Abiogenesis

Stromatolit pra-Kambrium di Formasi Siyeh, Taman Nasional Glasier. Pada tahun 2002, William Schopf dari UCLA menerbitkan paper di jurnal ilmiah *Nature* yang menyatakan bahwa formasi geologis seperti ini mengandung fosil mikroba cyanobacteria yang berasal dari 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu. Jika benar, ini adalah bukti kehidupan pertama di Bumi.

Abiogenesis (diucapkan [ˌeɪbaɪ.ɵˈdʒɛnɨsɪs] AY-by-oh-JEN-ə-siss^[1]) atau biopoiesis adalah studi mengenai bagaimana kehidupan biologis dapat muncul dari materi anorganik melalui proses alami. Secara khusus, istilah ini biasanya merujuk kepada proses saat kehidupan di Bumi muncul. Abiogenesis diperkirakan terjadi pada masa awal Eoarkean atau sekitar 4 hingga 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu.

Sebagian besar asam amino, yang sering dijuluki "bahan dasar kehidupan", berhasil disintesiskan dalam percobaan Miller-Urey dan percobaan lain yang menyimulasikan kondisi awal Bumi. Bahan biokimia lain yang penting seperti nukleotida dan sakarida dapat muncul dengan cara yang mirip. Dalam semua organisme, bahan biokimia tersebut diorganisasi menjadi molekul yang lebih kompleks, seperti protein, polisakarida, dan asam nukleat. Tiga molekul tersebut penting untuk fungsi kehidupan dan ada di semua organisme. Pembentukan makromolekul tersebut diperantarai oleh asam nukleat dan enzim, yang disintesis melalui jalur biokimia yang dikatalis oleh protein. Molekul organik mana yang pertama muncul dan bagaimana mereka membentuk organisme pertama masih diperdebatkan.

Kehidupan pertama yang muncul di Bumi diduga merupakan prokariot bersel-satu yang mungkin berevolusi dari protobion (molekul organik yang dikelilingi oleh struktur mirip membran).^[2] Fosil mikroba tertua tercatat berasal dari 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu, sekitar satu miliar tahun setelah pembentukan Bumi.^[3]^[4] Pada masa 2,4 miliar tahun yang lalu, rasio isotop karbon, besi, dan sulfur menunjukkan pengaruh kehidupan terhadap mineral dan sedimen anorganik^[5]^[6] dan penanda molekular menunjukkan terjadinya fotosintesis.^[7]^[8]

Catatan kaki

^ Pelafalan: The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X - p.3 "Abiogenesis /ˌeɪbʌɪə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs/".
^ Zimmer, C (2009). "Origins. On the origin of eukaryotes". Science. 325 (5941): 666–8. doi:10.1126/science.325_666. PMID 19661396.
^ Wilde, SA; Valley, JW; Peck, WH; CM, Colin M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago". Nature. 409 (6817): 175–8. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637.
^ Schopf, JW; Kudryavtsev, AB; Agresti, DG; Wdowiak, TJ; AD, Andrew D. (2002). "Laser--Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils". Nature. 416 (6876): 73–6. doi:10.1038/416073a. PMID 11882894.
^ Hayes, John M. (2006). "The carbon cycle and associated redox processes through time". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1470): 931–50. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1840. PMC 1578725 . PMID 16754608.
^ Archer, Corey (2006). "Coupled Fe and S isotope evidence for Archean microbial Fe(III) and sulfate reduction". Geology. 34 (3): 153–156. Bibcode:2006Geo....34..153A. doi:10.1130/G22067.1.
^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2006). "Introduction: how and when did microbes change the world?". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1470): 845–50. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1847. PMC 1626534 . PMID 16754602.
^ Summons, Roger E.; et al. (2006). "Steroids, triterpenoids and molecular oxygen". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1470): 951–68. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1837. PMC 1578733 . PMID 16754609.

Bacaan lanjutan

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Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Major Steps in Cell Evolution freely available.
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Pranala luar

The Deep Hot Biosphere Theory - Thomas Gold, article from PNAS Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 6045-6049, July 1992 Microbiology
The Origin of Life Video by John Maynard Smith
"Harvard Team Creates the World's 1st Synthesized Cells"
Martin M Hanczyc and Jack W Szostak. Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2004, 8:660–664.PDF (192 KB)
Martin A. Nowak and Hisashi Ohtsuki.Prevolutionary dynamics and the origin of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008
"Exploring Life's Origins: a Virtual Exhibit"
"SELF-REPLICATION: Even peptides do it" by Stuart A. Kauffman (web archive version as original page no longer accessible)
Origins of Life website including papers, resources, by Dr. Michael Russell at the U. of Glasgow
Possible Connections Between Interstellar Chemistry and the Origin of Life on the Earth
Scientists Find Clues That Life Began in Deep Space—NASA Astrobiology Institute
Self-organizing biochemical cycles—by Leslie Orgel
How Life Began: New Research Suggests Simple Approach
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Templat:Link FA Templat:Link GA

[OED_Oceania-1] Pelafalan: The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X - p.3 "Abiogenesis /ˌeɪbʌɪə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnɪsɪs/".

[2] Zimmer, C (2009). "Origins. On the origin of eukaryotes". Science. 325 (5941): 666–8. doi:10.1126/science.325_666. PMID 19661396.

[Wilde2001-3] Wilde, SA; Valley, JW; Peck, WH; CM, Colin M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago". Nature. 409 (6817): 175–8. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637.

[Schopf2002-4] Schopf, JW; Kudryavtsev, AB; Agresti, DG; Wdowiak, TJ; AD, Andrew D. (2002). "Laser--Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils". Nature. 416 (6876): 73–6. doi:10.1038/416073a. PMID 11882894.

[Hayes2006-5] Hayes, John M. (2006). "The carbon cycle and associated redox processes through time". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1470): 931–50. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1840. PMC 1578725 . PMID 16754608.

[Archer2006-6] Archer, Corey (2006). "Coupled Fe and S isotope evidence for Archean microbial Fe(III) and sulfate reduction". Geology. 34 (3): 153–156. Bibcode:2006Geo....34..153A. doi:10.1130/G22067.1.

[7] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2006). "Introduction: how and when did microbes change the world?". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1470): 845–50. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1847. PMC 1626534 . PMID 16754602.

[8] Summons, Roger E.; et al. (2006). "Steroids, triterpenoids and molecular oxygen". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361 (1470): 951–68. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1837. PMC 1578733 . PMID 16754609.

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