Leslie Peirce, "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: the Early Centuries," Mediterranean Historical Review 19/1 (2004): 22.

Cemal Kafadar, "The Question of Ottoman Decline," Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 4/1–2 (1997–98), pp. 30–75.

M. Fatih Çalışır, "Decline of a 'Myth': Perspectives on the Ottoman 'Decline'," The History School 9 (2011): 37–60.

Donald Quataert, "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline,'" History Compass 1 (2003)

[2] Kunt, Metin (1995). "Introduction to Part I". Dalam Kunt, Metin; Christine Woodhead. Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. London and New York: Longman. hlm. 37–38. students of Ottoman history have learned better than to discuss a "decline" which supposedly began during the reigns of Süleyman's "ineffectual" successors and then continued for centuries.

[3] Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9. Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.

[4] Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". Dalam Christine Woodhead. The Ottoman World. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'

[5] Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". Dalam Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. Routledge. hlm. 457. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. In the scholarly literature produced by Ottomanists since the mid-1970s, the hitherto prevailing view of Ottoman decline has been effectively debunked.

[6] Leslie Peirce, "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: the Early Centuries," Mediterranean Historical Review 19/1 (2004): 22.

[7] Cemal Kafadar, "The Question of Ottoman Decline," Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 4/1–2 (1997–98), pp. 30–75.

[8] M. Fatih Çalışır, "Decline of a 'Myth': Perspectives on the Ottoman 'Decline'," The History School 9 (2011): 37–60.

[9] Donald Quataert, "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline,'" History Compass 1 (2003)

[2] Linda Darling, Revenue Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996), [1].
Günhan Börekçi, "Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and His Immediate Predecessors," PhD dissertation (The Ohio State University, 2010), 5.

[11] Günhan Börekçi, "Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617) and His Immediate Predecessors," PhD dissertation (The Ohio State University, 2010), 5.

[3] Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (I. B. Tauris, 2004; 2011), pp. 42–43.
Virginia Aksan, "Ottoman to Turk: Continuity and Change," International Journal 61 (Winter 2005/6): 19–38.

[13] Virginia Aksan, "Ottoman to Turk: Continuity and Change," International Journal 61 (Winter 2005/6): 19–38.

[4] Howard, Douglas A. "Genre and myth in the Ottoman advice for kings literature," in Aksan, Virginia H. and Daniel Goffman eds. The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2007; 2009), 143.

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