Pengurasan keterampilan terbalik

Pengurasan keterampilan terbalik adalah sejenis pengurasan keterampilan ketika modal manusia pindah dari negara maju ke negara kurang maju yang berkembang sangat cepat. Para migran ini biasanya memiliki tabungan (remitansi) dan mengembangkan keterampilannya di luar negeri agar dapat dimanfaatkan di negara asalnya.^[1]

Pengurasan keterampilan dapat terjadi ketika ilmuwan, teknisi, atau orang pintar lainnya pindah ke negara yang lebih maju untuk belajar di universitas-universitasnya, melakukan penelitian, atau mencari pengalaman kerja di bidang-bidang yang belum tersedia di negara asalnya. Para profesional tersebut kemudian pulang ke negara asalnya setelah sekian tahun mencari pengalaman untuk merintis perusahaan, mengajar di universitas, atau bekerja di perusahaan multinasional di negara asaln.ya^[2] Kepulangan mereka disebut "pengurasan keterampilan terbalik".

Pengurasan keterampilan terbalik sangat bergantung pada kondisi pembangunan negara serta strategi dan perencanaan pembalikan arus migrasi dalam jangka panjang. Negara-negara yang menarik kepulangan para intelegensia biasanya memiliki kebijakan migrasi yang menarik akademisi dan profesional asing. Negara tersebut juga harus mengembangkan lingkungan yang menyediakan kesempatan besar bagi orang-orang yang memperoleh pengetahuan dan keterampilan di luar negeri.^[3]

Pada masa lalu, banyak imigran negara berkembang yang memilih untuk bekerja dan tinggal permanen di negara maju. Akan tetapi, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi di negara asalnya ditambah kesulitan mendapatkan visa kerja jangka panjang menjadi alasan kepulangan para imigran tersebut.^[4]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Stark, O & Bloom, D.E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review. 75(2) p.173-178.[1]
^ Cyranoski, David (19 February 2009). "Materials science: China's crystal cache". Nature. 457 (7232): 953–5. doi:10.1038/457953a. PMID 19225494. High-temperature superconductor specialist Hong Ding had several attractive offers last year. But neither Boston University in Massachusetts, where he had been for a decade, nor any other institution could match the deal he was offered at the Institute of Physics in Beijing. "It is a matter of time before the United States becomes alarmed by this rapid reverse of the brain drain," says Ding. Dessau, who tried and failed to recruit Ding, says that "10 years ago it would have been unheard of [for a Chinese person to turn down a position in the United States]. But I wouldn’t be surprised if the trend continues."
^ OECD Observer. (2002). "International mobility of the highly skilled" Policy Brief. p.6
^ Lee, Jenny J. & Kim, Dongbin (2010). "Brain gain or brain circulation? U.S. doctoral recipients returning to South Korea". Higher Education. 59:627-643. DOI:10.1007/s10734-009-9270-5. p. 629 [2]

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[1] Stark, O & Bloom, D.E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review. 75(2) p.173-178.[1]

[Nature-Feb09-2] Cyranoski, David (19 February 2009). "Materials science: China's crystal cache". Nature. 457 (7232): 953–5. doi:10.1038/457953a. PMID 19225494. High-temperature superconductor specialist Hong Ding had several attractive offers last year. But neither Boston University in Massachusetts, where he had been for a decade, nor any other institution could match the deal he was offered at the Institute of Physics in Beijing. "It is a matter of time before the United States becomes alarmed by this rapid reverse of the brain drain," says Ding. Dessau, who tried and failed to recruit Ding, says that "10 years ago it would have been unheard of [for a Chinese person to turn down a position in the United States]. But I wouldn’t be surprised if the trend continues."

[3] OECD Observer. (2002). "International mobility of the highly skilled" Policy Brief. p.6

[4] Lee, Jenny J. & Kim, Dongbin (2010). "Brain gain or brain circulation? U.S. doctoral recipients returning to South Korea". Higher Education. 59:627-643. DOI:10.1007/s10734-009-9270-5. p. 629 [2]

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