Behaviorisme

Behaviorisme atau Aliran Perilaku (juga disebut Perspektif Belajar) adalah filosofi dalam psikologi yang berdasar pada proposisi bahwa semua yang dilakukan organisme — termasuk tindakan, pikiran, atau perasaan— dapat dan harus dianggap sebagai perilaku. Aliran ini berpendapat bahwa perilaku demikian dapat digambarkan secara ilmiah tanpa melihat peristiwa fisiologis internal atau konstrak hipotetis seperti pikiran. Behaviorisme beranggapan bahwa semua teori harus memiliki dasar yang bisa diamati tetapi tidak ada perbedaan antara proses yang dapat diamati secara publik (seperti tindakan) dengan proses yang diamati secara pribadi (seperti pikiran dan perasaan).

Tokoh-tokoh terkenal tentang masalah ini diantaranya adalah:

Vladimir Bekhterev Ivan Pavlov Alan E. Kazdin Albert Bandura Sidney W. Bijou Edwin Ray Guthrie Richard J. Herrnstein Clark L. Hull Rizal S. Romadlon

Fred S. Keller Neal E. Miller Marsha M. Linehan O. Hobart Mowrer Charles E. Osgood Kenneth W. Spence B.F. Skinner Edward Lee Thorndike

Edward C. Tolman Murray Sidman John B. Watson Ole Ivar Lovaas Steven C. Hayes Donald Baer Dermot Barnes-Holmes

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• Baum, W.M. (2005) Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Blackwell.
• Ferster, C.B. & Skinner, B.F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Mills, John A., Control: A History of Behavioral Psychology, Paperback Edition, New York University Press 2000.
• Lattal, K.A. & Chase, P.N. (2003) "Behavior Theory and Philosophy". Plenum.
• Plotnik, Rod. (2005) Introduction to Psychology. Thomson-Wadsworth (ISBN 0-534-63407-9).
• Rachlin, H. (1991) Introduction to modern behaviorism. (3rd edition.) New York: Freeman.
• Skinner, B.F. Beyond Freedom & Dignity, Hackett Publishing Co, Inc 2002.
• Skinner, B.F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Skinner, B.F. (1945). "The operational analysis of psychological terms". Psychological Review. 52 (270–7): 290–4. 
• Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior (ISBN 0-02-929040-6) Online version.
• Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Skinner, B.F. (31 July 1981). "Selection by Consequences" (PDF). Science. 213 (4507): 501–4. doi:10.1126/science.7244649. PMID 7244649. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2010. 
• Staddon, J. (2001) The new behaviorism: Mind, mechanism and society. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. pp. xiii, 1–211.
• Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158–177. (on-line).
• Watson, J.B. (1919). Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist.
• Watson, J.B. (1924). Behaviorism.
• Zuriff, G.E. (1985). Behaviorism: A Conceptual Reconstruction, Columbia University Press.
• LeClaire, J. and Rushin, J.P. (2010) Behavioral Analytics For Dummies. Wiley. (ISBN 978-0-470-58727-0).

Pranala luar

• Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Behaviorism
• Books and Journal Articles On Behaviorism
• Wuerzburg University: behaviourism
• B.F. Skinner Foundation
• Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies
• Skinner's Theories
• APA Behaviour Analysis
• Association for Behavior Analysis
• Theory of Behavioral Anthropology (Documents No. 9 and 10 in English)
• California Association for Behavior Analysis
• Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
• Behavior Analysis Online Tutorials