Cycad: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Automatic taxobox|name=Cycadales|fossil_range={{fossil range|Early Permian|0|earliest=300|[[Early Permian]]–[[Holocene]]}}|display_parents=4|image=Cycas circinalis.jpg|image_caption=''[[Cycas rumphii]]'' dengan strobili jantan yang lama dan baru|grandparent_authority=[[Charles Edwin Bessey|Bessey]] 1907: 321.<ref name="Bessey 1907">{{cite journal | last=Bessey | first=C.E. | year=1907 | title=A synopsis of plant phyla | journal=Nebraska Univ. Stud. | volume=7 | pages=275–373 }}</ref>|parent_authority=[[Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart|Brongn.]]<ref name="Brongniart 1843">{{cite book | last=Brongniart | first=A. | year=1843 | title=Énumération des genres de plantes cultivées au Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris }}</ref>|taxon=Cycadales|authority=Pers. ex Bercht. & J. Presl|subdivision_ranks=Extant groupings|subdivision=*[[Cycadaceae]] |
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*[[Zamiaceae]]|range_map=|range_map_caption=Distribusi global sikad moderen|synonyms=* Cycadofilicales <small>Němejc 1950</small> |
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* Dioales <small>Doweld 2001</small> |
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* Stangeriales <small>Doweld 2001</small> |
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* Zamiales <small>Burnett 1835</small>}} |
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'''Cycad''' ('''sikad''') adalah [[tumbuhan berbiji]] yang biasanya memiliki [[batang]] [[Tumbuhan mengayu|mengayu]] dengan [[Tajuk (botani)|tajuk]] berdaun besar, keras, kaku, [[malar hijau]], dan (biasanya) berbentuk mirip duri (''pinnated''). Spesies-spesiesnya adalah tumbuhan [[Dwirumah (botani)|dwirumah]], yaitu sebuah tumbuhan dapat berupa jantan atau betina, namun tidak bisa keduanya. Tumbuhan cycad ukurannya beranekaragam, mulai dari batang berukuran beberapa sentimeter, sampai batang yang tingginya beberapa meter. Mereka biasanya tumbuh dengan sangat lambat,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dehgan|first=Bijan|year=1983|title=Propagation and Growth of Cycads—A Conservation Strategy|url=https://journals.flvc.org/fshs/article/view/95611|journal=Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society|volume=96|pages=137–139|via=Florida Online Journals}}</ref> dan memilki usia yang panjang. Karena kemiripan superfisialnya, mereka biasanya dikelirukan dengan [[pohon palem]] atau [[tumbuhan paku]], namun tidak berkerabat dekat ke kedua kelompok tersebut. |
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== Taksonomi == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! colspan="1" |Filogeni eksternal<ref name="Wu 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Chung-Shien|last2=Chaw|first2=Shu-Miaw|last3=Huang|first3=Ya-Yi|date=January 2013|title=Chloroplast phylogenomics indicates that ''Ginkgo biloba'' is sister to cycads|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=243–254|doi=10.1093/gbe/evt001|issn=1759-6653|pmc=3595029|pmid=23315384}}</ref><ref name="Stull 2021">{{cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|issn=2055-0278|pmid=34282286|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|s2cid=236141481}}</ref> |
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! colspan="1" |Filogeni internal<ref name="Nagalingum2011">{{cite journal|last1=Nagalingum|first1=N. S.|last2=Marshall|first2=C. R.|last3=Quental|first3=T. B.|last4=Rai|first4=H. S.|last5=Little|first5=D. P.|last6=Mathews|first6=S.|date=2011|title=Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil|journal=Science|volume=334|issue=6057|pages=796–799|bibcode=2011Sci...334..796N|doi=10.1126/science.1209926|pmid=22021670|s2cid=206535984}}</ref><ref name="Condamine-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Condamine|first1=Fabien L.|last2=Nagalingum|first2=Nathalie S.|last3=Marshall|first3=Charles R.|last4=Morlon|first4=Hélène|date=17 April 2015|title=Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|language=en|volume=15|at=65|doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0347-8|pmc=4449600|pmid=25884423|s2cid=14815027|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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| style="vertical-align:top" | |
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{| style="border:0; margin:auto;" |
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| style="padding:10px;" |{{clade|{{clade |
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|1='''Cycads''' |
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|2=''[[Ginkgo]]'' |
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|3={{clade |
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|1=[[Conifers]] |
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|label2=Anthophytes |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Bennettitales]] |
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|2=[[Gnetales]] |
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|3=[[Angiosperms]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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}}}} |
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| style="padding:10px;" |{{clade|{{clade |
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|label1=[[Gymnosperm]]s |
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|1={{clade |
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|1='''Cycads''' |
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|2=''[[Ginkgo]]'' |
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|3={{clade |
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|1=[[Conifers]] |
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|2=[[Gnetophytes]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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|label2=[[Angiosperm]]s |
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|2=(flowering plants) |
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}}}} |
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|- |
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!{{small|Filogeni lama}} |
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!{{small|Filogeni baru}} |
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|} |
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|{{clade|{{clade |
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|label1=Cycadineae |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1=[[Cycadaceae]] |
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|1=''[[Cycas]]'' |
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}} |
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|label2=Zamiineae |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=[[Zamiaceae]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1=Diooideae |
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|1=''[[Dioon]]'' |
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|label2=Zamioideae |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=Encephalarteae |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=''[[Macrozamia]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Lepidozamia]]'' |
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|2=''[[Encephalartos]]'' |
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}} |
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}} |
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|label2=Zamieae |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Bowenia]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=''[[Ceratozamia]]'' |
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|2=''[[Stangeria]]'' |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''[[Zamia]]'' |
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|2=''[[Microcycas]]'' |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}}|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:300px|label1=Cycads}} |
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|} |
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== Referensi == |
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<references /> |
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1089795|from2=Q157114|from3=Q5197912|from4=Q5605610}} |
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[[Kategori:Cycad]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 6 April 2024 04.37
| Cycadales
| |
|---|---|
| Cycadales | |
| Taksonomi | |
| Kerajaan | Plantae |
| Divisi | Embryophyta siphonogama |
| Divisi | Gymnospermae |
| Kelas | Cycadopsida |
| Ordo | Cycadales Bercht. dan J.Presl, 1820 |
| Tata nama | |
| Sinonim takson |
|
| Ex taxon author | Pers. |
| Extant groupings | |
| Distribusi | |
 | |
Cycad (sikad) adalah tumbuhan berbiji yang biasanya memiliki batang mengayu dengan tajuk berdaun besar, keras, kaku, malar hijau, dan (biasanya) berbentuk mirip duri (pinnated). Spesies-spesiesnya adalah tumbuhan dwirumah, yaitu sebuah tumbuhan dapat berupa jantan atau betina, namun tidak bisa keduanya. Tumbuhan cycad ukurannya beranekaragam, mulai dari batang berukuran beberapa sentimeter, sampai batang yang tingginya beberapa meter. Mereka biasanya tumbuh dengan sangat lambat,[3] dan memilki usia yang panjang. Karena kemiripan superfisialnya, mereka biasanya dikelirukan dengan pohon palem atau tumbuhan paku, namun tidak berkerabat dekat ke kedua kelompok tersebut.
Taksonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]
| Filogeni eksternal[4][5] | Filogeni internal[6][7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Bessey, C.E. (1907). "A synopsis of plant phyla". Nebraska Univ. Stud. 7: 275–373.
- ^ Brongniart, A. (1843). Énumération des genres de plantes cultivées au Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris.
- ^ Dehgan, Bijan (1983). "Propagation and Growth of Cycads—A Conservation Strategy". Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 96: 137–139 – via Florida Online Journals.
- ^ Wu, Chung-Shien; Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Huang, Ya-Yi (January 2013). "Chloroplast phylogenomics indicates that Ginkgo biloba is sister to cycads". Genome Biology and Evolution (dalam bahasa Inggris). 5 (1): 243–254. doi:10.1093/gbe/evt001. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 3595029
. PMID 23315384.
- ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (July 19, 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (8): 1015–1025. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286 Periksa nilai
|pmid=(bantuan). - ^ Nagalingum, N. S.; Marshall, C. R.; Quental, T. B.; Rai, H. S.; Little, D. P.; Mathews, S. (2011). "Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil". Science. 334 (6057): 796–799. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..796N. doi:10.1126/science.1209926. PMID 22021670.
- ^ Condamine, Fabien L.; Nagalingum, Nathalie S.; Marshall, Charles R.; Morlon, Hélène (17 April 2015). "Origin and diversification of living cycads: a cautionary tale on the impact of the branching process prior in Bayesian molecular dating". BMC Evolutionary Biology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 15. 65. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0347-8 . PMC 4449600 . PMID 25884423.
