Lihat sumber Rohaniwan

{{periksa terjemahan|en|Clergy}}
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
[[Berkas:Religious Leaders, World Economic Forum 2009 Annual Meeting.jpg|jmpl|Rohaniwan]]
[[Berkas:International Quran Competition for Students of Islamic Seminary Schools 10.jpg|jmpl|250x250px]]
'''Rohaniwan''' (bentuk tidak baku: '''rohaniawan''') adalah istilah umum yang terus-menerus dipakai dan dipergunakan untuk menggambarkan kedudukan kepemimpinan resmi dalam suatu [[agama]] tertentu terutama bagi [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] dan [[Protestan]]. Kadang-kadang digunakan juga istilah "Klerus", yang berasal dari istilah [[bahasa Yunani]] "κληρος".

Tergantung dari agamanya, rohaniwan biasanya melakukan tugas-tugas ritual dari kehidupan keagamaan, mengajar atau berbagai tugas lainnya dalam menyebarkan ajaran atau [[doktrin]] dan praktik-praktik keagamaan. Mereka sering kali melakukan tugas-tugas yang berkaitan dengan siklus kehidupan seperti misalnya upacara-upacara [[kelahiran]], [[baptisan]], [[sunat]], [[akil balik]], [[pernikahan]], dan [[kematian]]. Rohaniwan dari agama manapun umumnya bertugas di dalam maupun di luar tempat-tempat ibadah, dan dapat pula ditemukan bekerja di rumah sakit, tempat-tempat perawatan lainnya, pos-pos misi, pos kebaktian, dinas ketentaraan, wilayah gawat darurat, penjara, dll.

Ada perbedaan yang penting antara rohaniwan dengan [[teologi|teolog]]. Rohaniwan mempunyai tugas-tugas yang disebutkan di atas, sementara teolog adalah sarjana di bidang agama dan teologi, dan tidak dengan sendirinya berarti rohaniwan/rohaniawan. Seorang awam dapat menjadi teolog dan juga sekaligus menjadi seorang rohaniwan/rohaniawan. Memang, kedua bidang ini, dapat pula saling bertumpang tindih sehingga kadang kala tidak jelas. Dalam beberapa denominasi atau agama, status rohaniwan hanya diberikan kepada laki-laki, sementara beberapa agama lain yang lainnya mengakui pula perempuan sebagai rohaniwan (atau rohaniwati).

Di banyak negara rohaniwan mendapatkan perlindungan hukum khusus. Dalam kasus-kasus tertentu mereka dibiayai (atau sebagian dibiayai) oleh negara, tetapi umumnya mereka didukung melalui sumbangan-sumbangan masing-masing anggota kelompok keagamaannya.

Dalam [[agama Kristen]], jabatan rohaniwan dapat mengambil bentuk berbagai posisi resmi maupun tidak resmi, termasuk [[diakon]], [[imam (Kristen)|imam]], viskaris, [[uskup]] (atau bishop), [[pendeta (Kristen)|pendeta]], dll. Dalam [[agama Islam]], pemimpin agama biasanya dikenal sebagai [[imam (Islam)|imam]], [[Dai]], [[Ulama]] dan lainnya.

== Rohaniawan Kristen ==
{{Main|Jenjang kehormatan dalam Gereja Katolik}}
[[Berkas:+Ignatius Kardinal Suharyo (cropped).jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|Ignatius ''Kardinal'' Suharyo, seorang rohaniwan yang juga merupakan [[kardinal]] [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik]], sebagai pemimpin [[Gereja Katolik di Indonesia|umat Katolik]] di [[Keuskupan Agung Jakarta]].]]
Pada umumnya, rohaniwan Kristen [[penahbisan|ditahbiskan]]. Artinya, mereka dipisahkan untuk tugas-tugas keagamaan khusus dalam agamanya. Ada pula orang-orang lain yang tidak ditahbiskan ([[awam]]) yang membantu dalam tugas-tugas gerejawi secara umum saja, tetapi mereka tidak ditahbiskan, meskipun mereka mungkin membutuhkan persetujuan resmi dan/atau pendidikan resmi tertentu untuk menjalankan tugas-tugas tersebut.

Jenis-jenis rohaniwan dibedakan dari jabatannya, termasuk jabatan-jabatan yang dikhususnya untuk dipegang oleh rohaniwan. Kardinal Katolik Roma, misalnya, boleh dikatakan adalah seorang rohaniwan, meskipun jabatan kardinal bukanlah suatu bentuk rohaniwan yang khas. Uskup agung bukanlah suatu jabatan rohaniwan yang khusus, melainkan semata-mata seorang uskup yang memiliki posisi khusus dengan wewenang yang khusus pula. Sementara itu, seorang pelayan pemuda atau direktur pendidikan agama di sebuah gereja tidak harus seorang rohaniwan, meskipun ada pula gereja-gereja tertentu yang mempekerjakan seorang pendeta dengan tugas khusus seperti itu.

Berbagai gereja mempunyai sistem rohaniwan yang berlainan pula, meskipun gereja-gereja dengan [[sistem kepemimpinan gereja]] yang serupa biasanya mempunyai sistem yang serupa.

<!--=== Roman Catholic clergy ===
[[Berkas:Onbekende Bisschop.JPG|thumb|right|275px|Roman Catholic bishops are first [[Holy Orders|ordained]] as priests]]
[[Holy Orders|Ordained]] Roman Catholic clergymen are deacons, priests, or bishops, i.e., they belong to the diaconate, the presbyterate, or the episcopate. Among bishops, some are [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitans]], [[archbishop]]s, or [[patriarch]]s, and the [[Pope]] is the [[Bishop of Rome]]. With rare exceptions, [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] are bishops, although it was not always so; formerly, some cardinals were unordained laymen and not clergymen. The [[Holy See]] supports the activity of its clergy by the [[Congregation for the Clergy]] ([http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cclergy/]), a [[dicastery]] of [[Roman curia]].

[[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]] indicates (canon 107) that "by divine institution, there are in the Church [Latin: ''Ecclesia''] clergy [Latin: ''clerices''] distinguished from laics". This distinction of a separate class was formed in the early times of Christianity; one early source reflecting this distinction is the writings of St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]]. The original clerics were the bishops (the Twelve [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]]) and the deacons (their seventy appointed assistants); the presbyterate actually developed as a sort of semi-bishop (''cf.'' the disused ''chorepiskopos'', "rural bishop"). In the Catholic Church, only men can be members of the clergy.

Roman Catholic clerical organisation is hierarchical in nature: before the reforms after the [[Second Vatican Council]], the [[tonsure]] admitted a man to the clerical state, after which he could receive the four [[minor orders]] (ostiary, lectorate, order of exorcists, order of acolytes) and then the [[major orders]] of subdiaconate, diaconate, presbyterate, and finally the episcopate, which is defined in Catholic doctrine as "the fullness of [[Holy Orders]]". Today the minor orders and the [[subdeacon|subdiaconate]] have been replaced by [[Catholic minister|lay ministries]] and the tonsure no longer takes place, the clerical state being tied to reception of Holy Orders rather than being symbolically part of a bishop's household.

The exceptions are the Eastern Catholic churches where clergy status is extended to all holders of minor orders (which are retained in these traditions) and seminarians. Thus, it will be noted that deacons, priests, bishops, etc... are all called "Father," while those not in Holy Orders are addressed most often as "Brother," despite the monastic implications of the title. This distinction can lead to some inter-Ritual issues, such as the wearing of clerical apparel and the signing of one's name, especially if attending, living, or working in a mostly Roman Rite institution.

[[Monk]]s and other religious are not necessarily part of the clergy, unless they have received the diaconate. The administration of [[Sacraments (Catholic Church)|sacrament]]s seems to be the real distinguishing element between laity and clergy, and in this sense unordained monks, [[nun]]s, [[friar]]s, and religious brothers and sisters should not be considered part of the clergy. Ordination to Holy Orders is considered one of the [[Seven Sacraments]] of Divine institution by Catholic doctrine, in many ways directly comparable to [[Christian views of marriage|Holy Matrimony]] (i.e., marriage).

During the [[Middle Ages]] however, the term was used to indicate all the people with an [[education]] (having an education had been the exclusive privilege of clergy for epochs). The term also survives in students' organisations at some ancient universities (such as Goliardia, where they are often called ''clerici vagantes'').

The term ''clerici vagantes'' comes indeed from the clerics that before 12th century were commanded at the service of a determined church (''incardinatio''); after that time, they were not forced any more to reside in the church (if they had no privileges or other related rights), and they could go living and residing wherever they liked (then ''vagantes'', wandering). The [[Council of Trent]] vainly tried to abolish this use, and only in recent times the rule was restored that a ''clericus'' has a perpetual and absolute obligation to serve the [[diocese]] or the [[Catholic order|Order]] to which he is assigned; only with a special authorisation he can be accepted in the jurisdiction of another diocese or of another Order.

Current canon law prescribes that to be ordained a priest, an education is required of two years of [[scholastic philosophy]] study, and 4 years of theology; dogmatic and moral theology, the Holy Scriptures, and canon law have to be studied inside a [[seminary]]. This reflects the scholastic and intellectual traditions of the Latin Church.

Oaths of [[clerical celibacy|celibacy]] and obedience are required as a condition for admittance (and persistence) for [[Latin Rite]] Roman Catholic priests; this is a disciplinary and administrative rule rather than a dogmatic and doctrinal one. Celibacy has taken many forms in different times and places. The [[Council in Trullo]] (Quinisextum Concilium) in [[692]] barred bishops from marrying, but did not prevent married men from becoming priests and excommunicated those deacons who would have divorced because ordained. This rule is still followed for ordained deacons in the Latin Rite, as well as for priests in the [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic Churches]]. Married men are not ordained priests in the [[Latin Rite]], although some married priests do exist who were ordained in the Anglican church and later received into the Roman Catholic Church. See also [[Presbyterorum Ordinis]] for a modern statement of the nature of the Catholic priesthood.

Clergy have four classical rights:
#'''Right of Canon''': whoever commits real violence on the person of a clergyman, commits a [[sacrilege]]. This decree was issued in a Lateran Council of [[1097]] (requested by [[Pope Urban II]]), then renewed in the [[Second Council of the Lateran|Lateran Council II]] ([[1139]]).
#'''Right of Forum''': by this right clergy may be judged by ecclesiastical [[tribunal]]s only. [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Emperor Constantine I]] granted this right for bishops, which was subsequently extended to the rest of the clergy by Imperial Decree.
#'''Right of Immunity''': clergy cannot be called for military service or for duties or charges not compatible with his role.
#'''Right of Competence''': a certain part of the income of clergy, necessary for sustenance, cannot be sequestered by any action of creditors.

The extent to which these rights are recognised at law varies dramatically from country to country, with traditionally Catholic countries being more inclined to respect these rights.

=== Orthodox clergy ===
The clergy of the Orthodox Church are the bishops, priests, and deacons, the same offices identified in the New Testament and found in the early church. Bishops include archbishops, metropolitans, and patriarchs.
Priests (also called presbyters or elders) include archpriests, protopresbyters, hieromonks (priest-monks) and archimandrites (senior hieromonks). Deacons also include hierodeacons (deacon-monks) archdeacons and protodeacons; [[subdeacon]]s, however, are not deacons, and comprise a separate office that is not to be major clergy, as do readers, acolytes and others. Bishops are usually drawn from the ranks of the monks, and are required to be celibate; however, a non-monastic priest may be ordained to the episcopate if he no longer lives with his wife (following Canon XII of the [[Quinisext Council]])[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-136.htm#P6201_1388746]. In contemporary usage such a non-monastic priest is usually tonsured to the monastic state at some point prior to his consecration to the episcopacy. Priests and deacons may be married, provided that they are married prior to their ordination to the diaconate. If they are later divorced or remarried, they are not permitted to remarry unless they first leave the clergy and return to lay status. All Orthodox clergy must be male. There are records of deaconesses in the New Testament and in the early church; the consensus today is that this office was never equivalent to that of deacon, but had separate responsibilities. The ancient office of deaconess was subsumed by the office of abbess.

The typical progression of ordination is: reader, subdeacon, deacon, priest, bishop. Each ordination must take place in order, although it is possible to ordain a layman to all five offices in the course of three days. The organization of the Orthodox Church is both hierarchical and conciliar (or synodal). It is hierarchical in that priests, deacons, and laymen are expected to follow their bishop and to do nothing without their bishop, and in that Jesus Christ is the head of every bishop. It is conciliar or synodal in that there is no single Pope whom all the bishops follow (the [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Pope of Alexandria]] functions as a patriarch), but rather the bishops meet together in synods or councils and reach binding agreements through consensus. A bishop, even the patriarch, is bound to obey the decisions of his synod. A council with representatives from all the churches is an [[ecumenical council]].

Although Orthodox clergy are given considerable honor by the Orthodox Church, each ordination is also viewed as a kind of martyrdom. The Orthodox cleric agrees to be a servant of both Jesus Christ and of the people of the church; many of the vestments are intended to remind him of this. Much is expected of the clergy, both practically and spiritually; consequently, they also have a special place in the litanies that are prayed, asking God to have mercy on them.

There is no set universal rule for the training of clergy, and there is some variation among the local churches. Traditionally, candidates for the priesthood either reside with their bishops for a certain period and are given personal instruction by him, or, if they are monks, receive instruction by obedience to their monastic superiors. Modern practice in most places is for them to be trained at a seminary, which may or may not be associated with a monastery. The course of study generally runs for about three years,[http://www.svots.edu/Admissions/Admissions_content/Degree_programs/] and an undergraduate degree is often a requirement for admission. Instruction is given in dogmatics, theology, ecclesiastical history, canon law, liturgics, Biblical studies, and other subjects, although emphasis varies from institution to institution. Graduation from a seminary is no guarantee of ordination however, which is solely at the discretion of the diocesan bishop. Requirements for the training of those who intend to remain in the diaconate are often less rigorous than for priests.

===Anglican clergy===
{{main|Anglican ministry}}
In the [[Anglican]] churches clergy is comprised of [[deacon]]s, [[priest]]s (presbyters) and [[bishop]]s, in ascending order of seniority. ''Canon'', ''[[Archdeacon]]'', ''[[Archbishop]]'', and the like are specific titles within these divisions. Bishops are typically overseers, presiding over a [[diocese]] composed of many [[parish]]es, with Archbishops presiding over an [[province]], which is a group of dioceses. A [[parish]] (generally a single church) is looked after by one or more priests, although one priest may be responsible for several small parishes. New clergy are ordained deacons. Those seeking to become priests are usually ordained priest after a year of satisfactory service. During the [[1960s]], some Anglican churches reinstituted the diaconate as a permanent, rather than transitional, order of ministry focused on ministry that bridges the church and the world, especially ministry to those on the margins of society.

For the forms of address to be used with Anglican clergy, see [[Forms of Address in the United Kingdom]].

During the [[1980s]], before the acceptance of women as equal members of the clergy, women could be ordained as 'deaconesses', who were technically distinct from deacons but carried approximately the same privileges and responsibilities. This title has now been abolished.

In the Anglican church all clergy are permitted to marry. In most branches women may become deacons or priests, but while fifteen out of 38 member churches allow for women bishops, only three have ordained any. Celebration of the [[Eucharist]] is reserved for priests and bishops.

Each branch of the Anglican church is presided over by one or more archbishops. The senior archbishop of the [[Anglican Communion]] is the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], who acts as leader of the [[Church of England]] and 'first among equals' of the archbishops of all Anglican churches.

The status of deacon, priest or bishop is a function of the person and not the job. A priest who retires is still a priest, even if they no longer have any role of religious leadership.

===Protestant clergy===
Clergy in [[Protestantism]] fill a wide variety of roles and functions. In many [[Religious denominations|denominations]], such as [[Methodism]], [[Presbyterianism]], and [[Lutheranism]], clergy are very similar to Roman Catholic or Anglican clergy, in that they hold an [[ordained]] pastoral or priestly office, administer the sacraments, proclaim the word, lead a local church or parish, and so forth.

Some Protestant denominations reject the idea that church leaders are a separate category of people. Some dislike the word ''clergy'' and do not use it of their own leaders. Often they refer to their leaders as [[pastor]]s or [[Religious minister|minister]]s, titles that, if used, sometimes apply to the person only as long as he or she holds a particular office.

==Latter-day Saints clergy==
In [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], there is no professional clergy. Most clergy are part-time volunteers. The rest, including missionaries, give full-time service by living off their personal savings. Traditional clergy functions such as leading meetings, giving sermons, teaching classes, and ministering in the home and at hospitals are done by ordinary church members appointed, or called, to those responsibilities. These roles are generally open to all regardless of theological training or sex. Boys and girls usually begin giving short sermons to the entire congregation and may assume certain leadership roles starting at age 12, but in most cases do not start regular teaching assignments or taking primary responsibility for other tasks until age 18.

The Church does not require formal training in theology. In practice, however, most Latter-day Saint men and women have significant theological training. Every member of the church is expected to:
# Attend [[Sunday school|Sunday School]] weekly starting at age three and continuing throughout life
# Attend four years of [[Seminary#Youth seminaries|Seminary]] during high school years
# Study the scriptures and doctrines of the gospel on their own at least 30 minutes per day throughout their life
# Study scriptures with family on a daily basis.
# Serve a two-year [[Mormon missionary|full-time mission]] as a young man (for women, a mission is only 1½ years and is optional).

Performance of certain [[Ordinance (Mormonism)|ordinances]] (rituals) and many leadership roles are restricted to the priesthood. Priesthood offices are deacon, teacher, priest, bishop, elder, high priest, seventy, apostle, and patriarch.
Admission to the [[Latter-day Saint]] [[Priesthood (Latter-day Saint)|priesthood]] requires no training; to be a member of the Latter-day Saint priesthood, one must be male, be at least 12 years old, and be morally worthy, as determined in a confidential interview with a local ecclesiastical leader. Anyone who meets these requirements is ordained to the priesthood as a matter of course. See [[Priesthood (Latter-day Saint)]].

Leadership in the church is organized in several levels:
* [[Ward (Mormonism)|Ward]] (congregation) leadership
* [[Stake (Mormonism)|Stake]] (about 10 congregations) leadership
* Area leadership, and
* General (worldwide) leadership

Some of the key leadership positions at each level are:
{|
|W||''Elders Quorum president''||Presides over all Elders
|-
|W,S,G&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;||''Primary president'''''‡'''||Presides over leaders and teachers in the children’s organization
|-
|W,S,G||''[[Relief Society]] president'''''‡'''||Presides over leaders and teachers in the women’s organization
|-
|W,S,G||''Young men president''||Presides over leaders and teachers in the youth organization
|-
|W,S,G||''Young women president'''''‡'''||Presides over leaders and teachers in the youth organization
|-
|W,S||''Activities chairperson'''''‡'''||Chairs activity committee
|-
|W,S,G||''Music chairperson'''''‡'''||Chairs music committee, runs music program
|-
|W||''[[Bishop (Mormonism)|Bishop]]''||Presides over a congregation, administers in physical and spiritual matters
|-
|S||''Stake president''||Presides over the entire stake
|-
|S||''Stake high council''||Twelve men assigned to speak and perform administrative functions within a stake
|-
|A,G||''[[Quorums of the Seventy|Seventy]]''||Travels around the area/world teaching the Gospel
|-
|G||''[[Quorum of the Twelve|Apostle]]''||Member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, special witness for Christ
|-
|G||''[[First Presidency|President]] of the church''||Leads the church as directed by revelation from God.
|}

Positions marked with ‡ do not require the priesthood and are traditionally filled by women at all levels. Other leadership positions require priesthood ordination, for example a Stake President must be ordained a High Priest. Most church leaders select two “counselors” who are called to assist them in their duties and to take charge when they are at work or otherwise unable to preside.

Common ordinances (rituals) which require the priesthood are: Passing the [[Sacrament (Mormonism)|Sacrament]] of the Lord's Supper (Deacon), blessing the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper (Priest), [[Baptism#Latter Day Saint baptism|Baptizing]] (Priest), and giving priesthood blessings (Elder). All are eligible to receive these ordinances on condition of worthiness.-->

== Yudaisme ==
{{main|Rabi}}

Dalam [[Yudaisme]] kuno ada sebuah suku imamat yang resmi, yang dikenal sebagai [[Kohen|Kohanim]]. Masing-masing anggota suku ini, seorang [[Kohen]], mempunyai tugas-tugas imamat, dan banyak di antaranya terpusat pada [[Bait Suci di Yerusalem]]. Sejak hancurnya Bait Suci di Yerusalem di tangan orang-orang Romawi pada 70 M, peranan mereka telah banyak berkurang.

Sejak saat itu, para pemimpin agama dan rohaniwan dalam Yudaisme adalah para [[rabi]]. Rabi bukanlah perantara antara [[Allah]] dan manusia. Kata "rabi" berarti "guru". Rabi bukanlah suatu pekerjaan yang disebutkan dalam [[Torah]] (Kelima kitab Musa). Kata ini pertama kali disebutkan di dalam [[Mishnah]]. Bentuk modern dari rabi berkembang dalam masa [[Talmud]]. Para rabi diberikan wewenang untuk menafsirkan [[Halakha|hukum dan kebiasaan Yahudi]]. Secara tradisional, seseorang mendapatkan ''smicha'' (penahbisan sebagai rabi) setelah menyelesaikan program studi yang mendalam terhadap Torah, [[Tanakh]] (Kitab Suci Ibrani), Mishnah dan [[Talmud]], [[Midrash]], etika dan hikmat kebijaksanaan Yahudi, peraturan-peraturan [[halakha|hukum Yahudi]] dan [[responsa]], [[teologi]] dan [[filsafat]].

Sejak Abad Pertengahan, suatu bentuk rohaniwan tambahan telah berkembang, yaitu ''[[Hazzan]]'' [[kantor (agama)|kantor]].

[[Yudaisme Ortodoks]] mewajibkan semua tuntutan ini. Kaum perempuan dilarang menjadi rabi atau kantor dalam ajaran Ortodoks. Orang tidak membutuhkan gelar sarjana untuk belajar di sebagian besar seminari rabinik Ortodoks.

[[Yudaisme Konservatif]] mewajibkan semua tuntutan tradisional ini. Perempuan diizinkan menjadi rabi dan kantor dalam gerakan Konservatif. Yudaisme Konservatif berbeda dengan Ortodoks dalam arti bahwa mereka mempunyai persyaratan studi yang tidak begitu berat untuk Talmud dan [[responsa]] dibandingkan dengan Ortodoks. Namun, tuntutan-tuntutan akademisnya sama beratnya, karena Yudaisme Konservatif menambahkan mata pelajaran berikut ini sebagai persyaratan penahbisan rabi: orang harus mempunyai gelar sarjana untuk memasuki seminari rabinik. Selain itu, mereka juga wajib mempelajari tugas penggembalaan dan psikologi, perkembangan historis Yudaisme dan kritik Alkitab yang akademis.

<!--[[Reconstructionist Judaism]] and [[Reform Judaism]] do not maintain the traditional requirements for study. Both men and women may be rabbis or cantors. The level of Jewish law, Talmud and responsa studied in five years of these denominations is similar to that learned in the first year of Orthodox Jewish seminaries. The rabbinical seminaries of these movements hold that one must first earn a bachelor's degree before entering the rabbinate. In addition studies are mandated in pastoral care and psychology, the historical development of Judaism; and academic biblical criticism. Emphasis is placed not on Jewish law, but rather on sociology and modern Jewish philosophy. -->
== Buddhisme ==
Rohaniwan dalam [[Buddhisme]] aslinya adalah [[Sangha]], yaitu ordo para biarawan dan ordo para biarawati, yang didirikan oleh [[Gautama Buddha]] ketika ia masih hidup dan melakukan misinya pada [[abad ke-5 SM]]. Para biarawan dan biarawati ini mengikuti [[patimokkha]], sebuah aturan yang ketat di mana mereka bersumpah untuk hidup miskin dan berpegang pada disiplin. Namun pada masa modern, rohaniwan Buddhis dapat berbeda-beda di negara-negara yang berbeda pula. Misalnya, di [[Korea]], [[Jepang]], dan dalam kasus-kasus tertentu [[Tibet]], para pendeta Buddhis diizinkan menikah, padahal ini dilarang dalam patimokkha. Sebaliknya, negara-negara yang mempraktikkan Buddhisme [[Theravada]], seperti misalnya [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], dan [[Sri Lanka]], cenderung berpegang pada pandangan yang lebih konservatif tentang kehidupan biara. Di Amerika Serikat, tergantung pada sekte Buddhismenya, rohaniwan ditahbiskan melalui pendidikan, pelatihan dan pengalaman. Para pendeta Buddhis mengambil peranan yang mirip dengan pendeta Kristen atau pastor Katolik di lingkungan organisasi vihara dan menggunakan gelar ''Reverend''. Pada masa kini pendeta Buddhis menjalankan fungsi yang serupa dengan rekan-rekannya dari Kristen. Mereka memberikan konseling, memimpin kelas-kelas pendalaman agama, menulis artikel untuk surat edaran, dan memimpin upacara pernikahan, penguburan dan berbagai ritus peralihan lainnya. Mereka juga terlibat dalam kegiatan antar-agama, bertugas sebagai penasihat rohani di rumah sakit, kepolisian, stasiun pemadam kebakaran, militer, dan penjara.

== Rohaniawan Islam ==
{{main|Imam (Islam)|Imam}}

[[Islam Sunni]] tidak mempunyai rohaniwan yang tetap. Istilah "[[imam (Islam)|imam]]" biasanya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada berbagai bentuk kepemimpinan agama, dari pemimpin sebuah kelompok ([[majelis taklim]]) hingga seorang ahli agama, tetapi semuanya itu tidak menuntut penahbisan.

Dalam [[Islam Syiah]], istilah "[[imam (Islam)|imam]]" mempunyai arti yang lebih spesifik. Kata ini secara harafiah dalam bahasa Arab berarti "(yang berada) di depan dari". Hal ini menunjuk kepada peranan Imam dalam memimpin sembahyang sebagai orang yang berdiri ''di depan'' jemaah. [[Ulama]] adalah kelompok pakar Islam yang terutama mengabdikan dirinya dalam mempelajari dan menerapkan [[Syariah]] atau hukum-hukum Islam.

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Rabi]], [[Hazzan]] [[Kantor (agama)|Kantor]], [[Kohen]]
* [[Paus (Gereja Katolik)|Paus]], [[Uskup]], [[Imam]], [[Diakon]]
* [[Imam (Islam)|Imam]], [[Mufti]]
* [[Gothi|Goði]]
* [[Granthi]]
* [[Clerk (Quaker)|Clerk]]

== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Priesthood}}
* [http://www.lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=bbd508f54922d010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=45490bbce1d98010VgnVCM1000004d82620a____ Church Administration] - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
* [http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/C/Clergy Wlsessays.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065132/http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/c/clergy |date=2010-07-07 }}, Scholarly articles on Christian Clergy from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library
* [http://www.uwest.edu/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=259&Itemid=362 University of the West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720110055/http://www.uwest.edu/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=259&Itemid=362 |date=2011-07-20 }}, Buddhist M.Div.
* [http://www.naropa.edu/academics/graduate/madivinity/index.cfm Naropa University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208064255/http://www.naropa.edu/academics/graduate/madivinity/index.cfm |date=2007-02-08 }}, Buddhist M.Div.
* [http://www.goarch.org/en/special/usvisit2002/clergy/clergy_greetings.asp Forms of Address for Orthodox Clergy]
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