Lihat sumber Kelahiran anak

{{about|kelahiran pada manusia|kelahiran oada mamalia dan hewan lainnya|Kelahiran}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Kelahiran anak
| synonyms      = Persalinan, partus, parturisi
| image         = Postpartum baby2.jpg
| caption       = Ibu dan [[neonatus|bayi baru lahir]] diperlihatkan dengan tutupan [[vernix]] 
| field         = [[Obstetri]], [[kebidanan]]
| symptoms      =
| complications = [[Obstructed labour]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[eclampsia]], [[postpartum infection]], [[birth asphyxia]], [[Kangaroo care|neonatal hypothermia]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH | title = The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 24 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23369256 | pmc = 3606398 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-24 }}</ref><ref name=Mar2014/><ref name=WHO2008Ed/>
| onset         =
| duration      =
| types         = [[Persalinan pervaginam]], [[operasi sesar]]<ref name=Mem2013/><ref name=Mart2015/>
| causes        = [[Kehamilan]]
| risks         =
| diagnosis     =
| differential  =
| prevention    = [[Pengaturan kelahiran]], [[aborsi elektif]]
| treatment     =
| medication    =
| prognosis     =
| frequency     = 135 juta (2015)<ref name=CIA2015>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=30 July 2016|date=11 July 2016|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| deaths        = 500.000 [[kematian ibu]] per tahun<ref name=WHO2008Ed/>
| alt           =
}}
<!-- Definition -->
'''Kelahiran anak''', juga dikenal sebagai '''persalinan''' dan '''parturisi''', adalah penyelesaian [[kehamilan]] di mana satu atau lebih [[bayi]] keluar dari lingkungan internal [[ibu]] melalui [[persalinan pervaginam]] atau [[operasi sesar]].<ref name=Mart2015>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Elizabeth| name-list-style = vanc |title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968799-2|page=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|archive-date=11 September 2017|year=2015}}</ref> Pada tahun 2019, terdapat sekitar 140,11 juta [[kelahiran]] di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number of births and deaths per year |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Our World in Data |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614104952/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100 |url-status=live }}</ref> Di [[negara maju]], sebagian besar persalinan terjadi di [[rumah sakit]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Co-Operation|first1=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-05934-4|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105|archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Olsen O, Clausen JA | title = Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | pages = CD000352 | date = September 2012 | volume = 9 | pmid = 22972043 | pmc = 4238062 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub2 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36884026|date = April 2023}} sementara di [[negara berkembang]] sebagian besar adalah [[kelahiran di rumah]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fossard|first1=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael| name-list-style = vanc |title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=Sage Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-758-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>

<!-- Method -->
Metode persalinan yang paling umum di seluruh dunia adalah persalinan pervaginam (melalui [[vagina]]).<ref name="Mem2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Memon HU, Handa VL | title = Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders | journal = Women's Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–77; quiz 276–77 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23638782 | pmc = 3877300 | doi = 10.2217/whe.13.17 }}</ref> Metode ini melibatkan empat [[tahap persalinan]]: [[cervical effacement|pemendekan]] dan [[Dilasi serviks|pembukaan]] [[serviks]] pada tahap pertama, turun dan lahirnya bayi pada tahap kedua, keluarnya [[plasenta]] pada tahap ketiga, dan pemulihan ibu dan bayi pada tahap keempat yang disebut sebagai [[masa postpartum]]. Tahap pertama ditandai dengan kram perut atau nyeri punggung yang biasanya berlangsung selama setengah menit dan terjadi setiap 10 hingga 30 menit.<ref name="Col2016">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |encyclopedia= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] |edition= 6 |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |access-date= 30 July 2016 |via= Encyclopedia.com |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205819/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |archive-date= 6 March 2016 }}</ref> Kontraksi secara bertahap menjadi lebih kuat dan berdekatan.<ref name="NIH2010">{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|access-date=31 July 2016|date=27 September 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|archive-date=28 July 2016|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br>..<br>The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> Karena rasa sakit saat melahirkan berkorelasi dengan kontraksi, rasa sakitnya menjadi lebih sering dan lebih kuat seiring dengan berjalannya proses persalinan. Tahap kedua berakhir ketika bayi dikeluarkan sepenuhnya. Tahap ketiga adalah kelahiran plasenta.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS | title = Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = CD004074 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23843134 | pmc = 6544813 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3 }}</ref> Tahap keempat persalinan melibatkan pemulihan ibu, [[penundaan penjepitan tali pusat]], dan pemantauan [[neonatus]] (bayi baru lahir).<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Stages of Labor |url=https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/programs-and-services/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/stages-of-labor |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=www.bidmc.org |language=en-us |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527022112/https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/programs-and-services/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/stages-of-labor |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada tahun 2014, semua organisasi kesehatan utama menyarankan agar segera setelah [[Kelahiran hidup (manusia)|kelahiran hidup]], apa pun metode persalinannya, bayi diletakkan di dada ibu (disebut [[kontak kulit ke kulit]]), dan untuk menunda prosedur neonatus setidaknya selama satu hingga dua jam atau hingga bayi mendapatkan ASI pertamanya.<ref name="Medscape">{{cite web | url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth |website=Medscape | access-date=21 December 2014 |last=Phillips |first=Raylene | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9 | archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="World Health Organization">{{cite web | url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/131521/E79235.pdf | title=Essential Antenatal, Perinatal and Postpartum Care | publisher=WHO | work=Promoting Effective Perinatal Care | access-date=21 December 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034812/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/131521/E79235.pdf | archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Intrapartum Care">{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health |date=December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3 |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref> 
<!-- Recommendations -->

Persalinan pervaginam lebih dianjurkan daripada operasi caesar karena meningkatnya risiko komplikasi operasi caesar dan manfaat alami dari persalinan pervaginam bagi ibu dan bayi. Berbagai metode dapat membantu mengatasi rasa sakit, seperti [[teknik relaksasi]], [[opioid]], dan [[blok tulang belakang]].<ref name="NIH2010" /> Praktik yang terbaik adalah membatasi jumlah intervensi yang terjadi selama persalinan dan kelahiran seperti operasi sesar elektif, namun dalam beberapa kasus operasi sesar yang terjadwal harus direncanakan untuk keberhasilan persalinan dan pemulihan ibu. Operasi sesar darurat dapat direkomendasikan jika terjadi komplikasi yang tidak terduga atau hanya sedikit atau tidak ada perkembangan melalui jalan lahir yang diamati pada persalinan pervaginam.

<!-- Complications -->
Setiap tahun, komplikasi dari kehamilan dan persalinan mengakibatkan sekitar 500.000 [[Kematian ibu|kematian saat melahirkan]], tujuh juta wanita mengalami masalah jangka panjang yang serius, dan 50 juta wanita yang melahirkan memiliki hasil kesehatan yang negatif setelah melahirkan, yang sebagian besar terjadi di [[negara berkembang]].<ref name="WHO2008Ed" /> Komplikasi pada ibu termasuk [[persalinan yang terhambat]], [[perdarahan pascapersalinan]], [[eklamsia]], dan [[infeksi pascapersalinan]].<ref name="WHO2008Ed">{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Komplikasi pada bayi termasuk [[Asfiksia kelahiran|kurangnya oksigen saat lahir]], [[Trauma kelahiran (fisik)|trauma kelahiran]], dan [[Kelahiran prematur|prematuritas]].<ref name="Mar2014">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard J. |last2=Fanaroff |first2=Avroy A. |last3=Walsh |first3=Michele C.| name-list-style = vanc |title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29537-6|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|archive-date=11 September 2017|date=2014}}</ref><ref name="WHO2018New">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | title=Newborns: reducing mortality | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=1 February 2017 | author=World Health Organization | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403211834/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/ | archive-date=3 April 2017 }}</ref>

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Nifas]], kelahiran anak dalam Islam

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links}}

* [https://players.brightcove.net/3850378299001/SyAEZ6ptl_default/index.html?videoId=4703722752001 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery], Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition
* [https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727193827/https://opqic.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality-in-the-media/ |date=27 July 2022 }}

{{Medical resources
| ICD11           = {{ICD11|JB2|973282267}}
| ICD10           = {{ICD10|O80-O84}}
}}

{{Perkembangan manusia}}
{{Kesehatan reproduktif}}
{{Kehamilan}}
{{Patologi kehamilan, persalinan, dan puerperium}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Kelahiran anak| ]]
[[Kategori:Kebidanann]]