Dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap lingkungan: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 25 Maret 2021 03.21

Kekacauan akibat pandemi COVID-19 memengaruhi lingkungan hidup dan iklim. Berkurangnya aktivitas modern manusia, seperti pergerakan kendaraan bermotor, menyebabkan tingkat pencemaran udara dan air di berbagai daerah mengalami penurunan.^[2]^[3]^[4] Di Tiongkok, karantina wilayah dan beberapa faktor lainnya telah mengakibatkan turunnya emisi karbon sebesar 25 persen dan emisi nitrogen oksida sebesar 50 persen. Ilmuwan memperkirakan bahwa penurunan emisi tersebut telah menyelamatkan 77.000 kehidupan di Bumi dalam kurun waktu dua bulan.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Meskipun demikian, pandemi juga berpengaruh pada aktivitas ilegal seperti penebangan hutan hujan Amazon dan perburuan liar di Afrika, mempersulit upaya diplomasi kebijakan lingkungan, dan menyebabkan melemahnya ekonomi yang bisa jadi memperlambat perkembangan energi ramah lingkungan.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Latar belakang

Hingga 2020, peningkatan jumlah gas rumah kaca yang dihasilkan sejak awal era industrialisasi telah menyebabkan temperatur rata-rata global meningkat. Hal ini menyebabkan dampak lain, seperti melelehnya gletser dan kenaikan muka air laut.^[15]^[16]^[17] Sebelum terjadinya pandemi COVID-19, peneliti berpendapat bahwa pengurangan aktivitas ekonomi dapat membantu menurunkan tingkat pencemaran udara, laut, dan laju pemanasan global.^[18]

Kualitas udara

Akibat dampak pandemi terhadap perjalanan dan sektor industri, banyak daerah di Bumi mengalami penurunan tingkat pencemaran udara.^[5]^[19]^[20] Penurunan tingkat pencemaran udara dapat pula mengurangi laju perubahan iklim dan risiko COVID-19.^[21] Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air melaporkan bahwa metode-metode pencegahan penyebaran SARS-CoV-2, seperti karantina dan pembatasan perjalanan, menyebabkan turunnya tingkat emisi karbon di Tiongkok sebesar 25 persen.^[6]^[8] Satu bulan pertama diterapkannya karantina wilayah, Tiongkok memproduksi karbon dioksida 200 juta metrik ton lebih sedikit dibandingkan periode yang sama pada tahun 2019. Hal ini disebabkan oleh berkurangnya lalu lintas udara, konsumsi minyak, dan konsumsi batu bara.^[8] Seorang ilmuwan sistem Bumi memperkirakan bahwa penurunan-penurunan ini menyelamatkan setidaknya 77,000 jiwa.^[8] Meskipun demikian, Sarah Ladislaw dari Center for Strategic & International Studies berpendapat bahwa penurunan emisi akibat pelemahan ekonomi tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai sesuatu yang menguntungkan. Ia merujuk pada upaya Tiongkok untuk kembali ke kondisi ekonomi semula hingga memperburuk dampak lingkungan.^[22]

Antara 1 Januari dan 11 Maret 2020, European Space Agency mengamati penurunan emisi dinitrogen monokasida dari mobil, pembangkit listrik, dan pabrik di daerah Po Valley, Italia bagian utara, bersamaan dengan diberlakukannya karantina wilayah di daerah itu.^[23] Di daerah utara India, seperti Jalandhar, dapat melihat Pegunungan Himalaya untuk pertama kalinya sejak beberapa dekade terakhir. Peristiwa ini merupakan pertanda turunnya pencemaran udara.^[24]^[25]

NASA dan ESA telah memantau bagaimana tingkat gas nitrogen oksida di atmosfer turun secara signifikan saat fase pertama pandemi COVID-19. Perlambatan ekonomi akibat virus menurunkan tingkat pencemaran di kota-kota seperti Wuhan, Tiongkok hingga 25-40%.^[5]^[26]^[27] Menurut ilmuwan NASA, penurunan tingkat pencemaran NO₂ pertama kali teramati di Wuhan dan perlahan terjadi pula di seluruh dunia. Penurunan yang terjadi juga cukup signifikan karena kemunculan virus bersamaan dengan perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek di Tiongkok.^[5] Penurunan tingkat NO₂ di Tiongkok tidak menyebabkan udara di sana dikategorikan sebagai sehat. Polutan lain di udara, seperti emisi aerosol, tetap ada.^[28]

Bersepeda

Selama pandemi, banyak orang mulai bersepeda^[29] dan mengakibatkan permintaan sepeda naik drastis.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34] Beberapa kota mulai menerapkan lajur sepeda semipermanen untuk mengakomodasi orang-orang yang berpindah dari sepeda ke transportasi umum dan sebaliknya.^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38] Di Berlin, terdapat beberapa usulan untuk mengubah lajur sepeda semipermanen menjadi lajur sepeda permanen.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

Dampak terhadap pemantauan dan prediksi lingkungan

Prakiraan cuaca

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) mengumumkan bahwa penurunan jumlah penerbangan saat pandemi dapat mempengaruhi akurasi prakiraan cuaca di dunia. Hal ini merujuk pada penggunaan data dari pesawat komersial melalui Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) sebagai salah satu sumber data dalam prakiraan cuaca. ECMWF memprediksi bahwa cakupan AMDAR dapat mengalami penurunan sebsar 65% akibat penurunan jumlah penerbangan komersial.^[44]

Berkurangnya getaran seismik

Sesimologis telah melaporkan berkurangnya getaran sesmik frekuensi tinggi global sebesar 50% saat diberlakukannya perintah karantina selama pandemi COVID-19.^[45] Penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa penurunan getaran seismik merupakan akibat dari kombinasi beberapa faktor seperti berkurangnya aktivitas lalu lintas, industri, dan ekonomi kelas bawah. Penurunan getaran seismik teramati di stasiun pengamatan dan sensor bawah tanah yang dipasang beberapa ratus meter di bawah tanah. Penelitian ini juga menyebutkan bahwa penurunan tingkat getaran seismik memungkinan lebih akuratnya pengamatan dan deteksi sumber seismik alami, seperti gempa bumi dan aktivitas vulkanik.

Lihat pula

Referensi

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^ Team, The Visual and Data Journalism (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the pandemic". BBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2020.
^ Venter, Zander S.; Aunan, Kristin; Chowdhury, Sourangsu; Lelieveld, Jos (2020-08-11). "COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (dalam bahasa Inggris). 117 (32): 18984–18990. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11718984V. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006853117 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7430997 . PMID 32723816.
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^ Burke, Marshall. "COVID-19 reduces economic activity, which reduces pollution, which saves lives". Global Food, Environment and Economic Dynamics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 May 2020.
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^ "Conservationists fear African animal poaching will increase during COVID-19 pandemic". ABC News. 14 April 2020.
^ "'Filthy bloody business:' Poachers kill more animals as coronavirus crushes tourism to Africa". CNBC. 24 April 2020.
^ "Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic". Climate Home News (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2020.
^ "Deforestation of Amazon rainforest accelerates amid COVID-19 pandemic". ABC News. 6 May 2020.
^ "Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus". NBC News. 11 May 2020.
^ Newburger, Emma (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn". CNBC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2020.
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^ Green, Matthew (13 March 2020). "Air pollution clears in northern Italy after coronavirus lockdown, satellite shows". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2020.
^ Picheta, Rob (9 April 2020). "People in India can see the Himalayas for the first time in 'decades,' as the lockdown eases air pollution". CNN (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 October 2020.
^ Brown, Vanessa. "Covid 19 Coronavirus: India's Himalayas return to view as pollution drops". NZ Herald (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2020.
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^ Winkelmann, Sarah. "Bike shops see surge in sales during pandemic". www.weau.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.
^ Earls, Stephanie. "Bike sales boom during the pandemic as more kids pedal as a pastime". Colorado Springs Gazette (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.
^ "On your bike! Coronavirus prompts cycling frenzy in Germany". DW.COM. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.
^ Lee, Edward. "Bike shops shift into higher gear as Marylanders become more active outdoors during coronavirus pandemic". baltimoresun.com. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.
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^ Oltermann, Philip (13 April 2020). "Pop-up bike lanes help with coronavirus physical distancing in Germany". Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021 – via www.theguardian.com.
^ Reid, Carlton. "Paris To Create 650 Kilometers Of Post-Lockdown Cycleways". Forbes. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.
^ "Sydney gets 10km of pop-up cycleways". Government News. 18 May 2020. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.
^ "Mobilitätswende in Europa: Die Pop-up-Radwege von Berlin". www.rnd.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.
^ Schubert, Thomas (7 November 2020). "Pop-up-Radweg in Berlin: Erster temporärer Streifen wird dauerhaft". www.morgenpost.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.
^ "In Corona-Zeiten eingerichtet: Gericht: Pop-up-Radwege in Berlin dürfen vorerst bleiben". Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021 – via www.faz.net.
^ "Pop-up-Radwege in Berlin sollen vorerst bleiben". www.tagesspiegel.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.
^ "Berlins Radverkehr boomt im Corona-Jahr". www.tagesspiegel.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.
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[1] "Earth Observatory". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2020.

[2] Rutz, Christian; Loretto, Matthias-Claudio; Bates, Amanda E.; Davidson, Sarah C.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Jetz, Walter; Johnson, Mark; Kato, Akiko; Kays, Roland; Mueller, Thomas; Primack, Richard B. (September 2020). "COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife". Nature Ecology & Evolution (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 (9): 1156–1159. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1237-z . ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 32572222.

[bbcOverview1-3] Team, The Visual and Data Journalism (28 March 2020). "Coronavirus: A visual guide to the pandemic". BBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 March 2020.

[4] Venter, Zander S.; Aunan, Kristin; Chowdhury, Sourangsu; Lelieveld, Jos (2020-08-11). "COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (dalam bahasa Inggris). 117 (32): 18984–18990. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11718984V. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006853117 . ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7430997 . PMID 32723816.

[mdpi-5] Zhang, Ruixiong; Zhang, Yuzhong; Lin, Haipeng; Feng, Xu; Fu, Tzung-May; Wang, Yuhang (April 2020). "NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China". Atmosphere (dalam bahasa Inggris). 11 (4): 433. Bibcode:2020Atmos..11..433Z. doi:10.3390/atmos11040433 . Diakses tanggal 6 May 2020.

[DIm4R-6] Myllyvirta, Lauri (19 February 2020). "Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter". CarbonBrief. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2020.

[GFEED-7] Burke, Marshall. "COVID-19 reduces economic activity, which reduces pollution, which saves lives". Global Food, Environment and Economic Dynamics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 May 2020.

[mcmahon-8] McMahon, Jeff (16 March 2020). "Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution". Forbes. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2020.

[Poaching1-9] "Conservationists fear African animal poaching will increase during COVID-19 pandemic". ABC News. 14 April 2020.

[Poaching2-10] "'Filthy bloody business:' Poachers kill more animals as coronavirus crushes tourism to Africa". CNBC. 24 April 2020.

[UN-11] "Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic". Climate Home News (dalam bahasa Inggris). 1 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2020.

[Amazon1-12] "Deforestation of Amazon rainforest accelerates amid COVID-19 pandemic". ABC News. 6 May 2020.

[Amazon2-13] "Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus". NBC News. 11 May 2020.

[9mMFi-14] Newburger, Emma (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn". CNBC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2020.

[15] Mishra, Anshuman. "Air Pollution". WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION. WHO. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2020.

[16] "Is sea level rising?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2020.

[17] "Climate Change". National Geographic Society. 28 March 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2020.

[18] Rull, Valentí (1 September 2016). "The humanized Earth system (HES)". The Holocene (dalam bahasa Inggris). 26 (9): 1513–1516. Bibcode:2016Holoc..26.1513R. doi:10.1177/0959683616640053. hdl:10261/136857 . ISSN 0959-6836.

[19] Watts, Jonathan; Kommenda, Niko (23 March 2020). "Coronavirus pandemic leading to huge drop in air pollution". The Guardian. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2020.

[20] Le Quéré, Corinne; Jackson, Robert B.; Jones, Matthew W.; Smith, Adam J. P.; Abernethy, Sam; Andrew, Robbie M.; De-Gol, Anthony J.; Willis, David R.; Shan, Yuli; Canadell, Josep G.; Friedlingstein, Pierre (19 May 2020). "Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement". Nature Climate Change (dalam bahasa Inggris). 10 (7): 647–653. Bibcode:2020NatCC..10..647L. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x . ISSN 1758-6798.

[21] tor, Damian Carrington Environment (7 April 2020). "Air pollution linked to far higher Covid-19 death rates, study finds". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0261-3077. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 10 April 2020.

[22] "The Global Impacts of the Coronavirus Outbreak". Center for Strategic and International Studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2020.

[StEML-23] Green, Matthew (13 March 2020). "Air pollution clears in northern Italy after coronavirus lockdown, satellite shows". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 16 March 2020.

[24] Picheta, Rob (9 April 2020). "People in India can see the Himalayas for the first time in 'decades,' as the lockdown eases air pollution". CNN (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 October 2020.

[25] Brown, Vanessa. "Covid 19 Coronavirus: India's Himalayas return to view as pollution drops". NZ Herald (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 October 2020.

[:0-26] "Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China". earthobservatory.nasa.gov (dalam bahasa Inggris). 28 February 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2020.

[27] "Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter". Carbon Brief (dalam bahasa Inggris). 19 February 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2020.

[28] "Earth Matters - How the Coronavirus Is (and Is Not) Affecting the Environment". earthobservatory.nasa.gov (dalam bahasa Inggris). 5 March 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2020.

[29] "Richard Smith: How can we achieve a healthy recovery from the pandemic?". The BMJ. 8 June 2020. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.

[30] Villafranca, Omar (20 May 2020). "Americans turn to cycling during the coronavirus pandemic". www.cbsnews.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.

[31] Winkelmann, Sarah. "Bike shops see surge in sales during pandemic". www.weau.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.

[32] Earls, Stephanie. "Bike sales boom during the pandemic as more kids pedal as a pastime". Colorado Springs Gazette (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.

[33] "On your bike! Coronavirus prompts cycling frenzy in Germany". DW.COM. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.

[34] Lee, Edward. "Bike shops shift into higher gear as Marylanders become more active outdoors during coronavirus pandemic". baltimoresun.com. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2020.

[35] "How COVID-19 Has Caused 'Pop-Up' Bike Lanes to Appear Overnight". Discerning Cyclist. 18 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[36] Oltermann, Philip (13 April 2020). "Pop-up bike lanes help with coronavirus physical distancing in Germany". Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021 – via www.theguardian.com.

[37] Reid, Carlton. "Paris To Create 650 Kilometers Of Post-Lockdown Cycleways". Forbes. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[38] "Sydney gets 10km of pop-up cycleways". Government News. 18 May 2020. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[39] "Mobilitätswende in Europa: Die Pop-up-Radwege von Berlin". www.rnd.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[40] Schubert, Thomas (7 November 2020). "Pop-up-Radweg in Berlin: Erster temporärer Streifen wird dauerhaft". www.morgenpost.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[41] "In Corona-Zeiten eingerichtet: Gericht: Pop-up-Radwege in Berlin dürfen vorerst bleiben". Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021 – via www.faz.net.

[42] "Pop-up-Radwege in Berlin sollen vorerst bleiben". www.tagesspiegel.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[43] "Berlins Radverkehr boomt im Corona-Jahr". www.tagesspiegel.de. Diakses tanggal 19 January 2021.

[44] Press release (24 March 2020). "Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts". European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2020.

[45] Lecocq, Thomas; Hicks, Stephen P.; Van Noten, Koen; van Wijk, Kasper; Koelemeijer, Paula; De Plaen, Raphael S. M.; Massin, Frédérick; Hillers, Gregor; Anthony, Robert E.; Apoloner, Maria-Theresia; Arroyo-Solórzano, Mario; Assink, Jelle D.; Büyükakpınar, Pinar; Cannata, Andrea; Cannavo, Flavio; Carrasco, Sebastian; Caudron, Corentin; Chaves, Esteban J.; Cornwell, David G.; Craig, David; den Ouden, Olivier F. C.; Diaz, Jordi; Donner, Stefanie; Evangelidis, Christos P.; Evers, Läslo; Fauville, Benoit; Fernandez, Gonzalo A.; Giannopoulos, Dimitrios; Gibbons, Steven J.; Girona, Társilo; Grecu, Bogdan; Grunberg, Marc; Hetényi, György; Horleston, Anna; Inza, Adolfo; Irving, Jessica C. E.; Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza; Kafka, Alan; Koymans, Mathijs R.; Labedz, Celeste R.; Larose, Eric; Lindsey, Nathaniel J.; McKinnon, Mika; Megies, Tobias; Miller, Meghan S.; Minarik, William; Moresi, Louis; Márquez-Ramírez, Víctor H.; Möllhoff, Martin; Nesbitt, Ian M.; Niyogi, Shankho; Ojeda, Javier; Oth, Adrien; Proud, Simon; Pulli, Jay; Retailleau, Lise; Rintamäki, Annukka E.; Satriano, Claudio; Savage, Martha K.; Shani-Kadmiel, Shahar; Sleeman, Reinoud; Sokos, Efthimios; Stammler, Klaus; Stott, Alexander E.; Subedi, Shiba; Sørensen, Mathilde B.; Taira, Taka'aki; Tapia, Mar; Turhan, Fatih; van der Pluijm, Ben; Vanstone, Mark; Vergne, Jerome; Vuorinen, Tommi A. T.; Warren, Tristram; Wassermann, Joachim; Xiao, Han (23 July 2020). "Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures". Science. 369 (6509): 1338–1343. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1338L. doi:10.1126/science.abd2438 . PMID 32703907.

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@@ Baris 13: / Baris 13: @@
 Antara 1&nbsp;Januari dan 11 Maret 2020, [[European Space Agency]] mengamati penurunan emisi [[Dinitrogen monoksida|dinitrogen monokasida]] dari mobil, pembangkit listrik, dan pabrik di daerah [[Po Valley]], Italia bagian utara, bersamaan dengan diberlakukannya karantina wilayah di daerah itu.<ref name="StEML">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-pollution/air-pollution-clears-in-northern-italy-after-coronavirus-lockdown-satellite-shows-idUSKBN2102X4 |title=Air pollution clears in northern Italy after coronavirus lockdown, satellite shows |last=Green |first=Matthew |work=Reuters |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200316105932/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-pollution/air-pollution-clears-in-northern-italy-after-coronavirus-lockdown-satellite-shows-idUSKBN2102X4 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Di daerah utara India, seperti [[Jalandhar]], dapat melihat [[Pegunungan Himalaya]] untuk pertama kalinya sejak beberapa dekade terakhir. Peristiwa ini merupakan pertanda turunnya pencemaran udara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |title=People in India can see the Himalayas for the first time in 'decades,' as the lockdown eases air pollution |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/himalayas-visible-lockdown-india-scli-intl/index.html |website=CNN |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170731/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/himalayas-visible-lockdown-india-scli-intl/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2020 |language=en |date=9 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Vanessa |title=Covid 19 Coronavirus: India's Himalayas return to view as pollution drops |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/covid-19-coronavirus-indias-himalayas-return-to-view-as-pollution-drops/3SWNFRQWTQGKHHRPNOZNWSFWA4/ |website=NZ Herald |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024020426/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/covid-19-coronavirus-indias-himalayas-return-to-view-as-pollution-drops/3SWNFRQWTQGKHHRPNOZNWSFWA4/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |language=en-NZ |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:NOx emission changes in East China.jpg|thumb|Perubahan emisi NOx di Tiongkok TImur<ref name="mdpi" />]]
 [[NASA]] dan [[European Space Agency|ESA]] telah memantau bagaimana tingkat gas nitrogen oksida di atmosfer turun secara signifikan saat fase pertama pandemi COVID-19. Perlambatan ekonomi akibat virus menurunkan tingkat pencemaran di kota-kota seperti [[Wuhan]], Tiongkok hingga 25-40%.<ref name="mdpi" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |title=Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China|date=28 February 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162640/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |archive-date=2 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter |title=Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter|date=19 February 2020|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200304082845/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced-chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter |archive-date=4 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Menurut ilmuwan NASA, penurunan tingkat pencemaran NO<sub>2</sub> pertama kali teramati di Wuhan dan perlahan terjadi pula di seluruh dunia. Penurunan yang terjadi juga cukup signifikan karena kemunculan virus bersamaan dengan perayaan [[Tahun Baru Imlek]] di Tiongkok.<ref name="mdpi" /> Penurunan tingkat NO<sub>2</sub> di Tiongkok tidak menyebabkan udara di sana dikategorikan sebagai sehat. Polutan lain di udara, seperti emisi [[aerosol]], tetap ada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2020/03/05/how-the-coronavirus-is-and-is-not-affecting-the-environment/ |title=Earth Matters - How the Coronavirus Is (and Is Not) Affecting the Environment|date=5 March 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200406235222/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2020/03/05/how-the-coronavirus-is-and-is-not-affecting-the-environment/ |archive-date=6 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
+===Bersepeda===
+Selama pandemi, banyak orang mulai [[bersepeda]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Smith: How can we achieve a healthy recovery from the pandemic? |url=https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/06/08/richard-smith-how-can-we-achieve-a-healthy-recovery-from-the-pandemic/ |website=The BMJ |access-date=8 June 2020 |date=8 June 2020}}</ref> dan mengakibatkan permintaan sepeda naik drastis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villafranca |first1=Omar |title=Americans turn to cycling during the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americans-turn-to-cycling-coronavirus-pandemic-2020-05-20/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=20 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Winkelmann |first1=Sarah |title=Bike shops see surge in sales during pandemic |url=https://www.weau.com/content/news/Bike-shops-see-surge-in-sales-during-pandemic-570947211.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=www.weau.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Earls |first1=Stephanie |title=Bike sales boom during the pandemic as more kids pedal as a pastime |url=https://gazette.com/news/bike-sales-boom-during-the-pandemic-as-more-kids-pedal-as-a-pastime/article_a30bf14a-a80d-11ea-b3a0-1f59e4c3e6a7.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Colorado Springs Gazette |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=On your bike! Coronavirus prompts cycling frenzy in Germany |url=https://www.dw.com/en/on-your-bike-coronavirus-prompts-cycling-frenzy-in-germany/a-53462018 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Edward |title=Bike shops shift into higher gear as Marylanders become more active outdoors during coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-bike-shops-coronavirus-20200529-6d6qjxdd5nhcpc3n4zlzfn2kla-story.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> Beberapa kota mulai menerapkan lajur sepeda semipermanen untuk mengakomodasi orang-orang yang berpindah dari sepeda ke transportasi umum dan sebaliknya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discerningcyclist.com/2020/04/pop-up-bike-lanes-temporary-covid-19-coronavirus/|title=How COVID-19 Has Caused 'Pop-Up' Bike Lanes to Appear Overnight|date=18 April 2020|website=Discerning Cyclist|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/13/pop-up-bike-lanes-help-with-coronavirus-social-distancing-in-germany|title=Pop-up bike lanes help with coronavirus physical distancing in Germany|first=Philip|last=Oltermann|date=13 April 2020|access-date=19 January 2021|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/04/22/paris-to-create-650-kilometers-of-pop-up-corona-cycleways-for-post-lockdown-travel/|title=Paris To Create 650 Kilometers Of Post-Lockdown Cycleways|first=Carlton|last=Reid|website=Forbes|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.governmentnews.com.au/sydney-gets-10km-of-pop-up-cycleways/|title=Sydney gets 10km of pop-up cycleways|date=18 May 2020|website=Government News|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> Di [[Berlin]], terdapat beberapa usulan untuk mengubah lajur sepeda semipermanen menjadi lajur sepeda permanen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnd.de/mobilitaet/mobilitatswende-in-europa-die-pop-up-radwege-von-berlin-J4EPUBXFKJD57BCEL2FHGYLEJQ.html|title=Mobilitätswende in Europa: Die Pop-up-Radwege von Berlin|website=www.rnd.de|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/bezirke/pankow/article230856156/Erster-Pop-up-Radweg-Berlins-erhaelt-dauerhafte-Bahnen.html|title=Pop-up-Radweg in Berlin: Erster temporärer Streifen wird dauerhaft|first=Thomas|last=Schubert|date=7 November 2020|website=www.morgenpost.de|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.faz.net/1.6989701|title=In Corona-Zeiten eingerichtet: Gericht: Pop-up-Radwege in Berlin dürfen vorerst bleiben|access-date=19 January 2021|via=www.faz.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/trotz-gerichtsbeschluss-pop-up-radwege-in-berlin-sollen-vorerst-bleiben/26175040.html|title=Pop-up-Radwege in Berlin sollen vorerst bleiben|website=www.tagesspiegel.de|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/18-prozent-mehr-fahrradfahrer-berlins-radverkehr-boomt-im-corona-jahr/26646876.html|title=Berlins Radverkehr boomt im Corona-Jahr|website=www.tagesspiegel.de|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>
+== Dampak terhadap pemantauan dan prediksi lingkungan ==
+=== Prakiraan cuaca ===
+[[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]] (ECMWF) mengumumkan bahwa penurunan jumlah penerbangan saat pandemi dapat mempengaruhi akurasi prakiraan cuaca di dunia. Hal ini merujuk pada penggunaan data dari pesawat komersial melalui [[Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay]] (AMDAR) sebagai salah satu sumber data dalam prakiraan cuaca. [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts|ECMWF]] memprediksi bahwa cakupan [[Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay|AMDAR]] dapat mengalami penurunan sebsar 65% akibat penurunan jumlah penerbangan komersial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts |title=Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts |author=Press release |work=European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326005351/https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2020/drop-aircraft-observations-could-have-impact-weather-forecasts |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+=== Berkurangnya getaran seismik ===
+Sesimologis telah melaporkan berkurangnya getaran sesmik frekuensi tinggi global sebesar 50% saat diberlakukannya perintah karantina selama pandemi COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lecocq |first1=Thomas |last2=Hicks |first2=Stephen P. |last3=Van Noten |first3=Koen |last4=van Wijk |first4=Kasper |last5=Koelemeijer |first5=Paula |last6=De Plaen |first6=Raphael S. M. |last7=Massin |first7=Frédérick |last8=Hillers |first8=Gregor |last9=Anthony |first9=Robert E. |last10=Apoloner |first10=Maria-Theresia |last11=Arroyo-Solórzano |first11=Mario |last12=Assink |first12=Jelle D. |last13=Büyükakpınar |first13=Pinar |last14=Cannata |first14=Andrea |last15=Cannavo |first15=Flavio |last16=Carrasco |first16=Sebastian |last17=Caudron |first17=Corentin |last18=Chaves |first18=Esteban J. |last19=Cornwell |first19=David G. |last20=Craig |first20=David |last21=den Ouden |first21=Olivier F. C. |last22=Diaz |first22=Jordi |last23=Donner |first23=Stefanie |last24=Evangelidis |first24=Christos P. |last25=Evers |first25=Läslo |last26=Fauville |first26=Benoit |last27=Fernandez |first27=Gonzalo A. |last28=Giannopoulos |first28=Dimitrios |last29=Gibbons |first29=Steven J. |last30=Girona |first30=Társilo |last31=Grecu |first31=Bogdan |last32=Grunberg |first32=Marc |last33=Hetényi |first33=György |last34=Horleston |first34=Anna |last35=Inza |first35=Adolfo |last36=Irving |first36=Jessica C. E. |last37=Jamalreyhani |first37=Mohammadreza |last38=Kafka |first38=Alan |last39=Koymans |first39=Mathijs R. |last40=Labedz |first40=Celeste R. |last41=Larose |first41=Eric |last42=Lindsey |first42=Nathaniel J. |last43=McKinnon |first43=Mika |last44=Megies |first44=Tobias |last45=Miller |first45=Meghan S. |last46=Minarik |first46=William |last47=Moresi |first47=Louis |last48=Márquez-Ramírez |first48=Víctor H. |last49=Möllhoff |first49=Martin |last50=Nesbitt |first50=Ian M. |last51=Niyogi |first51=Shankho |last52=Ojeda |first52=Javier |last53=Oth |first53=Adrien |last54=Proud |first54=Simon |last55=Pulli |first55=Jay |last56=Retailleau |first56=Lise |last57=Rintamäki |first57=Annukka E. |last58=Satriano |first58=Claudio |last59=Savage |first59=Martha K. |last60=Shani-Kadmiel |first60=Shahar |last61=Sleeman |first61=Reinoud |last62=Sokos |first62=Efthimios |last63=Stammler |first63=Klaus |last64=Stott |first64=Alexander E. |last65=Subedi |first65=Shiba |last66=Sørensen |first66=Mathilde B. |last67=Taira |first67=Taka'aki |last68=Tapia |first68=Mar |last69=Turhan |first69=Fatih |last70=van der Pluijm |first70=Ben |last71=Vanstone |first71=Mark |last72=Vergne |first72=Jerome |last73=Vuorinen |first73=Tommi A. T. |last74=Warren |first74=Tristram |last75=Wassermann |first75=Joachim |last76=Xiao |first76=Han |title=Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures |journal=Science |date=23 July 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6509 |pages=1338–1343 |doi=10.1126/science.abd2438|pmid=32703907 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1338L |doi-access=free }}</ref> Penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa penurunan getaran seismik merupakan akibat dari kombinasi beberapa faktor seperti berkurangnya aktivitas lalu lintas, industri, dan ekonomi kelas bawah. Penurunan getaran seismik teramati di stasiun pengamatan dan sensor bawah tanah yang dipasang beberapa ratus meter di bawah tanah. Penelitian ini juga menyebutkan bahwa penurunan tingkat getaran seismik memungkinan lebih akuratnya pengamatan dan deteksi sumber seismik alami, seperti [[gempa bumi]] dan [[Gunung berapi|aktivitas vulkanik]].
 ==Lihat pula==