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=== Informasi umum === |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Evolution.htm |title=Evolution |website=The Virtual Fossil Museum |accessdate=2015-02-22}} General information on evolution compiled by Roger Perkins |
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Evolution.htm |title=Evolution |website=The Virtual Fossil Museum |accessdate=2015-02-22}} General information on evolution compiled by Roger Perkins |
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* {{cite web |url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ |title=Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |accessdate=2015-02-22}} |
* {{cite web |url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ |title=Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |accessdate=2015-02-22}} |
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Revisi per 30 Agustus 2018 11.05
Sejarah evolusi kehidupan di Bumi mengalami proses dimana organisme hidup dan organisme fosil berevolusi sejak kehidupan timbul di planet tersebut, sampai sekarang. Bumi terbentuk sekitar 4.5 miliar tahun lampau dan bukti menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan timbul sebelum 3.7 miliar tahun lampau.[1][2][3]
Catatan kaki
Referensi
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- ^ Rosing, Minik T. (1999-01-29). "13C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in >3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 283 (5402): 674–676. Bibcode:1999Sci...283..674R. doi:10.1126/science.283.5402.674. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9924024.
- ^ Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; Nagase, Toshiro; Rosing, Minik T. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0908.
Daftar pustaka
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- Bengtson, Stefan (2004). "Early Skeletal Fossils" (PDF). Dalam Lipps, Jere H.; Waggoner, Benjamin M. Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Biological Revolutions: Presented as a Paleontological Society Short Course at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, Denver, Colorado, November 6, 2004. Paleontological Society Papers. 10. New Haven, CT: Yale University Reprographics & Imaging Service; Paleontological Society. OCLC 57481790. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal February 11, 2017. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-06.
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- Benton, Michael J. (1997). Vertebrate Palaeontology (edisi ke-2nd). London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-73800-5. OCLC 37378512.
- Benton, Michael J. (2005) [Originally published 2003]. When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time (edisi ke-1st paperback). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28573-2. LCCN 2002109744. OCLC 62145244.
- Benton, Michael J. (2005a). Vertebrate Palaeontology (edisi ke-3rd). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. LCCN 2003028152. OCLC 53970617.
- Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol; Michod, Richard E. (2012). "DNA Repair as the Primary Adaptive Function of Sex in Bacteria and Eukaryotes". Dalam Kimura, Sakura; Shimizu, Sora. DNA Repair: New Research. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62100-808-8. LCCN 2011038504. OCLC 828424701.
- Bernstein, Harris; Hopf, Frederic A.; Michod, Richard E. (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex". Dalam Scandalios, John G. Molecular Genetics of Development. Advances in Genetics. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-017624-3. OCLC 646754753. PMID 3324702.
- Birdsell, John A.; Wills, Christopher (2003). "The Evolutionary Origin and Maintenance of Sexual Recombination: A Review of Contemporary Models". Dalam MacIntyre, Ross J.; Clegg, Michael T. Evolutionary Biology. Evolutionary Biology. 33. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-3385-0. OCLC 751583918.
- Briggs, Derek E. G.; Crowther, Peter R., ed. (2001). Palaeobiology II. Foreword by E. N. K. Clarkson. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05149-6. LCCN 0632051477. OCLC 43945263.
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- Clancy, Paul; Brack, André; Horneck, Gerda (2005). Looking for Life, Searching the Solar System. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82450-7. LCCN 2006271630. OCLC 57574490.
- Cowen, Richard (2000). History of Life (edisi ke-3rd). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-04444-3. LCCN 99016542. OCLC 47011068.
- Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). The Age of the Earth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1569-0. LCCN 90047051. OCLC 22347190.
- Futuyma, Douglas J. (2005). Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-187-3. LCCN 2004029808. OCLC 57311264.
- Gauthier, Jacques; Cannatella, David C.; de Queiroz, Kevin; et al. (1989). "Tetrapod phylogeny". Dalam Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre; Jörnvall, Hans. The Hierarchy of Life: Molecules and Morphology in Phylogenetic Analysis. International Congress Series. 824. Amsterdam, the Netherlands; New York: Excerpta Medica/Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division). ISBN 978-0-444-81073-1. LCCN 89001132. OCLC 19129518. "Proceedings from Nobel Symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29 – September 2, 1988"
- Gee, Henry, ed. (2000). Shaking the Tree: Readings from Nature in the History of Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28497-2. LCCN 99049796. OCLC 42476104.
- Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (edisi ke-1st). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02705-1. LCCN 88037469. OCLC 18983518.
- Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0. LCCN 2004054605. OCLC 56057971.
- Hinde, Rosalind T. (2001). "The Cnidaria and Ctenophora". Dalam Anderson, D. T. Invertebrate Zoology (edisi ke-2nd). Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551368-4. LCCN 2002276846. OCLC 49663129.
- Holmes, Randall K.; Jobling, Michael G. (1996). "Genetics". Dalam Baron, Samuel. Medical Microbiology (edisi ke-4th). Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch. Exchange of Genetic Information. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. LCCN 95050499. OCLC 33838234. PMID 21413277. Diakses tanggal 2015-01-24.
- Krumbein, Wolfgang E.; Brehm, Ulrike; Gerdes, Gisela; et al. (2003). "Biofilm, Biodictyon, Biomat Microbialites, Oolites, Stromatolites Geophysiology, Global Mechanism, Parahistology" (PDF). Dalam Krumbein, Wolfgang E.; Paterson, David M.; Zavarzin, Georgii A. Fossil and Recent Biofilms: A Natural History of Life on Earth. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-1597-7. LCCN 2003061870. OCLC 52901566. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-09.
- Labandeira, Conrad C.; Eble, Gunther J. (1999). "The Fossil Record of Insect Diversity and Disparity" (PDF). Dalam Anderson, John M.; Thackeray, John Francis; et al. Towards Gondwana Alive: Promoting biodiversity & stemming the Sixth Extinction. Pretoria: Gondwana Alive Society. ISBN 978-1-919795-43-0. LCCN 2001385090. OCLC 44822625. "Preview booklet for 'Gondwana alive : biodiversity and the evolving terrestrial biosphere', book planned for September 2000, and associated projects."
- Leakey, Richard (1994). The Origin of Humankind. Science Masters Series. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03135-1. LCCN 94003617. OCLC 30739453.
- Margulis, Lynn (1981). Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and its Environment on the Early Earth. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1256-5. LCCN 80026695. OCLC 6982472.
- McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". Dalam Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences (edisi ke-1st). London; New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-63380-5. LCCN 96071014. OCLC 36442106.
- Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. (2012). Environmental Science (edisi ke-14th). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-1-111-98893-7. LCCN 2011934330. OCLC 741539226.
- Newman, William L. (July 9, 2007). "Age of the Earth". Geologic Time. Reston, VA: Publications Services, USGS. OCLC 18792528. Diakses tanggal 2008-08-29.
- O'Leary, Margaret R. (2008). Anaxagoras and the Origin of Panspermia Theory. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-49596-2. OCLC 757322661.
- Padian, Kevin (2004). "Basal Avialae". Dalam Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka. The Dinosauria (edisi ke-2nd). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. LCCN 2004049804. OCLC 55000644.
- Sansom, Ivan J.; Smith, Moya M.; Smith, M. Paul (2001). "The Ordovician radiation of vertebrates". Dalam Ahlberg, Per Erik. Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution: Palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development. Systematics Association special volume series. 61. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-23370-5. LCCN 00062919. OCLC 51667292.
- Thewissen, J. G. M.; Madar, S. I.; Hussain, S. T. (1996). Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 191. Frankfurt: Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-929907-32-2. LCCN 97151576. OCLC 36463214.
Bacaan tambahan
- Dawkins, Richard (1989). The Selfish Gene (edisi ke-New). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286092-7. LCCN 89016077. OCLC 20012195.
- Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.
- Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph, ed. (2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Foreword by Edward O. Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. LCCN 2008030270. OCLC 225874308.
- Smith, John Maynard; Szathmáry, Eörs (1997) [Originally published 1995; Oxford: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum]. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4. LCCN 94026965. OCLC 715217397.
Pranala luar
Informasi umum
- "Evolution". The Virtual Fossil Museum. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-22. General information on evolution compiled by Roger Perkins
- "Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-22.
- "Evolution Resources". Washington, D.C.: National Academies. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.
- "Tree of Life". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-10. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23. Tree of life diagram by Neal Olander
- "Evolution". New Scientist. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.
- Brain, Marshall. How Evolution Works di HowStuffWorks
- "Modern Theories of Evolution: An Introduction to the Concepts and Theories That Led to Our Current Understanding of Evolution". Palomar College. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23. Tutorial created by Dennis O'Neil
Sejarah pemikiran evolusi=
- van Wyhe, John (ed.). "The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online". Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.
- Price, R. G. "Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications". rationalrevolution.net. Diakses tanggal 2015-02-23.