Berkas:Fires along the Rio Xingu, Brazil - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg
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Ringkasan
DeskripsiFires along the Rio Xingu, Brazil - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg |
English: The rainforest of South America, also known as Amazonia, has been undergoing a continual and accelerated conversion process into farmlands (including pasture for livestock) since the early 1960s. This process has typically been achieved by clearing the forest using fire—“slash and burn”—followed by planting of crops. The generally infertile soils of this rainforest—the largest such forest on Earth—make sustainable farming difficult. This drives people to convert more forest into farmland. The area of clearing can be considerable, and since the deforested regions are easily identifiable and measurable from space, the rate of deforestation is likewise easy to track.
This astronaut photograph illustrates slash-and-burn forest clearing along the Rio Xingu (Xingu River) in the state of Matto Grasso, Brazil. The photo was taken from the International Space Station, a platform from which astronauts can capture images of the Earth from a variety of viewing angles. The perspective above shows both the horizontal position and the extent of the fire lines next to the river, while also providing a sense of the vertical structure of the smoke plumes. Light colored areas within the river channel are sand bars, which show that the river is in its annual low-flow/low-water stage. For a sense of scale, the river channel is approximately 63 kilometers (39 miles) long in this view. Rivers are the natural highways in Amazonia, which may explain why the burning is occurring right next to the Xingu River, one of Amazonia’s largest. In recent years, forest preservation has gained traction in the region as a result of new valuation of the ecosystem services provided by the forest, concerns about the impact of the burning on global climate change, and greater sensitivity to the ethnic and biological heritage of Amazonia. Astronaut photograph ISS029-E-8032 was acquired on September 17, 2011, with a Nikon D2Xs digital camera using a 200 mm lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations experiment and Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by the Expedition 29 crew. The image has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast. Lens artifacts have been removed. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory as part of the ISS National Lab to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Caption by William L. Stefanov, Jacobs/ESCG at NASA-JSC.
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Sumber | Fires along the Rio Xingu, Brazil | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pembuat | NASA's Earth Observatory | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Versi lainnya |
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Lokasi kamera | 14° 13′ 18,44″ S, 50° 48′ 02,81″ B | Lihat gambar ini dan gambar di sekitarnya di: OpenStreetMap | -14.221788; -50.800781 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by NASA Earth Observatory at https://www.flickr.com/photos/68824346@N02/6283416535. It was reviewed on 2 Juli 2012 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
2 Juli 2012
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse |
This file is in the public domain in the United States because it was created by the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, of the NASA Johnson Space Center. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (NASA media use guidelines or Conditions of Use of Astronaut Photographs).
Photo source: ISS029-E-8032.
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17 September 2011
14°13'18.437"S, 50°48'2.812"W
Riwayat berkas
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Tanggal/Waktu | Miniatur | Dimensi | Pengguna | Komentar | |
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terkini | 2 Juli 2012 17.22 | 1.440 × 960 (329 KB) | Dzlinker | == {{int:filedesc}} == {{Information |Description=The rainforest of South America, also known as Amazonia, has been undergoing a continual and accelerated conversion process into farmlands (including pasture for livestock) since the early 1960s. This p... |
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Metadata
Berkas ini mengandung informasi tambahan yang mungkin ditambahkan oleh kamera digital atau pemindai yang digunakan untuk membuat atau mendigitalisasi berkas. Jika berkas ini telah mengalami modifikasi, rincian yang ada mungkin tidak secara penuh merefleksikan informasi dari gambar yang sudah dimodifikasi ini.
Produsen kamera | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Model kamera | NIKON D2Xs |
Waktu pajanan | 1/640 detik (0,0015625) |
Nilai F | f/6,3 |
Rating kecepatan ISO | 200 |
Tanggal dan waktu pembuatan data | 17 September 2011 20.13 |
Jarak fokus lensa | 200 mm |
Komentar pengguna | NASA S/N 1141 80.1F |
Orientasi | Normal |
Resolusi horizontal | 240 dpi |
Resolusi vertikal | 240 dpi |
Perangkat lunak | Adobe Photoshop CS5 Macintosh |
Tanggal dan waktu perubahan berkas | 6 Oktober 2011 11.50 |
Program pajanan | Prioritas penutup |
Versi Exif | 2.21 |
Tanggal dan waktu digitalisasi | 17 September 2011 20.13 |
Kecepatan rana APEX | 9,321928 |
Bukaan APEX | 5,310704 |
Bias pajanan | 0 |
Bukaan tanah maksimum | 3 APEX (f/2,83) |
Mode pengukuran | Terpusat |
Sumber cahaya | Tidak diketahui |
Kilas | Lampu kilat tidak menyala |
Subdetik DateTime | 32 |
Subdetik DateTimeOriginal | 32 |
Subdetik DateTimeDigitized | 32 |
Ruang warna | Tidak dikalibrasi |
Metode penginderaan | Sensor area warna satu keping |
Sumber berkas | Kamera diam digital |
Tipe pemandangan | Gambar foto langsung |
Proses buatan gambar | Proses normal |
Mode pajanan | Pajanan otomatis |
Keseimbangan putih | Keseimbangan putih otomatis |
Rasio pembesaran digital | 1 |
Panjang fokus pada film 35 mm | 300 mm |
Tipe penangkapan | Standar |
Kontrol pemandangan | Tidak ada |
Kontras | Lembut |
Saturasi | Normal |
Ketajaman | Normal |
Jarak subjek | Tidak diketahui |
Nomor seri kamera | 6027267 |
Lensa yang digunakan | 80.0-200.0 mm f/2.8 |
Nilai (dari 5) | 0 |
Tanggal terakhir perubahan metadata | 6 Oktober 2011 07.50 |
ID unik dokumen asli | 2F3D895E05D2371D56DC2535156223B4 |